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INTRODUCTION: Military Physical Training programs represent a constant challenge for the Armed Forces to improve body composition indices and physical fitness levels. This study aimed to verify the influence of the type of training on the physical fitness and body composition of army cadets, using 2 strategies: a sports program (Athletes group) and conventional physical training (Traditional group). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved new entrant male cadets who were selected for the Athletes group (n = 243, 19.08 ± 1.23 years) or the Traditional group (n = 356, 18.89 ± 0.97 years), with assessments occurring before and after the period of training (31.4 ± 3.9 weeks). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), percentage of fat mass (%FM), and lean soft tissue (LST). The physical tests evaluated the 3,000 m run (RUN), 50 m swim (SWIM), pull-ups (PULL) on the horizontal bar, push-ups (PUSH) on the ground, and abdominal flexion (SITUP). RESULTS: Time × group interaction effects were observed for BMC (P < .001), LST (P < .023), RUN (P < .001), PULL (P = .006), PUSH (P < .001), SITUP (P = .007), and SWIM (P < .001). A significant effect of time was noted for all variables analyzed in both groups, except %FM. The Athletes group achieved better results in body composition and in PULL, PUSH, RUN, and SWIM at baseline and after the training period. The Traditional group demonstrated higher relative changes (%) after the training period in the LST (P = .001), PULL (P < .001), PUSH (P < .001), SITUP (P < .004), and SWIM (P < .001) compared to the Athletes group. CONCLUSION: Both physical training programs improved body composition and physical performance.
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Aware of the utmost importance of feeding premature babies-especially those of lower weight-with human milk, as well as the need to monitor this important element of neonatal care, we focused on four aspects in this review. First of all, we reviewed the beneficial effects of feeding premature infants with breast milk in the short and long term. Secondly, we performed a quantitative evaluation of the rates of breastfeeding and feeding with human milk in Very-Low-Birth-Weight infants (VLBWs) during hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and at discharge. Our aim was to take a snapshot of the current status of human milk-feeding care and track its trends over time. Then we analyzed, on the one hand, factors that have been proven to facilitate the use of maternal milk and, on the other hand, the risk factors of not feeding with breast milk. We also considered the spread of human milk banking so as to assess the availability of donated milk for the most vulnerable category of premature babies. Finally, we proposed a protocol designed as a tool for the systematic monitoring of actions that could be planned and implemented in NICUs in order to achieve the goal of feeding even more VLBWs with human milk.
RESUMEN
Resumo: Como produto da modernidade e fenômeno em franco desenvolvimento no século XX, o esporte igualmente foi afetado pelas reivindicações dos movimentos revolucionários dos anos 1960 e, assim, se esfacelou em múltiplas expressões. Esta pesquisa se preocupa com duas delas em particular: competições esportivas de atletas "com deficiência" (notadamente os Jogos Paralímpicos) e torneios em que lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e pessoas trans (LGBT) competem entre si (Gay e OutGames). O objetivo é ponderar sobre corpos em ação por meio do que almejo denominar "práticas esportivas dissonantes", para discutir em que medida tais práticas teriam potencial disruptivo em relação a uma normatividade instituída. A contribuição justamente consistirá em pensar antropologicamente em que medida essas práticas estariam no esporte mainstream imiscuídas/representadas, abrindo possíveis reconsiderações sobre ele. (AU)
Resumen: Como producto de la modernidad y fenómeno de rápido desarrollo en el siglo XX, el deporte también ha sido afectado por las demandas de los movimientos revolucionarios de la década de 1960 y, por lo tanto, se rompió en múltiples expresiones. Esta investigación estudia dos de esas expresiones: el deporte para "minusválidos" (en particular los Juegos Paralímpicos) y los juegos donde compiten lesbianas, homosexuales, bisexuales y transexuales (LGBT) (Gay y Outgames). El objetivo es reflexionar sobre los cuerpos en acción por lo que llamo de "prácticas deportivas disonantes", para discutir hasta donde estas prácticas tienen potencial para perturbar la normativa establecida. La contribución de la investigación es pensar en qué medida tales prácticas están representadas en el propio deporte mainstream, abriendo reconsideraciones sobre él mismo. (AU)
Abstract: As a product of modernity and a phenomenon that saw full development during the 20th century, sport has also been affected by the demands of revolutionary movements of the 1960s and therefore split in multiple expressions. This research is concerned with two of them in particular, namely, elite sports for disabled athletes notably the Paralympic Games and tournaments where lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people (LGBT) compete together Gay and Outgames. The aim is to discuss bodies in action through what I call "dissonant sports practices", in order to debate to what extent such practices could disrupt established normativity. The study's contributes to thinking anthropologically about the extent to which those practices would be included/represented in mainstream sports, thus opening reconsiderations about them. (AU)