RESUMEN
This article describes a mathematical model that takes an existing food intake pattern and develops a new pattern that meets a specified set of nutrition recommendations with the minimum change possible. The model examines multiple recommendations simultaneously and considers foods as they are currently eaten, so it can provide practitioners with new insights about strategies for implementing recommendations. The model shows serving units per day by food group in both existing and new intake patterns and the recommendations responsible for changes. Recommendations of the National Research Council are used, and sodium-restricted (< or = 2,400 mg) and sodium-unrestricted patterns are compared. Food intake data are from 915 nonpregnant, nonlactating women 19 to 50 years old who participated in the US Department of Agriculture's 1985 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. The sodium-restricted pattern contains proportionately more dairy products, fruit, and red meat and proportionately less grain products, fish, and vegetables than the unrestricted-sodium pattern. Nutrition recommendations responsible for changes in the existing pattern include those for saturated fatty acids (< 10% kcal), carbohydrate (> or = 55% kcal), zinc (100% of Recommended Dietary Allowance [RDA]), potassium (> or = 3,500 mg/day), and vitamin E (100% RDA), in addition to sodium. Implications of the sodium recommendation for food selection and preparation, especially of food mixtures and commercially prepared products, are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Dieta/métodos , Conducta Alimentaria , Necesidades Nutricionales , Adulto , Ingestión de Alimentos , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Teóricos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The number of days of food intake data needed to estimate the intake of 29 male (n = 13) and female (n = 16) adult subjects, individually and as a group, was determined for food energy and 18 nutrients. The food intake records were collected in a year-long study conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. Each individual's average intake of nutrients and standard deviation over the year were assumed to reflect his or her "usual" intake and day-to-day variability. Confidence intervals (P less than 0.05) for each individual's usual intake were constructed, and from these the number of days of dietary records needed for estimated individual and group intake to be within 10% of usual intake was calculated. The results indicated that the number of days of food intake records needed to predict the usual nutrient intake of an individual varied substantially among individuals for the same nutrient and within individuals for different nutrients; e.g., food energy required the fewest days (averaging 31) and vitamin A the most (averaging 433). This was considerably higher than the number of days needed to estimate mean nutrient intake for this group, which ranged from 3 for food energy to 41 for vitamin A. Fewer days would be needed for larger groups.
Asunto(s)
Recolección de Datos , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Encuestas Nutricionales , Adulto , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estadística como Asunto , Factores de Tiempo , Vitamina A/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
A review of per capita food use in this country between 1909 and 1980 indicates increased use of some food groups--meat, poultry, and fish; dairy products; fats and oils; fruits; vegetables; and sugars and other sweeteners--and decreased use of eggs, potatoes, and grain products. Use of foods in other groups--dry beans, peas, nuts, and soy products and the miscellaneous group which includes coffee, tea, and chocolate products--remained relatively low and stable. Changes in the use of foods are reflected in the nutrient levels of the food supply. The food energy level was slightly higher in 1980 than in 1909-13, but the proportion of energy from fat increased from 32 to 42 percent; the proportion from carbohydrate decreased from 56 to 46 percent; the proportion from protein remained about 12 percent. Between 1909-13 and 1980, large increases occurred in the levels of niacin, thiamin, and riboflavin in the food supply. Smaller increases occurred for ascorbic acid, iron, vitamin B12, calcium, and vitamin A. The levels of phosphorus and zinc were almost unchanged, while the levels of vitamin B6 and magnesium decreased.
Asunto(s)
Dieta/tendencias , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/normas , Dieta/normas , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Minerales/administración & dosificación , Valor Nutritivo , Estados Unidos , Vitaminas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The mean selenium level in six self-selected, daily diets chosen by each of 22 free-living Maryland residents was 81 +/- 41 microgram. per day. Diets that were higher in selenium also were significantly higher in copper, iron, magnesium, and manganese and slightly higher in zinc. However, in general, the levels of these minerals were low, probably because of low consumption of grains, legumes, and nuts. Diets higher in selenium contained more fish and less processed meat than other diets.