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Mesocotyl elongation of rice seedlings is a key trait for deep sowing tolerance and well seedling establishment in dry direct sowing rice (DDSR) production. Subsets of the Rice Diversity Panel 1 (RDP1, 294 accessions) and Hanyou 73 (HY73) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (312 lines) were screened for mesocotyl length (ML) via dark germination. Six RDP1 accessions (Phudugey, Kasalath, CA902B21, Surjamkuhi, Djimoron, and Goria) had an ML longer than 10 cm, with the other 19 accessions being over 4 cm. A GWAS in RDP1 detected 118 associated SNPs on all 12 chromosomes using a threshold of FDR-adjusted p < 0.05, including 11 SNPs on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 12 declared by -log10(P) > 5.868 as the Bonferroni-corrected threshold. Using phenotypic data of three successive trials and a high-density bin map from resequencing genotypic data, four to six QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, and 10, including three loci repeatedly mapped for ML from two or three replicated trials. Candidate genes were predicted from the chromosomal regions covered by the associated LD blocks and the confidence intervals (CIs) of QTLs and partially validated by the dynamic RNA-seq data in the mesocotyl along different periods of light exposure. Potential strategies of donor parent selection for seedling establishment in DDSR breeding were discussed.
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A scanning reference grating (SRG) method is proposed for high-precision in situ measuring and controlling the period of a long-range interference field. The reference grating is produced with the in situ interference field; then it is used to obtain phase shift signal when scanning in the interference field. With the phase shift signal collected by the SRG system, before the exposure process of the holographic grating fabrication, the period and the period uniformity of the holographic grating can be evaluated directly from the interference field; then optical adjustment can be applied until the grating period is tuned to any certain desired value. Experiments of measurement and adjustment are conducted, and an interference field with period value of 833.335 nm±10 pm in 60 mm range is reached. The proposed method gives an efficient way to fabricate large gratings of an accurate period; furthermore, it provides a reliable tool that may lead us to picometer-level optical metrology and fabrication for the most advanced lithographic equipment and in other scientific fields.
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In this paper, a doubled-period grating (DPG) method is proposed to measure the scan angle error in scanning beam interference lithography (SBIL), together with a high-resolution two-dimensional stage and phase-stepping algorithms. A reference grating, which was the doubled period of the interference field, is adapted to diffract the incident left and right beams to form an interferogram captured by a CCD camera. The phase-stepping algorithm was applied to calculate the phase of the interferogram. First, by translating the stage, the reference grating lines were adjusted parallel to the scan direction by comparing the phase of the interferogram between the starting point and the ending point. Next, by rotating the stage step by step, the phase of the interferogram was obtained at each step as well as the phase slope. The scan angle error was considered to be least when the slope was minimum. Finally, a grating mask with a size of 100×100 mm2 was fabricated to verify the feasibility of the method. The scan angle error was measured with a precision of less than 12.65 µrad, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method to fabricate high-quality gratings in the future.
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High-precision grating fabrication is a precondition of grating-based displacement measurement techniques. Likewise, the value of high-precision fringe period is an essential parameter in the grating fabrication process, especially in scanning beam interference lithography. In this paper, a procedure for measuring the fringe periods of interference beams is introduced. The procedure includes signal acquisition and signal processing. The precisions of both the configuration for acquisition and the algorithm for processing are discussed. Experiments for fringe period measurement are also conducted, and an average value of 564.374 nm with a standard deviation of 1.5 pm is obtained, reaching a repeatability of 2.6 ppm. The value of precision period lays a solid foundation for the fabrication of high-precision gratings.
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A novel grating interferometer configuration with eightfold optical subdivision to achieve ultrahigh resolution using a special symmetrical prism is proposed. The optical subdivision is enhanced by four times compared to traditional linear optical encoders. In this work, we take advantage of a high linear density grating of 1780 lines/mm, which is combined with an eightfold optical subdivision configuration. As a result, a high resolution of 68.6 pm is achieved. The apparatus adopts a symmetrical measurement configuration to reduce the error arising from environmental fluctuations. The verification experiments involve high optical subdivision, long- and short-range displacement measurement, and stability, with all results compared to those obtained with a commercial interferometer. The excellent agreement of the results demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed system.
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BACKGROUND: Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a complex disease induced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Paraoxonase2 (PON2) gene involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species, and affecting the vulnerability of cochlea to NIHL, and ATPase, calcium-transporting, plasma membrane 2 (ATP2B2) gene which encodes plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2) are the candidate genes relating to the attack of NIHL. In this study, we investigated whether ATP2B2 and PON2 polymorphisms were associated with NIHL in Chinese of Han nationality population. METHODS: We performed a case-control study between six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1719571, rs3209637 and rs4327369 within ATP2B2, rs12026, rs7785846 and rs12704796 within PON2) and NIHL in 454 subjects. All the SNPs were genotypes, using the TaqMan MGB probe assay. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) with logistic regression analysis to test the level of association for SNPs. RESULTS: In our study, 221 subjects with hearing loss and 233 subjects without hearing loss were recruited. The frequencies of the CG and CG + GG genotype of rs12026 (PON2) conferred risk factors for NIHL with adjusted OR values of 2.62 (95% CI, 1.69-4.06) and 2.48 (95% CI, 1.63-3.78), respectively. This kind of significance was also found at locus rs7785846, where genotypes CT and CT + TT were the risk types, with adjusted ORs of 2.52 (95% CI, 1.62-3.93) and 2.35 (95% CI, 1.54-3.58), respectively. We performed stratified analysis per noise exposure level, when it came to rs7785846 and rs12026 in the >92 dB(A) noise exposure group, the subjects who carried heterozygote were of significantly (P<0.01) higher susceptibility to NIHL than homozygote carriers. By contrast, no significantly higher risk was found for any rs12704796 genotypes or any genotypes in ATP2B2 (P>0.05), which may suggest that these SNPs did not have significant effects on noise susceptibility across noise exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Our research suggested that PON2 might play a role in the etiology of NIHL in Chinese of Han nationality population.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of carbon disulfide (CS(2)) on the health of workers, and to provide the basis for the further preventive measures. METHODS: The occupational health examination of 881 workers exposed to CS(2) in a chemical fiber factory was carried out according to the national technical standard of occupational health surveillance. The time weighted average concentrations (TWA) of CS(2) in the workshops of short silk and long silk exceeded the national standard, The workers in these two workshops served as the high exposure group. The workers of the other workshops were classified as low exposure group, in which TWA met the national standard. All exposed workers were also divided into long-term exposure group and short-term exposure group on the basis of average exposure years (16 years). The statistical analysis was used by t test, χ(2), and fisher exact test. RESULTS: The symptom rates of numbness, fatigue, dizziness, insomnia and headache were 12.5%, 8.5%, 8.2%, 7.5%, and 7.2% respectively. The abnormal rates of superficial sensation, three fibrillation, achilles tendon reflex, patellar reflex, EMG, hypertension, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein B were 33.0%, 26.1%, 20.8%, 18.6%, 10.8%, 33.4%, 24.5%, 17.0% and 9.3% respectively. Among the high exposure group, the abnormal detectable rates of dizziness, headache, fatigue, insomnia, numbness, achilles tendon reflex, superficial and deep sensation, EMG, hypertension, ECG, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein in long-term exposure group were significantly higher than those in short-term exposure group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, among the low exposure group, the abnormal rates of the insomnia achilles tendon reflex and superficial sensation in long term exposure group were significantly higher than those of short term exposure group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The detected rates of hypertension, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, creatinine and uric acid were in males significantly greater than those in females (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to high concentrations of CS(2) could lead to the damage of nervous system, elevate blood pressure and promote the development and progression of hyperlipemia and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, CS(2) had greater effects on blood pressure and lipid in males than in females.
Asunto(s)
Disulfuro de Carbono/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional , Adulto , Sistema Cardiovascular , Industria Química , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tamizaje Multifásico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics of 267 cases with occupational chronic carbon disulfide (CS(2)) poisoning and to provide the basis for revising the items of periodical medical examination of workers occupationally exposed to CS(2). METHODS: The subjects of present study were 267 patients with mild CS(2) poisoning diagnosed according to "Diagnostic Criteria of Occupational Chronic Carbon Disulfide Poisoning (GBZ4-2002)" from April in 2006 to May in 2010. All patients were from the same chemical fiber factory. When a subject was diagnosed as patient with CS(2) poisoning, who should interview with questionnaire which included the illness and occupational history, symptoms, individual habits. The physical examination, nervous test, cardiovascular test, biochemical test and electromyogram were performed. RESULTS: The rate of decreased motor conduction velocity was 87.3% (233/267 roots). The highest detection rate of slowing conduction velocity was the common peroneal motor nerve which was 48.6% (138/248 roots) and the second was median motor nerve with delay rate of 37% (155/419 roots). The main symptoms of the patients were neurasthenia, numbness and paresthesia. The rates of abnormal achilles tendon reflex and knee jerk reflex in patients were were 79.4% and 49.8%, respectively. The detected rates of patients with ST-segment changes and hypertension were 19.1% and 27.5%, respectively. The rates of hypertension, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were 27.3%, 22.5% and 21.1%, respectively. The rates of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were high. The detected rates of urine acid, indirect bilirubin and total bilirubin in male patients were higher than those in female patients. In addition, the abnormal detected rate of urea nitrogen and indirect bilirubin increased with exposure years. CONCLUSION: Occupational chronic CS(2) poisoning mainly affects the nervous system, as well as liver and kidney function. Detecting the median and common peroneal motor nerve conduction velocities could be the screening indicators for the peripheral nerve injury induced by CS(2) in the occupational exposure population during the periodical occupational medical examinations.