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BACKGROUND: Despite the inadequate filling of prescriptions among chronic care patients has been a problem, little is known about the intervention effect on it. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) was to investigate the effectiveness of various public health interventions on primary and secondary medication adherence among T2DM patients. METHODS: Searching was done from the major databases; Cochrane Library, Medline/PubMed, EBSCOhost, and SCOPUS. A hand search was made to find grey works of literature. Articles focused on interventions to enhance primary and secondary medication among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were included. After screening and checking eligibility, the methodological quality was assessed. Secondary medication adherence was synthesized descriptively due to measurement and definition variations across studies. Finally, a meta-analysis was made using the fixed effects model for primary medication adherence. RESULTS: 3992 studies were screened for both primary and secondary medication adherences. Among these, 24 studies were included in the analysis for primary (5) and secondary (19) medication adherence. Pooled relative medication redemption difference was RD = 8% (95% CI: 6-11%) among the intervention groups. Age, intervention, provider setting, and IDF region were determinant factors of primary medication adherence. About two-thirds of the studies revealed that interventions were effective in improving secondary medication adherence. CONCLUSION: Both primary and secondary medications were enhanced by a variety of public health interventions for patients worldwide. However, there is a scarcity of studies on primary medication adherence globally, and in resource-limited settings for the type of adherences. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00878-0.

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BACKGROUND: Essential newborn care (ENC) is the most vital care, particularly during the first hour of the newborn's life. This study aimed to assess health professionals' knowledge and practice of ENC at public health facilities in the Bench-Sheko Zone, southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among health professionals at selected public health facilities in the Bench-Sheko Zone of southwest Ethiopia. The data were collected using a self-administered, tested, and structured questionnaire. The data collected were entered in Epi info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine the association between the dependent and independent variables. Categorical variables were presented in tabulations by frequencies and percentages. Continuous data were summarized by the mean score and standard deviation. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: Among the 157 respondents, 60 (38.2%) and 97 (61.8%) had good knowledge and good practice of ENC, respectively. The factors associated with good knowledge of ENC were being female (AOR = 0.72, 95% CI [0.48, 0.86]), the availability of on-the-job training (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.01, 3.97]), and interest in working in the delivery room (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI [1.27, 4.94]). Better educational qualification (AOR = 4.12, 95% CI [1.67, 10.18]) and the availability of on-the-job training (AOR = 3.60, 95% CI [1.58, 8.18]) were the factors associated with good practice of ENC. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of essential newborn care among health professionals was very low; however, the practice of essential newborn care was somewhat average compared to other studies in Ethiopia. Being female, the availability of on-the-job training and interest in working in the delivery room were the factors associated with a good knowledge of ENC; while educational qualification and the availability of on-the-job training were the factors associated with a good practice of ENC. Therefore, concerned bodies should consider the provision of refreshment on-the-job training, upgrading the qualification of health professionals, and providing incentives and motivators to improve interest in working in the delivery room.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been a global public health issue causing in physical, financial and psychosocial crises. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) was to evaluate the Diabetes Self-Management Education or Support (DSME/S) on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among T2DM patients. METHODS: This SRMA was made according to preferred reporting Items for systematic review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The relevant articles were searched from four databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), MEDLINE/PubMed and SCOPUS. Quality assessment was carried out. Pooled standard mean difference in HbA1c were calculated to obtain the effect size with random effect assumption. Subgroup analysis was conducted for assessing heterogeneity among the studies. RESULTS: A total of 1312 studies were identified from databases. Among these 25 studies met inclusion criteria. From these 20 were included in the meta-analysis. In meta-analysis a pooled standard mean difference in HbA1c was -0.604 (95% confidence interval = -0.854 -0.353, I2 = 90.3, p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis a significant reduction was seen among studies with less than four months, upper middle followed by lower middle income countries (LMICs), Western Pacific (WP) followed by Middle Eastern and Northern African (MENA) regions with moderate to substantial heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: However, there is paucity of studies in underdeveloped countries. Therefore, further studies validated to these contexts are needed to evaluate the DSME effectiveness. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO database CRD42020124236.

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BACKGROUND: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been a global pandemic resulting in physical, financial and psychosocial crises. Thus, it is important to investigate pooled effectiveness of Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) on glycemic control among T2DM patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the association between DSME or Support (DSME/S) and glycemic control among T2DM patients. METHODS: The systematic review and meta-analysis will include studies conducted throughout the world from 2010 to 2019. T2DM patients and their clinical, anthropometric, biomarkers from baseline to end line will be recorded. We will search all relevant articles from five databases namely; Cochrane Library, BioMed Central, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), MEDLINE/PubMed and SCOPUS. Key terms will be used for questing relevant articles. Further efforts will be made to check quality of studies base on quality assessment instruments. Finally, the report will be made according Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Pooled standard mean difference in HbA1c will be used to calculate the effect size between the variables with random effects analysis assumption. Further subgroup analysis will be carried out for assessing the risk difference among groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the existing and eligible researches this systematic review and meta-analysis will bring the best evidence on the effectiveness of DSME/S on glycemic control among the T2DM patients. Moreover, the subgroup analysis will inform the effectiveness heterogeneity based on continent, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) region, intervention period, World bank economic classification and glycemic markers used to follow the patients. The proposed review has been registered in the International PROSPERO website with registration number CRD42020124236.

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BACKGROUND: Anemia among pregnant women is one of the most common public health problems in developing country. World health organization (WHO) estimate shows nearly half of pregnant women were affected by anemia. High burden of anemia is observed in Africa particularly in Ethiopia. However, the factors that contribute to the occurrence of anemia were not exhaustively studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify determinant factors of anemia among pregnant women in Durame Town, southern Ethiopia. METHOD: An institutional based unmatched case control study was conducted among 111 cases and 222 controls in Durame Town from 16th February to 8th May 2017 using interviewer administered questionnaires. Controls were pregnant women whose hemoglobin level was 11 g/dl and above at their first antenatal care clinics and cases were pregnant women whose hemoglobin level was less than 11 g/dl. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used to see the determinants of anemia. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value were used to identify the significant association. RESULT: A total of 333 women (111 cases and 222 controls) participated in the study. The major determinant factors were parasitic infection (AOR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.72-7.86), not taking additional diet during pregnancy (AOR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.22-5.08), consuming tea/coffee immediately after food (AOR: 3.58, 95% CI: 1.72-7.42), not eating meat (AOR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.03-4.15), previous heavy menstrual blood flow (AOR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.18-5.84), and being housewife (AOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.02-5.57). CONCLUSION: Parasitic infection, additional diet during pregnancy, consuming tea/coffee immediately after food, meat consumption, previous heavy menstrual blood flow, and occupational status of women were significant factors associated with anemia among pregnant women. Therefore, anemia prevention strategy should include promotion of counseling on additional diet during pregnancy, preventing parasitic infection, and increasing employment opportunities for women.