RESUMEN
Surgery for esophageal carcinoma is known to be associated with high morbidity. Recent studies have reported a correlation of nutritional and inflammatory parameters with postoperative course. This study aims to clarify the risk factors for operative morbidity after resection of esophageal carcinoma. Consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma at our institute were included (n = 102; 89 males and 13 females; mean age: 67.3 years). Clinicopathological characteristics, presence or absence of sarcopenia, and modified Glasgow prognostic score were assessed, and their correlation with postoperative complications was investigated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Sarcopenia was defined using a combination of muscle mass area and body mass index. Of the included 102 patients, 45 (44.1%) exhibited sarcopenia (sarcopenia group), while 57 (55.9%) did not (non-sarcopenia group). No significant difference was observed between the groups regarding surgical procedures and tumor stage; furthermore, there was no mortality. Twenty-six patients developed respiratory complications (including 20 cases of pneumonia). On univariate analysis, sarcopenia, modified Glasgow prognostic score, and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status were found to be significantly associated with the development of postoperative respiratory complications. On multivariate analysis, sarcopenia was found to be an independent risk factor for postoperative respiratory complications after esophagectomy. We believe that identifying patients at risk and providing preoperative nutritional support as well as physical therapy aimed at strengthening of body muscles may help reduce the incidence of postoperative respiratory complications in such patients.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Esofágicas/cirugía , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago/cirugía , Esofagectomía/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Trastornos Respiratorios/etiología , Sarcopenia/complicaciones , Anciano , Neoplasias Esofágicas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Esofágicas/fisiopatología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago/complicaciones , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Esófago/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Pronóstico , Trastornos Respiratorios/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Sarcopenia/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Mastication is an indispensable oral function related to physical, mental, and social health throughout life. The elderly tend to have a masticatory dysfunction due to tooth loss and fragility in the masticatory muscles with aging, potentially resulting in impaired cognitive function. Masticatory stimulation has influence on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the growth of maxillofacial tissue in children. Although the relationship between mastication and cognitive function is potentially important in the growth period, the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been sufficiently elucidated. Here, we show that the reduced mastication resulted in impaired spatial memory and learning function owing to the morphological change and decreased activity in the hippocampus. We used an in vivo model for reduced masticatory stimuli, in which juvenile mice were fed with powder diet and found that masticatory stimulation during the growth period positively regulated long-term spatial memory to promote cognitive function. The functional linkage between mastication and brain was validated by the decrease in neurons, neurogenesis, neuronal activity, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. These findings taken together provide in vivo evidence for a functional linkage between mastication and cognitive function in the growth period, suggesting a need for novel therapeutic strategies in masticatory function-related cognitive dysfunction.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Cognición/fisiología , Hipocampo/fisiología , Masticación/fisiología , Trastornos de la Memoria/fisiopatología , Animales , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neurogénesis/fisiología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) subtypes, proteins or lipids that become glycated after exposure to sugars, can induce complications in diabetes. Among the various AGE subtypes, glyceraldehyde-derived AGE (AGE-2) and glycolaldehyde-derived AGE (AGE-3) are involved in inflammation in diabetic patients; monocytes are activated by these AGEs. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluorinated 4-quinolone, is often used clinically to treat infections associated with diabetis due to its antibacterial properties. It also modulates immune responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) therefore we investigated the involvement of AGEs in these effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, B7.1, B7.2 and CD40 was examined by flow cytometry. The production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and cAMP were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Lymphocyte proliferation was determined by [(3)H]-thymidine uptake. KEY RESULTS CIP induced PGE(2) production in monocytes, irrespective of the presence of AGE-2 and AGE-3, by enhancing COX-2 expression; this led to an elevation of intracellular cAMP in monocytes. Non-selective and selective COX-2 inhibitors, indomethacin and NS398, inhibited CIP-induced PGE(2) and cAMP production. In addition, CIP inhibited AGE-2- and AGE-3-induced expressions of ICAM-1, B7.1, B7.2 and CD40 in monocytes, the production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma and lymphocyte proliferation in PBMC. Indomethacin, NS398 and a protein kinase A inhibitor, H89, inhibited the actions of CIP. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CIP exerts immunomodulatory activity via PGE(2), implying therapeutic potential of CIP for the treatment of AGE-2- and AGE-3-induced inflammatory responses.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/farmacología , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/metabolismo , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/genética , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Humanos , Linfocitos/citología , Linfocitos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus is a frequent complication among transplant recipients. Ligation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with their receptor on monocytes/macrophages plays important roles in the genesis of diabetic complications. The enhancement of adhesion molecule expression on monocytes/macrophages activates T-cells, reducing allograft survival. Out of four distinct AGE subtypes (AGE-2, AGE-3, AGE-4 and AGE-5), only AGE-2 and AGE-3 induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), output of cytokines and proliferation of lymphocytes, during the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Here we have assessed the role of histamine in the actions of AGEs during the MLR. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Human peripheral blood cells were used in these experiments. Flow cytometry was used to examine the expression of the ICAM-1, B7.1, B7.2 and CD40. Production of the cytokine interferon-gamma, and levels of cAMP were determined by elisa. Lymphocyte proliferation was determined by [(3)H]-thymidine uptake. KEY RESULTS: Histamine concentration dependently inhibited the action of AGE-2 and AGE-3. The actions of histamine were antagonized by an H(2)-receptor antagonist, famotidine, and mimicked by H(2)/H(4)-receptor agonists, dimaprit and 4-methylhistamine. The effects of histamine were reversed by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, and mimicked by dibutyryl cAMP and an adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Histamine down-regulated AGE-2- and AGE-3-induced expression of adhesion molecules, cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation via histamine H(2) receptors and the cAMP/PKA pathway.
Asunto(s)
Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/antagonistas & inhibidores , Histamina/farmacología , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/genética , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Citometría de Flujo , Histamina/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/metabolismo , Receptores Histamínicos H2/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Histamínicos H2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Many animals produce continuous brainwaves, known as the electroencephalogram (EEG), but it is not known at what point in evolution the EEG developed. Planarians possess the most primitive form of brain, but still exhibit learning and memory behaviors. Here, we observed and characterized the EEG waveform of the planarian. We inserted a monopole electrode into the head of a planarian on a cold stage, and were able to observe the EEG at sub-microvolt amplitudes. The EEG had a continuous waveform, similar to that of evolutionarily advanced animals with more developed brains. Occasional myogenic potential spikes were observed in the EEG due to sticking of the electrode, but this was markedly diminished by cooling the sample, which enabled us to investigate the intrinsic character of the continuous EEG waveform. The frequency spectrum of the EEG was observed in the range of 0.1-5 Hz, showing a broad rise below 0.5 Hz and a monotonic decrease above 1 Hz, apparently following the 1/f law. The intensity of the total EEG diminished during anesthesia by cooling to 2-3 degrees C, and recovered when the sample was warmed to about 10 degrees C. The EEG signal was sustained for 30-40 min, and gradually weakened as the animal died. Stimulation of the planarian with water vibration at 0.5-2 Hz induced chaotic resonance with a broad peak spectrum of around the stimulation frequency. Strong illumination suppressed the EEG signals for several minutes, with the degree of suppression positively correlating with the intensity of the light. This provides evidence that the EEG responds to optical signals, although there were no synchronous reactions to light flashes. The continuous EEG waveform suggests the existence of feedback loop circuits in the neural network of the planarian, which was supposed in electric shock memory experiments [McConnell JV, Cornwell P, Clay M (1960) An apparatus for conditioning planaria. Am J Psychol 73:618-622]. However, because of the broad band character of chaotic resonance observed, these loops appear to be loose couplings between ganglia.
Asunto(s)
Electroencefalografía , Cabeza/fisiología , Planarias/fisiología , Análisis Espectral/métodos , Animales , Mapeo Encefálico , Electrodos , Odorantes , Vías Olfatorias/fisiología , Estimulación Luminosa , Planarias/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Adenosine suppresses immune responses through adenosine(2A) (A(2A)) receptors, by raising intracellular cAMP. Interleukin (IL)-18 up-regulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 on monocytes, leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We have previously demonstrated that elevation of cAMP inhibits this IL-18-induced expression of adhesion molecules. In the present study, we examined the effect of adenosine on the IL-18-induced up-regulation of ICAM-1 on human monocytes and production of IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha by PBMC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The expression of ICAM-1 was examined by flow cytometry. IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were determined by ELISA assay. KEY RESULTS: Adenosine inhibited the IL-18-induced up-regulation of ICAM-1 on human monocytes and it abolished the IL-18-enhanced production of IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. While an A(2A) receptor antagonist reversed the action of adenosine, an A(1) or A(3) receptor antagonist enhanced them. An A(2A) receptor agonist, CGS21680, mimicked the effects of adenosine and its effects were abolished not only by the A(2A) receptor antagonist but also by A(1) or A(3) receptor agonists. Activation via A(2A) receptors resulted in elevation of cAMP in monocytes, whereas the stimulation of A(1) or A(3) receptors inhibited it, suggesting that intracellular signal transduction following ligation of A(2A) receptors might be blocked by activation of A(1) or A(3) receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Adenosine differentially regulates IL-18-induced adhesion molecule expression and cytokine production through several subtypes of its receptors.
Asunto(s)
Adenosina/farmacología , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/metabolismo , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/efectos de los fármacos , Agonistas del Receptor de Adenosina A1 , Antagonistas del Receptor de Adenosina A1 , Agonistas del Receptor de Adenosina A2 , Antagonistas del Receptor de Adenosina A2 , Agonistas del Receptor de Adenosina A3 , Antagonistas del Receptor de Adenosina A3 , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Interleucina-12/biosíntesis , Interleucina-18/farmacología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Receptor de Adenosina A1/metabolismo , Receptor de Adenosina A2A/metabolismo , Receptor de Adenosina A2B/metabolismo , Receptor de Adenosina A3/metabolismo , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/clasificación , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Two phenanthropyran derivatives, 3-methoxy-2,7-dihydroxy-5H-phenanthro[4,5-bcd]pyran and 2,3,7-trihydroxy-5H-phenanthro[4,5-bcd]pyran were isolated from the orchid Phalaenopsis equestri. Their chemical structures were elucidated from spectroscopic (NMR, MS etc.) analyses.
Asunto(s)
Orchidaceae/química , Fenantrenos/aislamiento & purificación , Piranos/aislamiento & purificación , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Estructura Molecular , Fenantrenos/química , Piranos/química , Espectrometría de Masa Bombardeada por Átomos VelocesRESUMEN
Paecilomyces carneus carboxypeptidase sequentially liberated amino acids from the carboxy-terminus of neurotensin, angiotensin I, bradykinin, and delta sleep-inducing peptide, indicating that the sequential hydrolysis of peptides was limited by the occurrence of intermediates with the structure of -Gly-X (X = L-amino acid), -Pro-X, -X-Gly, and -X-Pro. The enzyme had carboxyamidase and/or amidase activities for the carboxy-terminally amidated peptides. The enzyme essentially acted as a carboxyamidase for the long carboxy-terminally amidated peptides; an amidase became dominant for the substrates in the presence of bulky amino acids such as Arg, Met, Leu, and Phe in the penultimate (P1) and P2 positions, corresponding with the S1 and S2 sites of the enzyme, and the P3 position of carboxy-terminally amidated peptides played a significant role in the action as a carboxyamidase or a amidase.
RESUMEN
Conductive paint electrode was used for marine biofouling on fishing nets by electrochemical disinfection. When a potential of 1.2 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was applied to the conductive paint electrode, Vibrio alginolyticus cells attached on the electrode were completely killed. By applying a negative potential, the attached cells were removed from the surface of the electrode. Changes in pH and chlorine concentration were not observed at potentials in the range -0.6 approximately 1.2 V vs. SCE. In a field experiment, accumulation of the bacterial cells and formation of biofilms on the electrode were prevented by application of an alternating potential, and 94% of attachment of the biofouling organisms was inhibited electrically on yarn used for fishing net coated with conductive paint. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RESUMEN
Eight displaced central slip attachment fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation to avoid boutonniere deformity, to reduce the fracture anatomically and to allow early mobilization of the joint. This injury should be recognized as a disruption of the dynamic extensor mechanism associated with an intraarticular fracture, fracture-dislocation or soft tissue injury of the PIP joint. We have grouped central slip attachment fractures into three types according to the mechanism of injury, with suggested methods of treatment.
Asunto(s)
Traumatismos de los Dedos/cirugía , Articulaciones de los Dedos/cirugía , Fijación Interna de Fracturas , Traumatismos de los Tendones/cirugía , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Traumatismos de los Dedos/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulaciones de los Dedos/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía , Rango del Movimiento Articular/fisiología , Traumatismos de los Tendones/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Seventeen strains of the genus Paecilomyces were examined for their ability to produce serine carboxypeptidase. Paecilomyces carneus IFO 7012 exhibited the highest potency for serine carboxypeptidase production. A maximum yield of serine carboxypeptidase was obtained by koji culture of the strain at 22 degrees C for 7 days. The serine carboxypeptidase was purified to homogeneity from an extract of the koji culture. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 47,000 by HPLC. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was determined to be 4.0, and the optimum pH was 4.0 toward benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine (Z-Glu-Tyr) and benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine (Z-Phe-Ala), respectively. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and p-chloromercurybenzoate. Relative hydrolysis rates of N-acylpeptides and kinetic studies indicated that the enzyme preferred substrates having bulky amino acids in the penultimate position from their carboxy-termini.
Asunto(s)
Carboxipeptidasas/biosíntesis , Paecilomyces/enzimología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Carboxipeptidasas/aislamiento & purificación , Carboxipeptidasas/metabolismo , Cloromercuribenzoatos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Punto Isoeléctrico , Cinética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Peso Molecular , Oligopéptidos/química , Fluoruro de Fenilmetilsulfonilo/farmacología , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
A novel glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from a marine bacterium Cytophaga marinoflava IFO 14170 was isolated from its membrane fraction. This GDH catalyzes the oxidation of a hydroxy group of glucose, but does not react in its C-1 position. This enzyme is composed of a single peptide with a mol wt of 67,000. The GDH can react under high salinity. The optimum pH is around 8.0, showing typical property of marine bacterial enzymes. Using this novel enzyme, and enzymatic determination of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5AG) utilizing 2,6-dichrolophenolindophenol (DCIP) and phenazine methosulfate (PMS) as electron mediators was carried out. A good linear correlation was observed from 0.5 mM to 4 mM of 1,5AG.
Asunto(s)
Cytophaga/enzimología , Desoxiglucosa/análisis , Glucosa Deshidrogenasas/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía/métodos , Glucosa 1-DeshidrogenasaRESUMEN
Haptic identification of real objects is superior to that of raised two-dimensional (2-D) depictions. Three explanations of real-object superiority were investigated: contribution of material information, contribution of 3-D shape and size, and greater potential for integration across the fingers. In Experiment 1, subjects, while wearing gloves that gently attenuated material information, haptically identified real objects that provided reduced cues to compliance, mass, and part motion. The gloves permitted exploration with free hand movement, a single outstretched finger, or five outstretched fingers. Performance decreased over these three conditions but was superior to identification of pictures of the same objects in all cases, indicating the contribution of 3-D structure and integration across the fingers. Picture performance was also better with five fingers than with one. In Experiment 2, the subjects wore open-fingered gloves, which provided them with material information. Consequently, the effect of type of exploration was substantially reduced but not eliminated. Material compensates somewhat for limited access to object structure but is not the primary basis for haptic object identification.
Asunto(s)
Percepción de Profundidad , Aprendizaje Discriminativo , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos , Estereognosis , Adulto , Atención , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tiempo de Reacción , Lectura , Auxiliares SensorialesRESUMEN
Somatic embryos of Daucus carota L. developed into plantlets at high frequency after addition of an extract from a marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. NKBG 042902. High molecular weight, nondialyzing fraction, separated from the extract, possessed enhanced plantlet formation promoting activity. Plantlet formation frequency was 60 % after addition of nondialysate (100 mg/l) compared to 28 % without addition. Embryos treated with the nondialysate contained five times more chlorophyll than nontreated embryos after 6 days of culture. The chlorophyll a/b ratio of 4-day old treated somatic embryos was found to be similar to that of zygotic embryos. However, the chlorophyll a/b ratio of plantlets induced from nontreated somatic embryos was variable. Nondialysate was fractionated by ultracentrifugation and an active component obtained, which gave a maximum plantlet formation frequency of 71 %, and induced rapid greening of shoots.
RESUMEN
Twenty five strains of marine cyanobacteria were screened for their ability to promote carrot somatic embryogenesis. Hot water extracts prepared from 21 of these strains promoted plantlet formation. Extracts from four strains increased plantlet numbers to an average of over 3.7-fold. Dialysates and nondialysates of each of these extracts also increased plantlet formation. For extracts from filamentous cyanobacteria, Nostoc sp. and Anabaena sp., dialysate was more effective (4.2-fold increase) than nondialysate (3.0-fold increase), whereas for unicellular strains Synechococcus sp. and Xenococcus sp., nondialysate was more effective (5.2-fold increase) than the dialysate (3.2-fold increase). These cyanobacterial extracts also promoted embryolike structure formation from two-year old carrot cell cultures which were unable to produce plantlets using the usual methods. Here, we demonstrate the existence in marine cyanobacterial extracts of low and high molecular weight factors which strongly promote somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell cultures.
RESUMEN
Clinical study was done concerning to temporomandibular (TM) arthrosis for 168 female patients (mean age 35.5 ranged from 20 to 48 years) who visited our dental clinic. Among 168 patients, 16 cases (9.5%) had maxillofacial pain, 74 cases (44%) joint sounds and 49 cases (29.2%) alternations in the opening pathway. As a result, subclinical patients were 96 cases (57%). The mean value of maximum inter-incisal distance was 47.6mm +/- 5.3. The patients with subclinical TM arthrosis were mainly associated with stiffness of neck. They show in mothers with a number of infants. In female, it seems that delivery and nursing are associated with arising TM arthrosis.