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AIM: To investigate the effect of high mobility group protein box-1 (HMGB1) siRNA on proliferation and apoptosis of retinoblastoma (Rb) cells. METHODS: The expression of HMGB1 in Rb cells were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Chemically synthesized HMGB1 siRNA was transfected into Y79 cells. The inhibitory rate was also examined by RT-PCR and Western blot. After HMGB1 siRNA transfection, the cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT, and cell apoptosis was detected by Caspase-3 active detection kit. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The expression of HMGB1 significantly elevated in Rb cells (P<0.01). After transfected by siRNA, the HMGB1 protein level of Y79 cells was significantly reduced (P<0.01). After siRNA interference HMGB1, the proportion of proliferating cells reduced, and the proportion of quiescent cells increased (P<0.05). In addition, apoptosis rate of Y79 cells increased from 2.03% to 9.10% after interfering with HMGB1 siRNA (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Specific HMGB1 siRNA can inhibit the expression of HMGB1. The effect may be attributed to inhibit the proliferation and promote cell apoptosis.

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We describe Google's online handwriting recognition system that currently supports 22 scripts and 97 languages. The system's focus is on fast, high-accuracy text entry for mobile, touch-enabled devices. We use a combination of state-of-the-art components and combine them with novel additions in a flexible framework. This architecture allows us to easily transfer improvements between languages and scripts. This made it possible to build recognizers for languages that, to the best of our knowledge, are not handled by any other online handwriting recognition system. The approach also enabled us to use the same architecture both on very powerful machines for recognition in the cloud as well as on mobile devices with more limited computational power by changing some of the settings of the system. In this paper we give a general overview of the system architecture and the novel components, such as unified time- and position-based input interpretation, trainable segmentation, minimum-error rate training for feature combination, and a cascade of pruning strategies. We present experimental results for different setups. The system is currently publicly available in several Google products, for example in Google Translate and as an input method for Android devices.

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AIM: To investigate microRNA-143 expression and effect on suppression of retinoblastoma (RB) cells. METHODS: The expression of microRNA-143 was investigated and compared in normal human retina tissue samples and in RB cell lines of Y79 and Weri1. The microRNA-143 mimics were transfected into the RB cell lines separately, and its effect on RB cell lines was detected using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting methods. RESULTS: The microRNA-143 expression was significantly suppressed in RB cell lines. Overexpression of microRNA-143 significantly lowered cell viability and invasion of the RB cell lines, and increased the number of apoptotic cells. Meanwhile, the Bax expression was up-regulated and much higher in the microRNA-143 mimics transfected group than that in the negative control and the microRNA-143 inhibitor groups. CONCLUSION: MicroRNA-143 exhibits suppressive effects in RB. The current study provides the perspective of a potential therapeutic treatment for RB.

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Six Ru2(6+) derivatives of the form Ru2(L)4(C[triple bond]CC6H5)(2), where L = 2-Fap, 2,3-F(2)ap, 2,4-F(2)ap, 2,5-F(2)ap, 3,4-F(2)ap, or 2,4,6-F(3)ap, are synthesized and characterized as to their electrochemical, spectroscopic, and/or structural properties. These compounds are synthesized from a reaction between LiC[triple bond]CC6H5 and Ru2(L)4Cl. Two of the investigated complexes exist in a (4,0) isomeric form while four adopt a (3,1) geometric conformation. These two series of geometric isomers are compared with previously characterized (4,0) Ru2(ap)4(C[triple bond]CC6H5)(2), (4,0) Ru2(F5ap)4(C[triple bond]CC6H5)(2), and (3,1) Ru2(F5ap)4(C[triple bond]CC6H5)(2). The overall data on the nine compounds thus provide an opportunity to systematically examine how the electrochemical and structural properties of these Ru2(6+) complexes vary with respect to isomer type and electronic properties of the bridging ligands.

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Eleven different Ru(2)(4+) and Ru(2)(3+) derivatives are characterized by thin-layer FTIR and UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry under a CO atmosphere. These compounds, which were in-situ electrogenerated from substituted anilinopyridine complexes with a Ru(2)(5+) core, are represented as Ru(2)(L)(4)Cl where L = 2-CH(3)ap, ap, 2-Fap, 2,3-F(2)ap, 2,4-F(2)ap, 2,5-F(2)ap, 3,4-F(2)ap, 3,5-F(2)ap, 2,4,6-F(3)ap, or F(5)ap. The Ru(2)(5+) complexes do not axially bind CO while mono- and bis-CO axial adducts are formed for the Ru(2)(4+) and Ru(2)(3+) derivatives, respectively. Six of the eleven investigated compounds exist in a (4,0) isomeric form while five adopt a (3,1) geometric conformation. These two series of compounds thus provide a large enough number of derivatives to examine trends and differences in the spectroscopic data of the two types of isomers in their lower Ru(2)(4+) and Ru(2)(3+) oxidation states. UV-visible spectra of the Ru(2)(4+) derivatives and IR spectra of the Ru(2)(3+) complexes under CO are both isomer dependent, thus suggesting that these data can be used to reliably predict the isomeric form, i.e., (3,1) or (4,0), of diruthenium complexes containing four unsymmetrical substituted anilinopyridinate bridging ligands; this was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic data for seven compounds whose structures were available.

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Three Ru2(5+) diruthenium complexes, (4,0) Ru2(2-CH3ap)4Cl, (3,1) Ru2(2-Fap)4Cl, and (3,1) Ru2(2,4,6-F3ap)4Cl where ap is the 2-anilinopyridinate anion, were examined as to their electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties in five different nonaqueous solvents (CH2Cl2, THF, PhCN, DMF, and DMSO). Each compound undergoes a single one-electron metal-centered oxidation in THF, DMF, and DMSO and two one-electron metal-centered oxidations in CH2Cl2 and PhCN. The three diruthenium complexes also undergo two reductions in each solvent except for CH2Cl2, and these electrode processes are assigned as Ru2(5+/4+) and Ru2(4+/3+). Each neutral, singly reduced, and singly oxidized species was characterized by UV-vis thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry, and the data are discussed in terms of the most probable electronic configuration of the compound in solution. The three neutral complexes contain three unpaired electrons as indicated by magnetic susceptibility measurements using the Evans method (3.91-3.95 muB), and the electronic configuration is assigned as sigma2pi4delta2pi(*2)delta, independent of the solvent. The three singly oxidized compounds have two unpaired electrons in CD2Cl2, DMSO-d6, or CD3CN (2.65-3.03 muB), and the electronic configuration is here assigned as sigma2pi4delta2pi(*2). The singly reduced compound also has two unpaired electrons (2.70-2.80 muB) in all three solvents, consistent with the electronic configuration sigma2pi4delta2pi(*2)delta(*2) or sigma2pi4delta2pi(*3)delta*. Finally, the overall effect of solvent on the number of observed redox processes is discussed in terms of solvent binding, and several formation constants were calculated.

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An important approach for efficient support vector machine (SVM) model selection is to use differentiable bounds of the leave-one-out (loo) error. Past efforts focused on finding tight bounds of loo (e.g., radius margin bounds, span bounds). However, their practical viability is still not very satisfactory. Duan, Keerthi, and Poo (2003) showed that radius margin bound gives good prediction for L2-SVM, one of the cases we look at. In this letter, through analyses about why this bound performs well for L2-SVM, we show that finding a bound whose minima are in a region with small loo values may be more important than its tightness. Based on this principle, we propose modified radius margin bounds for L1-SVM (the other case) where the original bound is applicable only to the hard-margin case. Our modification for L1-SVM achieves comparable performance to L2-SVM. To study whether L1- or L2-SVM should be used, we analyze other properties, such as their differentiability, number of support vectors, and number of free support vectors. In this aspect, L1-SVM possesses the advantage of having fewer support vectors. Their implementations are also different, so we discuss related issues in detail.

Asunto(s)

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The products of the reaction between CN(-) and four different diruthenium complexes of the type Ru(2)(L)(4)Cl where L = 2-CH(3)ap (2-(2-methylanilino)pyridinate anion), ap (2-anilinopyridinate anion), 2-Fap (2-(2-fluoroanilino)pyridinate anion), or 2,4,6-F(3)ap (2-(2,4,6-trifluoroanilino)pyridinate anion) are reported. Mono- and/or dicyano adducts of the type Ru(2)(L)(4)(CN) and Ru(2)(L)(4)(CN)(2) are found exclusively as reaction products when either the 2-CH(3)ap or the ap derivative is reacted with CN(-), but diruthenium complexes with formulations of the type Ru(2)(F(x)ap)(3)[mu-(o-NC)F(x-1)ap](mu-CN) or Ru(2)(F(x)ap)(4)(mu-CN)(2) (x = 1 or 3) are also generated when Ru(2)(Fap)(4)Cl or Ru(2)(F(3)ap)(4)Cl is reacted with CN(-). More specifically, four products formulated as Ru(2)(Fap)(4)(CN), Ru(2)(Fap)(4)(CN)(2), Ru(2)(Fap)(3)[mu-(o-NC)ap](mu-CN), and Ru(2)(Fap)(4)(mu-CN)(2) can be isolated from a reaction of CN(-) with the Fap derivative, but the exact type and yield of these compounds depend on the temperature at which the experiment is carried out. In the case of the F(3)ap derivative, the only diruthenium complex isolated from the reaction mixture has the formulation Ru(2)(F(3)ap)(3)[mu-(o-NC)F(2)ap](mu-CN) and this compound has structural, electrochemical, and spectroscopic properties quite similar to that of previously characterized Ru(2)(F(5)ap)[mu-(o-NC)F(4)ap](mu-CN). Both the mono- and dicyano derivatives synthesized in this study possess the isomer type of their parent chloro complexes. The Ru-Ru bond lengths of Ru(2)(ap)(4)(CN) and Ru(2)(2-CH(3)ap)(4)(CN) are longer than those of Ru(2)(ap)(4)Cl and Ru(2)(CH(3)ap)(4)Cl, respectively, and this is accounted for by the strong sigma-donor properties of the CN(-) ligand as compared to Cl(-). The Ru-C bonds in Ru(2)(ap)(4)(CN)(2) are significantly shorter than those in Ru(2)(ap)(4)(CN), thus revealing a greatly enhanced Ru-CN interaction in the dicyano adduct, a result which is also indicated by the fact that nu(CN) in Ru(2)(ap)(4)(CN)(2) is 50 cm(-1) higher than nu(CN) in Ru(2)(ap)(4)(CN). Although both (4,0) Ru(2)(ap)(4)(CN)(2) and (3,1) Ru(2)(Fap)(4)(CN)(2) possess the same formulation, there are clear structural differences between the two complexes and this can be explained by the fact that the two cyano derivatives possess a different binding symmetry of the bridging ligands. Each mono- and dicyano adduct was electrochemically investigated in CH(2)Cl(2) containing TBAP as supporting electrolyte. Ru(2)(ap)(4)(CN), Ru(2)(CH(3)ap)(4)(CN), and Ru(2)(Fap)(4)(CN) undergo one reduction and two oxidations. The two dicyano adducts of the ap and Fap derivatives are characterized by two reductions and one oxidation. The potentials of these processes are all negatively shifted in potential by 400-720 mV with respect to half-wave potentials for the same redox couples of the monocyano derivatives, with the exact value depending upon the specific redox reaction.

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Factors affecting the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of diruthenium(III,II) complexes containing four unsymmetrical bridging ligands are reported for seven related compounds which were isolated in one or two of the four possible isomeric forms. The investigated compounds are represented as Ru(2)(2-CH(3)ap)(4)Cl, Ru(2)(2,5-F(2)ap)(4)Cl, Ru(2)(2,6-F(2)ap)(4)Cl, and Ru(2)(2,4,6-F(3)ap)(4)Cl where 2-CH(3)ap, 2,5-F(2)ap, 2,6-F(2)ap, and 2,4,6-F(3)ap are, respectively, the 2-(2-methylanilino)pyridinate anion, the 2-(2,5-difluoroanilino)pyridinate anion, the 2-(2,6-difluoroanilino)pyridinate anion, and the 2-(2,4,6-trifluoroanilino)pyridinate anion. Ru(2)(2-CH(3)ap)(4)Cl and Ru(2)(2,5-F(2)ap)(4)Cl exist only in a (4,0) conformation while Ru(2)(2,4,6-F(3)ap)(4)Cl is present in both (3,1) and (4,0) isomeric forms. Ru(2)(2,6-F(2)ap)(4)Cl also exists in two isomeric forms, but only the (3,1) isomer was generated in sufficient quantities to be isolated and structurally characterized. This series of seven closely related metal-metal bonded complexes thus provides the first possibility to systematically examine how differences in position and number of the electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups on the anionic bridging ligands might be related to the electronic properties and structural features of the compound as well as the type and number of geometric isomers which are formed. Each diruthenium derivative undergoes three one-electron transfers in CH(2)Cl(2) containing 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). The first reduction and first oxidation products were characterized by thin-layer UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry, and the spectroscopic data, along with E(1/2) values, were then related via linear free energy relationships to the type of isomer and/or position of the electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents on the anionic ap bridge. The electrogenerated Ru(2)(6+) and Ru(2)(4+) forms of the compounds were assigned on the basis of electrochemical and UV-vis spectroscopic data as having the electronic configuration sigma(2)pi(4)delta(2)pi(2) and sigma(2)pi(4)delta(2)pi(3)delta, respectively, and seemed to be independent of the isomer type ((3,1) or (4,0)). The spectral and electrochemical properties of the compounds both vary substantially as a function of the isomer type, but this is not reflected in the structural features of the compounds which are within the range of what is seen for other Ru(2)(5+) species described in the literature. The Ru-Ru bond lengths of the four structurally characterized (4,0) isomers of the ap complexes range from 2.275 to 2.296 A while those of the three structurally characterized (3,1) isomers of ap derivatives fall in the range 2.284-2.286 A and show no significant difference among the three compounds. The Ru-Cl bond lengths of the (3,1) isomers do not vary significantly with the bridging ligand and range from 2.458 to 2.471 A whereas those of the (4,0) isomers range from 2.437 to 2.487 A and show larger variations among the compounds. The Ru-Ru-Cl bond angle is virtually independent of the bridging ligand in the case of the (4,0) isomers but decreases with the electron-withdrawing effect of the substituent in the case of the (3,1) isomers.