RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: There are about 4,800 different chemical constituents in cigarette smoke. Therefore, the total systemic exposure evaluation of the population of smokers to cigarette smoke is challenging. Measurement of biomarkers as surrogates of cigarette smoke constituents is a realistic approach to assess exposure. OBJECTIVE: To estimate cigarette smoke exposure of the U.S. smoker population. METHODS: Stratified, cross-sectional, multicenter design (39 sites in 31 states); 3,585 adult cigarette smokers and 1,077 nonsmokers. Biomarkers were determined from 24-hr urine collections or blood samples. Population estimates were generated by weighting sample data with weights from a large U.S. probability sample (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). RESULTS: The adult smoker population estimates for tobacco-specific biomarkers were nicotine equivalents 13.3 mg/24 hr (SE 0.14), serum cotinine 184 ng/ml (1.8), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol 439 ng/24 hr (5.5). The population estimates for smokers and nonsmokers for nontobacco-specific biomarkers were 1-hydroxypyrene 317 (6.8) and 110 (7.1) ng/24 hr, 4-aminobiphenyl Hb adducts 43.1 (1.04) and 11.4 (1.5) pg/g Hb, carboxyhemoglobin 5.26(0.04) in percent of hemoglobin saturation and 1.45(0.02), 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid 2,030 (24) and 458 (17) microg/24 hr, monohydroxy-butenyl-mercapturic acid 3.61 (0.1) and 0.30 (0.02) microg/24 hr, and dihydroxy-butyl-mercapturic acid 556 (4.9) and 391 (5.5) microg/24 hr. On average, young adult smokers had lower exposure than older smokers; female smokers had lower exposure than males, and Black smokers had lower exposure than Whites. DISCUSSION: This study estimated the population exposure to cigarette smoke constituents in adult U.S. smokers and identified significant differences between subpopulations. The data may serve as a reference for monitoring the impact of changes in cigarette consumption and the introduction of potentially reduced exposure cigarettes.
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Biomarcadores/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Nicotiana , Fumar/sangre , Fumar/orina , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Cromatografía de Gases , Cromatografía Liquida , Estudios Transversales , Demografía , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoensayo , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Comprehensive data on human exposure to smoke constituents from different machine-measured tar yield cigarettes is limited. METHODS: This study used a stratified, cross-sectional, multi-center design to estimate biomarkers of exposure (BOE) from nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), pyrene, CO, acrolein, and 1,3-butadiene and their relationship to tar yield categories of cigarette in adult smokers in the U.S. 3625 adults smokers were enrolled into four tar categories < or =2.9 mg (T1), 3.0-6.9 mg (T2), 7.0-12.9 mg (T3), and > or =13.0mg (T4). Biomarkers were measured in blood (carboxyhemoglobin, 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin (4-ABP-Hb)-adducts, serum cotinine) and 24h urine (nicotine and five metabolites, calculated as nicotine equivalents (NE), NNAL, 1-OH-pyrene, 3-HPMA, MHBMA and DHBMA). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS: Tar was a significant factor for most biomarkers in the ANCOVA models. The largest least square mean differences between tar categories was 35% for NE per day, 28% for NE per cigarette, 36% for serum cotinine, 42% for NNAL per day, 29% for NNAL per cigarette, 26% for 1-OHP, 24% for COHb, 14% for 3-HPMA and 40% for 4-ABP-Hb. Variability in BOE ranged from 41% to 154% CV. CONCLUSIONS: There was a statistically significant effect of machine-measured tar yield on most BOE, which were generally lower with lower tar yield.
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Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Nicotina/análisis , Fumar/metabolismo , Breas/análisis , Acroleína/análisis , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Análisis de Varianza , Biomarcadores/análisis , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Butadienos/análisis , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Técnicas de Química Analítica/instrumentación , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nicotina/metabolismo , Nitrosaminas/análisis , Observación , Pirenos/análisis , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Breas/metabolismo , Nicotiana/química , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This randomized, controlled study in 110 male and female adult smokers evaluated biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure (carbon monoxide [CO], carboxyhemoglobin [CO-Hb], nicotine, urine mutagenicity) under controlled smoking conditions when adult smokers of 1 conventional cigarette brand (CC1) were switched to an electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS) or a low-tar conventional cigarette (CC2). Baseline exposure was determined while all subjects smoked CC1. Subjects then were stratified for gender and cigarette consumption and randomized to 1 of 5 groups-EHCSS1, EHCSS2, CC1, CC2, or no smoking-and monitored for 8 days. Compared to baseline, biomarkers of exposure on day 8 decreased 53% to 93% (P < .0001) for EHCSS groups and 18% to 39% (P < .02) for CC2. Environmental tobacco smoke arising from the smoking activities of the different study groups was measured in the air of a separate smoking room over 1-hour periods. Concentrations of respirable suspended particulates in both EHCSS groups were about 90% lower than in the CC1 and CC2 groups, similar to the 95% reduction in the no-smoking group. CO was undetectable in the EHCSS and no-smoking groups. Results from this short-term clinical study indicate that switching from a conventional cigarette to a first-generation EHCSS reduces the generation of environmental tobacco smoke and can reduce the exposure to the measured, potentially harmful constituents in tobacco smoke if smokers do not compensate by numbers of cigarettes. The study design was found to be suitable for the evaluation of the exposure of adult smokers to the measured smoke constituents and to allow the differentiation of different cigarette designs.