RESUMEN
Formaldehyde is commonly used to overcome contaminants introduced by hatching eggs or water supply in the hatcher cabinets. However, health risks associated with its use make economical alternatives important. This project evaluated a chlorine dioxide based product (CDBP) (0.3% concentrate) as a hatchery sanitizer in decontaminating microbial populations on the shell surface of hatching eggs (>18 d old), as well as its impact on hatchability and chick performance. Hatchers (0.20 m2) designed to hold approximately 50 eggs and equipped with circulation fans, heaters, and thermostats were used for the evaluation. For each of the 2 trials conducted, 450 hatching eggs were obtained and incubated in a common setter. Eggs used in trial 1 were floor eggs whereas in trial 2 nest eggs were used. On d 18 of incubation, eggs were removed from the setter, and viable eggs were randomly allocated to 9 hatchers. Pre-treatment egg rinse samples (10 eggs per hatcher) were collected for initial microbial analysis. Three hatchers were treated with CDBP and 3 hatchers with a formaldehyde based product (FBP). Three untreated hatchers served as control (C). Prior to hatch, 10 eggs/incubator, not previously rinsed, were used for post treatment microbial counts. The hatched chicks were reared until d 21 in floor pens with a common starter diet. For the CDBP treated eggs, hatchability and chick performance (weight gains, mortality, and FCR on d 7 and d 21) were similar to the other treatments. The application rate of CDBP evaluated in this study was not an effective antimicrobial alternative to formaldehyde for sanitizing hatching eggs in hatcher cabinets prior to hatch.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Pollos , Compuestos de Cloro , Desinfección , Óxidos , Animales , Desinfectantes , Formaldehído , ÓvuloRESUMEN
Four trials of identical experimental design were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, dietary Lys level, and dietary Arg:Lys ratios on performance and carcass yield of male broilers. Birds of a commercial strain were grown from 21 to 42 d of age in wire-floored finishing batteries placed in environmental chambers. The chambers were programmed to provide either a constant thermoneutral temperature (21.1 C), a constant cold temperature (15.5 C), or a cycling hot diurnal temperature (25.5 to 33.3 C). Within each environment there was a factorial arrangement of three Lys levels (1.0, 1.1, and 1.2%) with four Arg:Lys ratios (1.1:1, 1.2:1, 1.3:1, and 1.4:1). Environmental temperature significantly influenced virtually every characteristic examined. Hot cyclic temperatures reduced weight gain, feed intake, and breast meat yield, and increased feed conversion, dressing percentage, leg quarter yield, and abdominal fat content. The cold environment promoted increased feed intake and mortality. Ascites and cardiomyopathy were the leading causes of death under cold exposure and thermoneutral conditions, whereas complications arising from heat exposure were the main cause of death under hot cyclic conditions. Levels of Lys affected leg quarter yield and abdominal fat content over all environments but increased breast meat yield only under cold conditions. Increasing Arg:Lys ratios improved feed conversion and dressing percentage and reduced abdominal fat content; it could not be determined whether these responses were consistent with Arg per se or were due to a nonspecific N response. As increasing Lys levels or Arg:Lys ratios did not improve weight gain, increase breast meat yield, or attenuate adverse effects due to heat or cold exposure, it is concluded that the levels of Lys and Arg suggested for 21 to 42 d by the NRC are adequate for birds of this age under the environmental conditions encountered.
Asunto(s)
Arginina/farmacología , Pollos/fisiología , Frío , Dieta/veterinaria , Calor , Lisina/farmacología , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Animales , Arginina/administración & dosificación , Composición Corporal/fisiología , Temperatura Corporal/fisiología , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Lisina/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Carne/normas , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/fisiopatología , Análisis de Regresión , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiopatología , Estrés Fisiológico/veterinaria , Factores de Tiempo , Aumento de Peso/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of crude and refined palm (PAO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) in diets for broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, refined PAO and PKO were compared with corn oil (CO) and poultry oil (PO) at levels up to 10%. In Experiment 2, refined PAO and PKO were compared with PO at levels up to 8%. In Experiments 3 and 4, crude PAO and PKO were compared with PO at levels up to 8%. Diets were formulated based on the energy level assigned to PAO; other oils were added in amounts calculated to be isocaloric with an inert filler as required. Live production variables were measured. Samples of birds were processed to determine carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue was determined. In all studies, broilers fed crude or refined sources of PAO and PKO grew as well and utilized their feed as efficiently as those fed diets with isocaloric amounts of CO or PO. There were minimal interactions of source and dietary level of oil in any of the studies. Dressing percentage and quantity of abdominal fat were not influenced by source of supplemental oil; however, the fatty acid profile of adipose tissue was altered by the source of supplemental oil. There were only minor differences in fatty acid content of adipose tissue of broilers fed PAO (either crude or refined) versus those fed PO. However, increasing levels of PKO resulted in increased deposition of saturated fatty acids, especially lauric and myristic acid, and decreased concentrations of both monoenoic and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The resulting change in hardness of adipose tissue may prove to be advantageous in marketing.
Asunto(s)
Peso Corporal , Pollos , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Alimentos , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Tejido Adiposo/química , Animales , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Masculino , Mortalidad , Aceite de Palma , Aceites de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
In a study of 23 diabetic men complaining of impotence, completion of physical tests, self-report psychometric testing, a rating of marital intimacy, and a semi-structured interview revealed that, of ten patients found to be at risk of psychogenic impotence secondary to marital or psychiatric morbidity, five were thought to have adequate erectile response and to have a psychogenic component to their problem. This seems to show high sensitivity, if not specificity, of the self-report questionnaires.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/psicología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicología , Disfunción Eréctil/psicología , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/psicología , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Disfunción Eréctil/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Matrimonio/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Erección Peniana , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Service response to problems in 20 clinical and social competence areas was assessed in 156 long-stay in-patients, using the Needs for Care Assessment (NFC). Although there were few unmet needs for treatment, over 200 instances of unmet needs for the assessment of social skills were found, and reasons for this are discussed, as is the importance of social-skills assessment in this group. In around a third of the sample most of the social-skill areas in the NFC were not applicable.
Asunto(s)
Hospitalización , Trastornos Mentales/rehabilitación , Determinación de la Personalidad , Ajuste Social , Conducta Social , Actividades Cotidianas/psicología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/psicología , Trastornos del Conocimiento/rehabilitación , Femenino , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Cuidados a Largo Plazo/psicología , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Grupo de Atención al Paciente , Esquizofrenia/rehabilitación , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Medio SocialRESUMEN
When a focused laser beam falls on a multilayer thin-film coating, light is scattered from the volume over which the beam intersects the coating. Some of the light may be scattered into directions that correspond to guided modes of the thin-film structure. We report the observation of scattered light at locations removed from the region of incidence of the light on the coating, resulting from the secondary scatter of the guided scattered light. The shape of the pattern observed by secondary scatter clearly resembles the pattern expected for Rayleigh scatter from a point source. This observation has important implications for the design of scatter-measuring instruments as well as for the theoretical treatment of scatter from multilayer coatings.
RESUMEN
Optical scatter characteristics for high-reflectance dielectric coatings and polished fused-silica substrates are measured. The coating materials are tantala/silica, titania/silica, and zirconia/silica. The coatings are deposited on substrates that are conventionally polished, superpolished, and irradiated with a CO(2) laser before deposition. The measurements are made at the design wavelengths of the coatings, i.e., 633 and 1320 nm, and consist of bidirectional-reflectance distribution-function angle scans and spatial mappings. The substrate scatter is lower for superpolished surfaces, and the coating scatter is reduced by the use of superpolished substrates. Scatter levels are strongly influenced by coating design and materials.
RESUMEN
Long-stay psychiatric in-patients in South Glamorgan were reviewed using the MRC Needs for Care assessment. The majority were middle aged or elderly and were severely disabled, with problems encompassing symptoms/behavioural difficulties, social skills, and physical health. In most, long-standing psychiatric illness was compounded by physical illness and cognitive deficits as age advanced, producing care needs that were greater than existing community services could meet.
Asunto(s)
Servicios Comunitarios de Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Desinstitucionalización/tendencias , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud/tendencias , Cuidados a Largo Plazo/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Actividades Cotidianas/clasificación , Actividades Cotidianas/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antipsicóticos/administración & dosificación , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios Transversales , Centros de Día/psicología , Centros de Día/estadística & datos numéricos , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Femenino , Clausura de las Instituciones de Salud/tendencias , Hospitalización/tendencias , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/rehabilitación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Gales/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Laser induced electrical parameter degradation and morphological damage have been observed in silicon photodiodes. The samples were RCA reach-through avalanche photodiodes and EG&G PIN photodiodes. The laser source was a 1064-nm Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (10-Hz, 10-ns pulses with a 300-microm spot radius). Reverse saturation current, noise current, breakdown voltage, junction capacitance, and surface morphology were monitored for permanent laser induced change. The current characteristics were clearly the most sensitive electrical parameters; however, the electrical performance was generally insensitive to severe surface morphological damage. The damage behavior indicated that the electrical degradation in photodiodes may be modeled by the introduction of defects into the depletion region by deep melting transients.
RESUMEN
Plasma concentration of tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine and thiamine were reduced in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. In Down's syndrome, where Alzheimer-type histology appears consistently at an early age, there was a definite type of abnormality, raised concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and cystine. Because of the competition between amino acids for transfer into the brain, either or both of these types of change could lie in the aetiological chain underlying the development of Alzheimer pathology. Alternatively, these patterns could reflect the requirements of aberrant central/peripheral protein turnover.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/sangre , Aminoácidos/sangre , Síndrome de Down/sangre , Adulto , Barrera Hematoencefálica , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos PilotoRESUMEN
Times in remission from affective illness were prolonged during treatment with lithium carbonate and carbamazepine, but lithium was the more effective. Similar global scores for the two drugs suggested that other factors may determine their acceptability.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Psicóticos Afectivos/prevención & control , Carbamazepina/uso terapéutico , Litio/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Carbonato de Litio , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Distribución Aleatoria , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The response of patients with major depressive illness to citalopram of amitriptyline was compared in a double-blind multi-centre trial. No differences in efficacy were observed, but citalopram had less hypnotic effect, and a remarkably lower profile of side-effects.