RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Small non-coding RNAs play critical regulatory roles in post-transcription. However, their characteristics in Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of human sexually transmitted trichomoniasis, still remain to be determined. METHODS: Small RNA transcriptomes from Trichomonas trophozoites were deep sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq 500 system and comprehensively analyzed to identify Trichomonas microRNAs (miRNAs) and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs). The tsRNA candidates were confirmed by stem-loop quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and motifs to guide the cleavage of tsRNAs were predicted using the GLAM2 algorithm. RESULTS: The miRNAs were found to be present in T. vaginalis but at an extremely low abundance (0.0046%). Three categories of endogenous Trichomonas tsRNAs were identified, namely 5'tritsRNAs, mid-tritsRNAs and 3'tritsRNAs, with the 5'tritsRNAs constituting the dominant category (67.63%) of tsRNAs. Interestingly, the cleavage site analysis verified both conventional classes of tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-halves in tritsRNAs, indicating the expression of tRNA-halves in the non-stress condition. A total of 25 tritsRNAs were experimentally confirmed, accounting for 78.1% of all tested candidates. Three motifs were predicted to guide the production of tritsRNAs. The results prove the expression of tRFs and tRNA-halves in the T. vaginalis transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of genome-wide investigation of small RNAs, particularly tsRNAs and miRNAs, from Trichomonas parasites. Our findings demonstrate the expression profile of tsRNAs in T. vaginalis, while miRNA was barely detected. These results may promote further research aimed at gaining a better understanding of the evolution of small non-coding RNA in T. vaginalis and their functions in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis.
Asunto(s)
MicroARNs/genética , ARN Pequeño no Traducido/genética , ARN de Transferencia/genética , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Animales , Evolución Molecular , Genoma de Protozoos , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , ARN Protozoario/genética , Transcriptoma , Tricomoniasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Three new polyhydroxysterols, named muriflasteroids A-C (1-3) were isolated from the South China Sea gorgonian Muriceopsis flavida, together with sixteen known analogs, cholest-3ß,5α,6ß-triol,3ß-acetate (4), 5α-methoxycholest-3ß,6ß-diol (5), (22E)-cholest-22-en-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (6), cholest-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (7), (22E)-24-norcholest-22-en-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (8), (22E,24S)-ergost-22-en-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (9), ergost-24(28)-en-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (10), (22E)-cholest-7,22-dien-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (11), cholest-7-en-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (12), (22E)-24-norcholest-7,22-dien-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (13), ergost-7,24(28)-dien-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (14), (22E,24R)-ergost-7,22-dien-3ß,5α,6ß-triol (15), (22E)-cholest-22-en-1ß,3ß,5α,6ß-tetrol (16), (22E)-24-norcholest-22-en-1ß,3ß,5α,6ß-tetrol (17), cholest-1ß,3ß,5α,6ß-tetrol (18), and (24ξ)-ergost-1ß,3ß,5α,6ß-tetrol (19). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis in combination with comparison of reported data. All the compounds are reported for the first time from the animal. In the bioassay in vitro, these compounds exhibited different levels of growth inhibition activity against A549 and MG63 cell lines. In particular, compound 18 displayed a considerable activity, being similar as that of positive control adriamycin. An annexin V analysis indicated that compounds 7 and 18 can significantly induce apoptosis in A549 cell, and compound 7 is more potent in the induction of apoptosis. Preliminary structure-activity analysis suggests that the acetylation on 3-OH and appearance of Δ7 may decrease the activity while substitution of 1-OH and the nature of side chain may also play an important role in the activity. Methylation of 5-OH contributed a little to the activity.
Asunto(s)
Antozoos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Esteroles/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , China , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Estructura Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Océanos y Mares , Extracción en Fase Sólida , Esteroles/química , Esteroles/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Three new holostan-type triterpene glycosides, arguside F (1), impatienside B (2), and pervicoside D (3), together with a known saponin, holothurin B ( 4) were isolated from the sea cucumber Holothuria (Microthele) axiloga H. L. Clark. On the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical reactions, the structures of the new compounds were elucidated. Compound 2 showed significant antifungal activities against six strains (1 < or = MIC(80) < or = 4 microg/mL). The stereochemistry of holothurin B (4) isolated from the title sea cucumber was also solved through X-ray diffraction analysis.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Glicósidos/farmacología , Holothuria/química , Triterpenos/farmacología , Animales , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/química , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Four new holostan-type triterpene glycosides, marmoratoside A ( 1), 17 alpha-hydroxy impatienside A ( 2), marmoratoside B ( 3), 25-acetoxy bivittoside D ( 4), together with two known triterpene glycosides, impatienside A ( 5) and bivittoside D ( 6), were isolated from the sea cucumber Bohadschia Marmorata Jaeger. On the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including two-dimensional NMR techniques, and chemical reactions, the structures of the new triterpene glycosides were elucidated. Compounds 1, 2, 5, and 6 exhibited significant antifungal activity against six strains (0.70 < or = MIC (80) < or = 2.81 microM).
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/química , Glicósidos/química , Saponinas/química , Pepinos de Mar/química , Triterpenos/química , Animales , Antifúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Saponinas/aislamiento & purificación , Saponinas/farmacología , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Two new triterpene glycosides, argusides D and E (1 and 2, resp.), have been isolated from the sea cucumber Bohadschia argus Jaeger collected in the South China Sea. Their structures have been established by spectral analysis (ESI-MS, and 1D- and 2D-NMR) and chemical evidence. Compounds 1 and 2 both possess an holostane-type triterpene aglycone with a C(9)=C(11) bond, an OH group at C(12), and tetrasaccharide moieties, but differ in the side chains. The two glycosides exhibited significant cytotoxicities against four human tumor cell lines, A549, HCT-116, HepG2, and MCF-7.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Pepinos de Mar/química , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Glicósidos/química , Glicósidos/farmacología , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A new steroid, 24xi,25-dimethyl-3alpha-hydroxyl-cholest-5-ene-2beta-ol sodium sulfate (1), together with a known steroid, 24xi,25-dimethyl-cholest-5-ene-2beta,3alpha-diol disodium sulfate (2), was isolated from the ethanol extract of marine sponge Halichondria rugosa. Their structures were elucidated on the base of spectroscopic analysis. Both compounds showed cytotoxicity to four human cancer cell lines (BEL-7402, HT-29, SPC-A1 and U-251) with IC(50) values between 6.5 and 23.1 microM.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Ésteres del Colesterol/aislamiento & purificación , Ésteres del Colesterol/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/química , Ésteres del Colesterol/química , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Biología Marina , Estructura Molecular , PoríferosRESUMEN
Two new isomalabaricane-type triterpenes, stellettins L (1) and M (2), and three new sterols (3-5) were isolated from the marine sponge Stelletta tenuis collected in the South China Sea. Chemical structures were established from spectroscopic data and comparison with known compounds. In addition, spectroscopic data reported for the known sterol 24-methylene-27-methylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol-7-one (6) were revised. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against stomach cancer (AGS) in vitro.