RESUMEN
This study assesses the test-retest reliability of the revised Advanced Psychodiagnostic Interpretation (API) scoring system for the Bender Gestalt Test (BGT). The API system identifies 207 possible distortions in a BGT protocol. Test-retest reliability for 40 schizophrenic patients tested twice with a mean interval of 6.4 years (SD=3.8 years) was good, ranging from .71 to .80. Further reliability and validity studies are needed to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the system.
Asunto(s)
Prueba de Bender-Gestalt , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
TRAUT, a new approach to the recognition and classification of perceptions on the Rorschach indicative of thought disorder, is based on the rationale that so-called autisms are really "absurdities" that lead to interpretive contradictions. Advantages of TRAUT's logically derived definitions include clarity, generalizeability, and teachability. TRAUT categorizes autisms according to whether they ignore the blot (HYPO), circumvent the task (HYPER) or rationalize counterfactual images by spatial juxtaposition (RELER). Norms and significance tests are presented, demonstrating that thought-disordered patients produce higher TRAUT scores than nonthought-disordered patients and normal individuals. TRAUT categories were also able to differentiate among various types of thought-disordered patients.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Prueba de Rorschach/estadística & datos numéricos , Pensamiento , Adulto , Trastorno Autístico/clasificación , Demencia/clasificación , Demencia/diagnóstico , Demencia/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/clasificación , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos de la Personalidad/clasificación , Trastornos de la Personalidad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Personalidad/psicología , Psicometría , Trastornos Psicóticos/clasificación , Trastornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Trastornos Psicóticos/psicología , Valores de Referencia , Esquizofrenia/clasificación , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicología del EsquizofrénicoRESUMEN
The "normal" Rorschach percept is characterized by congruency (correspondence between blot and reality) and good form (an appropriate synthesis among elements comprising the blot). Both congruency and good form arise from perceptual integrations and can be objectified in terms of providing false information (incongruency) and maximizing identifying information about the blot (good form), thus providing a logical foundation for Rorschach interpretation.
Asunto(s)
Percepción , Prueba de Rorschach/normas , Humanos , PsicometríaRESUMEN
100 patients with chronic pain judged "problematic" by their referring physicians were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-Revised. 38 obtained IQs of 85 or less while only 11 earned IQs of 101 or higher. While a number of confounds may have influenced these results, low intelligence appears to be a marker for negative treatment prognosis, at least as perceived by physicians, and its influence would seem to merit further investigation and clarification.
Asunto(s)
Inteligencia , Dolor/psicología , Escalas de Wechsler/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Dolor de Espalda/psicología , Dolor de Espalda/rehabilitación , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor/rehabilitación , Pronóstico , Psicometría , Rehabilitación Vocacional/psicologíaRESUMEN
2,074 Swedish girls and adolescents were administered a group version of the Hand Test. About ten years later, 80 of these subjects had committed crimes serious enough to be entered on the General Police Register. These young women offenders were then matched by age with nonoffenders and the two groups compared on 17 quantitative Hand Test variables. Significance was found for the Tension and Pathology scores, suggesting that these young female lawbreakers were characterized as youngsters having scores indicating anxiety and other forms of psychopathology rather than innate hostility.
Asunto(s)
Psicología Criminal , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Técnicas Proyectivas/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Ansiedad/psicología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Delincuencia Juvenil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Riesgo , SueciaRESUMEN
Pearson correlations between the Hand Test Pathology (PATH) score and Personality Assessment Inventory scales produced a cluster of relationships characteristic of an antisocial orientation. Likewise, PATH significantly differentiated between a "P" (Pathology) group flagged by a high Negative Impression score on the inventory, and an "N" (Normal) group of 100 pain patients. It was suggested that the interpretive simplicity of Hand Test scores renders the scores amenable to further correlational studies involving the inventory.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Dolor/psicología , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Técnicas Proyectivas/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Psicofisiológicos/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicometría , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
A tripartite taxonomy of perceptual-cognitive errors on the Rorschach, abbreviated TRAUT, was reviewed. TRAUT classifies "autisms" as stemming from either an arrant disregard for the blot shapes (HYPO), an inordinate attention to unusual blot areas (HYPER), or an endorsement of counterfactual relationships among blot areas (RELER) included among Exner's Unusual Verbalizations. The scoring of HYPOs and HYPERs and the frequency of their occurrence among thought-disordered groups were determined by examining Rorschachs of inpatient schizophrenics, outpatient schizophrenics, borderline personality disorders, and Cluster A personality disorders. Because HYPOs and HYPERs yielded better differential diagnoses than RELERs among these four groups, it was suggested that such percepts should be scored routinely as a screen for thought disorder.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Autístico/psicología , Trastornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Prueba de Rorschach/estadística & datos numéricos , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Pensamiento , Adulto , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/psicología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Admisión del Paciente , Trastornos de la Personalidad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Personalidad/psicología , Psicometría , Trastornos Psicóticos/psicologíaRESUMEN
Generalizing from the rationales underlying the scoring of the three types of Rorschach autisms included in the TRAUT system, it was shown that all perceptual autisms can be subsumed under a single, all-encompassing principle based upon a reductio ad absurdum argument. Therefore, in a way, autisms can be viewed as "cheating," i.e., getting around the explicit and implicit rules governing the evaluation of Rorschach percepts.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Autístico/psicología , Prueba de Rorschach/estadística & datos numéricos , Atención , Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Humanos , Individualidad , PsicometríaRESUMEN
Sequential Optimum Selection, SOS, a nonparametric computer-assisted alternative to discriminant analysis, was introduced and explicated. SOS is an iterative procedure that develops ongoing decision rules for discriminating among groups, successively expunging frequency distributions or classes until all cases are accounted for. In three illustrative comparisons using clinical assessment data, SOS proved competitive with discriminant analysis in terms of over-all hit rates for parsimonious extraction of meaningful variables. Further, in one demonstration using parametric data, SOS held up better on cross-validation. While discriminant analysis will, in most cases, yield better discrimination than SOS, the latter does not make parametric assumptions and should therefore be considered a viable alternative as an exploratory procedure.
Asunto(s)
Diagnóstico por Computador , Cómputos Matemáticos , Determinación de la Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Análisis Discriminante , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/clasificación , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
A pathognomic sign of mania, the Extrapolated Area Response (EAR), was described and explicated within the context of the TRAUT (Tripartite Classification of Autisms) system of categorizing Rorschach autisms. The EAR was interpreted as reflecting a person's tendency to expand his ambit beyond the confines of objective reality. Empirical validation is required.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Prueba de Rorschach/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Humanos , Imaginación , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Max r reliability estimates were significantly and consistently greater than corresponding alpha estimates for Harris-Lingoes subscales of the MMPI-2 containing 13 to 21 items. As previously reported with subscales of fewer items, Max r distributions were negatively skewed. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Asunto(s)
MMPI/estadística & datos numéricos , Atención Ambulatoria , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Cómputos Matemáticos , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
There was a report of spongiform encephalopathy transmitted to Syrian hamsters by intracerebral inoculation with the blood buffy coat of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their unaffected first-degree relatives. We attempted to verify that report, taking measures to reduce the risk of contaminating samples with agents causing spongiform encephalopathies. We obtained blood from 50 subjects, including six patients with familial AD, 21 unaffected first-degree relatives (siblings and offspring) of patients with familial AD, and 20 control subjects. We inoculated the buffy coats intracerebrally into Syrian LVG hamsters, observed them for signs of neurologic disease, examined their brains for neuropathologic changes at time of death, and performed serial (blind) passages by inoculating suspensions of all recovered brains into fresh LVG hamsters. We discerned no clinical illness or histopathologic changes resembling experimental spongiform encephalopathy in any hamster inoculated with human buffy coat nor in blind-passage hamsters, nor were the life spans of those hamsters shortened. We conclude that AD is not caused by an agent that transmits spongiform encephalopathy to hamsters.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Leucocitos , Enfermedades por Prión/etiología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/sangre , Animales , Cricetinae , Femenino , Humanos , Transfusión de Leucocitos , Masculino , MesocricetusRESUMEN
Eleven individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder (MPD) on the basis of clinical observation by experienced therapists plus elevated scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES; Bernstein & Putnam, 1986) were administered the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Hand Test. Results from the sample (n = 11) and a matched control group (N = 22) were analyzed and discussed in accordance with previous Rorschach diagnostic systems. The Wagner Signs diagnosed 91% (n = 10) of the MPD cases in this outpatient sample, with no false positives. The Labott Signs were found to have no utility, and the Barach Signs, when they occurred, seemed to be diagnostic of MPD but yielded a high rate of false negatives. Hand Test results were analyzed and found to be possibly diagnostic of MPD. Tentative criteria were proposed for its use as an additional tool for diagnosing MPD.
Asunto(s)
Atención Ambulatoria , Trastorno Disociativo de Identidad/diagnóstico , Técnicas Proyectivas , Prueba de Rorschach , Adulto , Trastorno Disociativo de Identidad/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Determinación de la PersonalidadRESUMEN
Based on an analysis of the TRAUT system for scoring autisms, it was concluded that a loss of reality contact on the Rorschach is indicated by responses that do not comply with the demand characteristics of the blots themselves or entail relationships among blot areas counter indicated by the demands of external reality. It was postulated that these same two perceptual/cognitive errors could be used as markers to signal problems with reality testing as they are manifested on other projective techniques.
Asunto(s)
Prueba de Realidad , Prueba de Rorschach/estadística & datos numéricos , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Humanos , Psicometría , Valores de Referencia , PensamientoRESUMEN
Exner's WSUM6 score includes only a select few of the Rorschach "autisms" (i.e., perceptual-cognitive distortions) observed by various authors over the years. A logical and clinically relevant classification scheme was presented which is inclusive enough to capture most types of Rorschach autisms. These include relationship errors (RELERs), hyperattentional errors (HYPERs), and errors of underattention (HYPOs). Empirical comparisons among diagnostic groups on these three categories of autisms were recommended.
Asunto(s)
Atención , Trastorno Autístico/clasificación , Prueba de Rorschach/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Trastorno Autístico/psicología , Humanos , Distorsión de la Percepción , Proyección , Psicometría/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The projective Hand Test (Wagner, 1962/1983) was administered to 17 older adults with a dual diagnosis (mental retardation existing concurrently with some form of mental illness) residing in a Midwestern institution for the mentally retarded. Each of these individuals was matched with another resident in the same institution with a single diagnosis of mental retardation on the variables of age, sex, and level of mental retardation to determine differences between the groups on the Hand Test. The dual diagnosis group gave significantly more bizarre (BIZ) responses, whereas the single diagnosis group gave more descriptive (DES) responses. It was contended that these two variables accurately reflect the essential difference between dual and single diagnosed mentally retarded individuals.
Asunto(s)
Mano , Discapacidad Intelectual/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Anciano , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Discapacidad Intelectual/complicaciones , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/complicaciones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Determinación de la Personalidad , Pruebas PsicológicasRESUMEN
The presence of exhibitionism in actively exhibitionistic strippers and passively exhibitionistic models was confirmed when it was discovered that 40 out of 43 subjects produced at least one exhibitionistic (EXH) response on the Hand Test, which purportedly measures behavior. Subsequently, based on highly reliable ratings, it was found that the strippers produced significantly more active exhibitionistic human movement (M) responses on the Rorschach and the models more passive exhibitionistic M. This finding was interpreted as confirming Piotrowski's position that M represents reasonably specific overt behaviors. Implications were discussed, and an attempt was made to integrate past research on the Rorschach M score within the context of these findings.
Asunto(s)
Selección de Profesión , Baile , Literatura Erótica , Exhibicionismo/psicología , Prueba de Rorschach/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Imagen Corporal , Femenino , Identidad de Género , Humanos , Masculino , Técnicas Proyectivas/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
100 MMPI-2 protocols were obtained from the files of an outpatient clinic. Distributions of all possible split-half combinations were computed for selected Harris-Lingoes subscales with few items. As expected, max r reliability estimates were significantly greater than alpha estimates and distributions of correlations were negatively skewed. Inspection of the distributions suggested that the Amorality scale contains an ambiguous item which does not appear to belong in this grouping. Serious problems were noted with the Hy5 subscale. Alpha reliabilities were comparable to previously reported estimates, and max r reliability estimates closely resembled reported test-retest estimates.
Asunto(s)
MMPI , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
The validity of newly developed "Splitting" and "Dissociative" signs on the Rorschach for diagnosing multiple personality disorder (MPD) was questioned. It was pointed out that the mean number of Rorschach responses for what were ostensibly patients with MPD was so high as to render the sample atypical. It was suggested that perhaps the Splitting and Dissociative signs were diagnostic of either dissociation in general or MPDs who have experienced decompensation, leading to hospitalization.