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BACKGROUND: Ethiopia has been providing health care to its rural population since 2004 using female Community Health Workers called Health Extension Workers (HEWs). The HEWs are credited with several achievements in improving the country's health indicators. However, information about the HEWs' motivation and job satisfaction is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the HEWs' motivation and job satisfaction, as well as the factors that influence them. METHODS: A mixed-methods study was nested within a national health extension program assessment conducted from March 01 to May 31, 2019. A structured questionnaire which looked at motivation and satisfaction with Likert type single-question and multiple-item measures was used to collect quantitative data from 584 HEWs. Focus group discussion and in-depth interviews were used to gather qualitative data. Means and percentages were used to descriptively summarize important variables. Linear regression was used to identify factors associated with job satisfaction. The qualitative data was analysed thematically. RESULTS: Overall, 48.6% of HEWs were satisfied with their job, with a mean score of 2.5 out of 4.0. The result showed a high level of satisfaction with autonomy (72%), relationships with co-workers (67%), and recognition (56%). Low level of satisfaction was linked to pay and benefits (13%), opportunities for promotion (29%), and education (34%). Regression analysis showed that HEWs in the age category of 30 years and older had lower satisfaction scores as compared to HEWs in the age category of 18-24 years (adjusted ß = - 7.71, 95% CI: - 14.42, - 0.99). The qualitative result revealed that desire to help their community, recognition or respect gained from the community, and achievement were the major motivating factors. In contrast, inadequate pay and benefit, limited education and career advancement opportunities, workload, work environment, limited supportive supervision, and absence of opportunity to change workplace were the demotivating factors. CONCLUSIONS: The overall job satisfaction of HEWs was low; extrinsic factors, such as inadequate pay, limited education and career advancement opportunities were the major sources of demotivation. Policy makers and human resource managers should revise their human resource policies and guidelines to address the main sources of low level of job satisfaction and demotivation.

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In Ethiopia Long-acting contraception method utilization was found low (22.7%) among female healthcare providers. However, there is no study has been conducted on the utilization long-acting contraception methods among female healthcare providers in the study area. These studies addressed important variables such as socio-demography and individual factors that might affect the use of long-acting contraceptive methods among female healthcare providers. We assessed the utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods and associated factors among healthcare providers in South Wollo Zone public hospitals, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, in 2021.An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 354 female healthcare workers in the South Wollo Zone hospitals from March to April, 2021. The participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires entered into Epi-data version 4.1 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression analyses were performed. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR), along with a 95% confidence interval (CI), was estimated to measure the association. The significance level was set at a P- value under 0.05. The current utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods among female healthcare providers was found to be 33.6% [95%, CI 29-39)]. Discussion with a partner [AOR = 2.277,95% CI, (1.026-5.055)], method shift/switched [AOR = 4.302,95% CI, (2.285-8.102)], knowledge of the respondent [AOR = 1.887,95% CI, (1.020-3.491)], and ever birth [AOR = 15.670,95% CI, (5.065-48.49)] were significant factors toward the utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods. The current utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods was found to be low. Therefore, encouraging partner discussions through a targeted information education communication intervention strategy should be intensified to improve long-acting contraceptive methods utilization.

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Backgrounds and Aims: In developing countries, most infections can be prevented with relatively inexpensive infection prevention methods. However, there is limited information on standard precautions for infection prevention practices among health workers in Ethiopia Therefore, this study aimed to assess the compliance with the standard precaution of infection prevention practice and associated factors among health care workers (HCWs) using a mixed method study. Methods: A hospital-based mixed-methods study design (concurrent mixed method design) was conducted among 378 randomly selected health professionals. Self-administered questionnaire; an in-depth interview and an observational checklist were used to collect the data. The collected data were cleaned and entered into Epi data and analyzed using a static package for social science. Descriptive statistics were conducted and the result was reported using frequency, and percentile. Logistic regression was performed to identify associated factors. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p < 0.05 were used to explain statistically significant associations. Results: The proportion of standard precaution practice among HCWs at Dessie specialized and comprehensive hospital was 55.6% (put the 95% CI). Age ≤ 25 years (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI: [0.04, 0.42]) and age 31 years above age ≤ 31 years (AOR = 0.06, 95% CI: [0.02, 0.3]), positive attitude toward the standard precaution (AOR: 6.43, 95% CI: [3.47, 11.94]). Access to IP guidelines (AOR: 3.13, 95% CI: [1.61, 6.07]). Training on standard precautions (AOR: 3.61, 95% CI: [1.75, 7.48]) were factors associated with standard precaution practice. Conclusions: In this study, the overall proportion of HCWs' compliance with standard preventive practice was low. HCWs aged 31 years and above, training on standard precaution practice, availability of guidelines in each ward, attitude toward standard precaution practice, knowledge about standard precaution practice, and accessibility of standard precaution supplies were associated with compliance to standard precaution practice. Therefore, the strategies should be designed to fulfill hospitals with supplies, training, and avail guidelines in each ward.