RESUMEN
Consumption of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) has been linked with a low prevalence of atherosclerosis and there has been great interest in the effects of MUFAs on lipoprotein metabolism. Less attention has been paid to the effects of MUFAs on the immune system, yet cells of the immune system are an inherent part of the inflammatory events involved in atherosclerosis and several animal studies showed that olive oil has some potent immunomodulatory actions. We therefore considered it important to investigate the effects of chronic consumption of MUFAs on several immune cell functions in healthy humans. Healthy middle-aged males entered a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in which they consumed either a MUFA diet or a control diet for 2 mo. There was a significant decrease in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects consuming the MUFA diet. Consumption of the MUFA diet did not affect natural killer cell activity or proliferation of mitogen-stimulated leukocytes. The effects of a MUFA-rich diet on adhesion molecule expression may have implications for the influence of dietary fat on inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/farmacología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Adulto , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Celular/fisiología , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/efectos de los fármacos , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/inmunología , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Células Asesinas Naturales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/química , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Antígeno de Macrófago-1/efectos de los fármacos , Antígeno de Macrófago-1/inmunología , Antígeno de Macrófago-1/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceite de Oliva , Fosfolípidos/sangre , Fosfolípidos/química , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Receptores de IgG/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de IgG/inmunología , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoAsunto(s)
Grasas de la Dieta , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/farmacología , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/biosíntesis , Linfocitos/inmunología , Antígeno de Macrófago-1/biosíntesis , Adulto , Antígenos CD/biosíntesis , Carbohidratos de la Dieta , Proteínas en la Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Humanos , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Dew and growth chamber tests were conducted on the alfalfa cultivar Ranger to determine the effect of duration of leaf wetness and temperature on several components of the alfalfa rust (Uromyces striatus) monocycle. Duration of leaf wetness and temperature both had significant effects on pustule development. Infection efficiency (number of alfalfa rust pustules per leaf) increased linearly as duration of leaf wetness was increased from 4 to 24 h after inoculation. There was an inverse linear relationship between temperature and infection efficiency as indicated by the slope (-5.73) of the regression line relating the number of pustules per leaf to increasing temperatures between 17.5 and 28 degrees C. Infection efficiency was approximately 20 times greater at 17.5 degrees C than at 28 degrees C. Inoculated alfalfa plants exposed to constant temperatures of 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, or 30 degrees C after an initial 24-h leaf wetness period (19 degrees C) did not significantly affect infection efficiency (P
RESUMEN
Pseudomonas species infections in the peritoneal dialysis population consist primarily of peritonitis or exit site infections. These organisms have traditionally proven difficult to eradicate, and the standard antibiotic regimen has carried the potential for nephrotoxicity. At our institution, all peritoneal dialysis patients with Pseudomonas exit site infections or peritonitis were treated with an antibiotic combination of intraperitoneal ceftazidime and oral ciprofloxacin. Treatment duration was dependent upon the site of infection. Recurrent exit site infections were treated with a repeated course of the antibiotics, and with surgical debridement and subsequent shaving of the external cuff of double-cuffed catheters. We saw a total of 11 Pseudomonas aeruginosa exit site infections in 7 patients (4 recurrent). Patients with recurrent infections were subsequently cured with the regimen as outlined above. Of 7 patients with Pseudomonas species peritonitis (aeruginosa, fluorescens, stutszeri, and maltophilia), 5 were cured with the initial antibiotic regimen. The 2 failures were both infected with Pseudomonas maltophilia, which is consistent with observed organism sensitivity data. The combination of ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin with the option for surgical debridement of the external cuff (in exit site infections) appears effective in the treatment of Pseudomonas species infections in the peritoneal dialysis population. Sensitivity data should be used to adjust the antibiotic regimen when appropriate.
Asunto(s)
Diálisis Peritoneal Ambulatoria Continua/efectos adversos , Peritonitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Ceftazidima/administración & dosificación , Ceftazidima/farmacocinética , Ceftazidima/uso terapéutico , Ciprofloxacina/administración & dosificación , Ciprofloxacina/farmacocinética , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapéutico , Quimioterapia Combinada/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Peritonitis/etiología , Peritonitis/microbiología , Pseudomonas/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/etiologíaRESUMEN
Histoplasmosis is a serious opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS, often representing the first manifestation of the syndrome. Most infections occurring within the endemic region are caused by exogenous exposure, while those occurring in nonendemic areas may represent endogenous reactivation of latent foci of infection or exogenous exposure to microfoci located within those nonendemic regions. However, prospective investigations are needed to prove the mode of acquisition. The infection usually begins in the lungs even though the chest roentgenogram may be normal. Clinical findings are nonspecific; most patients present with symptoms of fever and weight loss of at least 1 month's duration. When untreated, many cases eventually develop severe clinical manifestations resembling septicemia. Chest roentgenograms, when abnormal, show interstitial or reticulonodular infiltrates. Many cases have been initially misdiagnosed as disseminated mycobacterial infection or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Patients are often concurrently infected with other opportunistic pathogens, supporting the need for a careful search for co-infections. Useful diagnostic tests include serologic tests for anti-H. capsulatum antibodies and HPA, silver stains of tissue sections or body fluids, and cultures using fungal media from blood, bone marrow, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and other tissues or body fluids suspected to be infected on clinical grounds. Treatment with amphotericin B is highly effective, reversing the clinical manifestations of infection in at least 80% of cases. However, nearly all patients relapse within 1 year after completing courses of amphotericin B of 35 mg/kg or more, supporting the use of maintenance treatment to prevent recurrence. Relapse rates are lower (9 to 19%) in patients receiving maintenance therapy with amphotericin B given at doses of about 50 mg weekly or biweekly than with ketoconazole (50-60%), but controlled trials comparing different maintenance regimens have not been conducted. Until results of such trials become available, our current approach is to administer an induction phase of 15 mg/kg of amphotericin B given over 4 to 6 weeks, followed by maintenance therapy with 50 to 100 mg of amphotericin B given once or twice weekly, or biweekly. If results of a prospective National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease study of itraconazole maintenance therapy document its effectiveness, alternatives to amphotericin B may be reasonable.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Histoplasmosis/complicaciones , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Histoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Histoplasmosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Histoplasmosis/patología , Humanos , Neumonía por Pneumocystis/diagnósticoRESUMEN
We studied 66 women with a previous dysplastic cervical cytological smear who were referred for colposcopy and biopsy for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, 18, and 31 DNA in cervical specimens. The specimens were analyzed by a novel hybridization method termed reverse blotting, in which cellular DNA is radiolabeled and used to probe a battery of cloned HPV DNAs immobilized on nitrocellulose. Reconstruction experiments demonstrated that this method could detect about one HPV genome equivalent per cell. HPV DNA sequences were detected in 52 (96%) of 54 patients who showed either condylomatous changes or dysplasia by cervical biopsy. HPV-16 was most commonly detected overall and was detected in 61% of moderate or severe dysplastic samples. HPV DNA was also detected in seven of 12 cervical scrapes from women with a history of dysplasia but with either normal or inflammatory changes noted on cervical biopsy. Our results indicate that the reverse-blot method can detect DNA homologous to various HPV types in a single experiment using DNA from the small numbers of cells obtained by cervical scraping.
Asunto(s)
ADN Viral/análisis , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/microbiología , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/microbiología , Cuello del Útero/microbiología , Enzimas de Restricción del ADN , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Genes Virales , Humanos , Hibridación de Ácido Nucleico , Papillomaviridae/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Genital HSV infection is an important sexually transmitted disease that is becoming more common. The primary infection typically is associated with systemic signs and symptoms and painful genital lesions, with a high rate of complications. Recurrences are much milder, with less frequent complications. Although many rapid diagnostic tests for genital herpes are now available, none is as sensitive or reliable as tissue culture. Dilemmas still exist regarding the best management strategy for the expectant mother at risk for transmitting HSV to the neonate, in part because of limitations in current diagnostic techniques. Although current treatment regimens with acyclovir can effectively control most symptoms and improve healing of lesions, they appear to have no effect on decreasing the frequency of subsequent recurrences. Short-term chronic suppression with acyclovir is effective in preventing symptomatic recurrences and appears to be relatively free of toxicity, but long-term studies are only now in progress. Asymptomatic viral shedding associated with either primary or recurrent infections and its contribution to sexual transmission of the disease are just now being fully appreciated, and the effect of therapy on subsequent transmission of disease remains to be determined. HSV genital infection in the immunocompromised host can produce a more severe and prolonged illness than in the normal host, but reactivation of the infection can be prevented with acyclovir suppression. Further research is needed on many aspects of the host-HSV interaction, especially regarding the factors involved in recurrences and the importance of the host's immune response to the manifestations of disease.
Asunto(s)
Herpes Genital , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
We characterized the genomic variation of adenovirus type 5 isolates recovered from bone marrow transplant recipients in Seattle between 1976 and 1982. By restriction endonuclease analysis, we identified three new adenovirus genomic variants, each associated with a single invasive adenovirus infection. In addition, we were able to obtain suggestive evidence for a nosocomial spread of a particular group of isolates within this population. This study demonstrates that the technique of restriction endonuclease analysis is an important epidemiological tool for investigating viral infections.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Adenoviridae/microbiología , Infecciones por Adenovirus Humanos/microbiología , Adenovirus Humanos/genética , Trasplante de Médula Ósea , Genes Virales , Adenovirus Humanos/aislamiento & purificación , Enzimas de Restricción del ADN , ADN Viral/análisis , Variación Genética , Humanos , Tolerancia InmunológicaRESUMEN
A case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in a three year old boy is described. The clinical course was complicated by hyperglycaemia, and biochemical assay of plasma showed an almost total lack of pancreatic insulin. Extensive necrosis of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas was found at necropsy. The possible pathological physiology of this complication and its prognostic importance are discussed.