RESUMEN
Manifold learning now plays an important role in machine learning and many relevant applications. In spite of the superior performance of manifold learning techniques in dealing with nonlinear data distribution, their performance would drop when facing the problem of data sparsity. It is hard to obtain satisfactory embeddings when sparsely sampled high-dimensional data are mapped into the observation space. To address this issue, in this article, we propose hierarchical neighbors embedding (HNE), which enhances the local connections through hierarchical combination of neighbors. And three different HNE-based implementations are derived by further analyzing the topological connection and reconstruction performance. The experimental results on both the synthetic and real-world datasets illustrate that our HNE-based methods could obtain more faithful embeddings with better topological and geometrical properties. From the view of embedding quality, HNE develops the outstanding advantages in dealing with data of general distributions. Furthermore, comparing with other state-of-the-art manifold learning methods, HNE shows its superiority in dealing with sparsely sampled data and weak-connected manifolds.
RESUMEN
SUAEDA SALSA: L. is a typical euhalophyte and is widely distributed throughout the world. Suaeda plants are important halophyte resources, and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of their various organsand their response to salt stress have been intensively studied. Leaf succulence, intracellular ion localization, increased osmotic regulation and enhanced antioxidant capacities are important responses for Suaeda plants to adapt to salt stress. Among these responses, scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important mechanism for plants to withstand oxidative stress and improve salt tolerance. The generation and scavenging pathways of ROS, as well as the expression of scavenging enzymes change under salt stress. This article reviews the antioxidant system constitute of S. salsa, and the mechanisms by which S. salsaantioxidant capacity is improved for salt tolerance. In addition, the differences between types of antioxidant mechanisms in S. salsaare reviewed, thereby revealing the adaptation mechanisms of Suaeda to different habitats. The review provides important clues for the comprehensive understanding of the salt tolerance mechanisms of halophytes.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Chenopodiaceae/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Estrés Salino/fisiología , Plantas Tolerantes a la Sal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Tolllike receptors (TLRs) are the most widely studied pattern recognition receptors. Mounting evidence suggests an important association between TLRs and the occurrence and development of breast cancer. Thus, targeting these receptors may be a potential strategy for breast cancer treatment. The current study analyzed the data of 1,215 patients with breast cancer obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. It was observed that, in addition to TLR6, TLR7 and TLR8, the expression of the remaining TLRs in breast cancer tissues was lower than that in normal tissues. In addition, TLR3 and TLR9 displayed significantly different expression levels in ER/PRnegative breast cancer compared with the control tissues, while TLR5 expression was significantly reduced in HER2enriched breast cancer. Furthermore, TLR10 exhibited lower expression levels in advanced stages of the disease as compared with that observed in earlier stages. Survival analysis revealed that the expression of TLR4 and TLR7 had a significant impact on survival, and higher expression levels suggested worse prognosis. Finally, the expression levels of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR10 were correlated with those of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin1ß and tumor necrosis factorα, while the expression levels of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 were correlated with those of interferonß and CXC motif chemokine ligand 10. Taken together, the current study results suggest that TLR expression may serve as a biomarker of cancer pathogenesis and progression, and may provide new insights for the treatment of breast cancer through the regulation and targeting of TLRs.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/mortalidad , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 1/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 1/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 10/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 10/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 2/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 2/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 3/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 3/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 5/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 6/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 6/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 7/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 7/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 8/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 8/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 9/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 9/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In the host immune system, perforin is a cytotoxic effector molecule that eliminate virus-infected and malignant cells. Moreover, some recent studies also imply the involvement of perforin in antibacterial immunity. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), one of the most economically important fish species in China, has a high susceptibility to viruses and bacteria. Thus far, in common carp, no data are available regarding the identification and immunologic function of the perforin. RESULTS: In the present study, the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of three perforin isoform genes were cloned and characterized in common carp, named CcPRF1, CcPRF2 and CcPRF3. Amino acid sequences of the three CcPRFs were quite different, with identities ranged from 37.3 to 39.5%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three CcPRFs, each in a separate sub-branch, possessed closer evolutionary relationship with other teleost perforins, especially with cyprinid fishes, than higher vertebrates. Expression analysis revealed that each CcPRF gene was differentially expressed in all of the nine tested tissues. During larvae ontogeny, each CcPRF displayed a distinct expression pattern, while with a common expression peak at 22 days post hatching (dph). Moreover, in vivo or in vitro, after stimulation with polyI:C, LPS and Aeromonas hydrophila, each CcPRF was induced significantly, with differential expression dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that perforin might play significant roles in larval immune system and in the immune defense of common carp against viral and bacterial pathogens. Meantime, the differential expression dynamics seem to imply possible different cellular locations or functional differences across various CcPRF isoforms.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Carpas/inmunología , Perforina/química , Aeromonas hydrophila/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Carpas/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/inmunología , Larva/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Perforina/genética , Perforina/metabolismo , Filogenia , Poli I-C/administración & dosificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
This study examined the effects of platycodin D (PD), a triterpene saponin from the the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, which were pre-treated with PD (0.01, 0.15, 0.25 mg/mL), respectively, and treated with 50 mg/L oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malonaldehyde (MAD) in the culture medium, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA expression in endothelium cells and the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells were measured. The results showed that PD increased NO concentration and decreased MDA level induced by oxLDL in the medium of endothelial cells. Moreover, PD significantly inhibited the oxLDL-induced increase in monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells as well as decreasing mRNA expression levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on these cells. Based on these results, it is suggested that PD is a promising anti-atherosclerotic activity, which is at least in part the result of its increasing NO concentration, reducing the oxLDL-induced cell adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells and the endothelial adhesion to monocytes.