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The results of histological study of postoperative specimens obtained from 6,892 patients with diseases of the thyroid undergoing surgery at Lviv regional hospital from 1923 to 1990 were reviewed by means of IBM PC/AT-supported information system. The pathomorphism of surgical diseases of thyroid gland consists mainly in rise of their incidence peaking in 60s and 80s. For the years 1961-90 the rate of autoimmune lesions, adenomas and early forms of the thyroid carcinoma increased substantially.

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On the basis of literature and their own experience in performing the reinfusion of bacteria-contaminated blood in 20 patients with gunshot penetrating abdominal injuries the authors make a conclusion that in critical cases there are no alternative to application of reinfusion. The article gives clinical examples and contains data concerning the character of lesions. Indications and counter-indications for reinfusion are enclosed.

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Isolated rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia (15 min) and reperfusion (20 min). Transmembrane potentials were recorded on the epicardial surface and contractile force was measured. Ischemia reduced the resting potential, the action potential (AP) amplitude and the AP duration (APD) in control animals. Pretreatment with synthetic antioxidant ionol (BHT, 50 mg/kg, per os) didn't influence the time course of changes in the resting potential and AP amplitude during ischemia, but significantly increased APD. In the pretreated group, 5 min after the aorta clamping, the APD at 50% and 90% levels of repolarization was 36% (p less than 0.05) and 13% (p less than 0.1) higher in comparison to the preischemic level and 10 min after clamping by 27% (p less than 0.1) and 29% (p less than 0.05), respectively. By the end of ischemia in the pretreated group, APD re-decreased almost to basal level, but in control group, it remained decreased. During reperfusion BHT improved the recovery of bioelectrical activity and the contractile function. The BHT 10-fold reduced the malignant arrhythmias duration and 2.5-fold the incidence of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation during reperfusion. These results indicate that the induced by BHT increase in APD can contribute to the mechanism of BHT antiarrhythmic action.

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The adaptation to periodic altitude hypoxia is known to have cardioprotective and antiarrhythmic effects in stress-induced and ischemic lesions. The effects are assumed to be associated with the enhanced activity of the body's stress-limiting systems, including prostaglandins (PG). Wistar rats were adapted in a hypobaric chamber at an altitude of 4000 m for 6 hours during 40 days. The levels of myocardial and plasma PGE, PGE2 alpha, PGI2, thromboxane A2 were measured by radioimmunoassay and those of plasma catecholamines by enzyme radioassay. In the myocardium, the adaptation showed a 2-fold increase in PGE levels, the PGE/PGE2 alpha ratio and PGI2 levels rose by 70 and 73%, respectively, the PGI2/thromboxane A2 ratio remaining unchanged, while thromboxane A2 concentrations also rose. In adaptation, the levels of PGE and PGI2 was 78 and 60% higher, respectively. In restraint stress, myocardial and plasma PG levels proved to be substantially higher in adapted animals than in the controls, but stress-induced plasma catecholamine release, i.e. stress reaction, showed a 2-3-fold decrease that in the controls undergoing the same stress. The findings along with the data on the cytoprotective and vasodilating action of PGE and PGI2 suggest that enhanced activity of the myocardial and blood PG system is the important link in the mechanism responsible for the antistress impact of adaptation.

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Action potential (AP) of cardiomyocytes was recorded in experiments on isolated perfused according to Langendorf rat hearts. The effect was estimated of preliminary adaptation to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia or to repeated short-term stress exposure on the resting potential (RP) and the amplitude and duration of action potential (APD) in global ischemia and reperfusion. It was shown that adaptation to hypoxia is more effective in prevention of ischemic fall of RP, AP and APD. In reperfusion, the parameters enumerated restored more quickly and efficiently in hearts from adapted to stress animals.

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Action potential of cardiomyocytes was recorded in experiments on isolated papillary muscle of the rat left ventricle. The effect was estimated of preliminary adaptation to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia or to short-term stress exposure on the incidence and the pronouncement of delayed after depolarization and of trigger activity induced by a high frequency stimulation against the background of isoproterenol (10(-8) M). It was shown that adaptation to hypoxia or to stress reduced the incidence of delayed after depolarization and of trigger activity, adaptation to stress exerting a more pronounced effect. Immobilization stress (6 hours) potentiated the trigger activity, adaptation to stress exerting a more pronounced effect. Immobilization stress (6 hours) potentiated the trigger activity and this potentiation was effectively prevented by either type of adaptation.

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Adaptation of animals to short-term stress is known to result in the development of the adaptive structure stabilization phenomenon. At the level of the heart, the phenomenon appears as increased resistance to elevated catecholamine and calcium levels, reperfusion paradox. This study attempted to reproduce the phenomenon without applying any stress, but using a course of transauricular electric acupuncture. The isolated hearts of rats undergoing a course of the acupuncture were ascertained to show a clear-cut high resistance to the reperfusion paradox. After coronary ligation, the extent of necrosis in the animals having the acupuncture was significantly lower, as in those adapted to stress. The assumption that the phenomenon forming the basis for cardioprotective effects develops with electric acupuncture is discussed in the paper.

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Experiments on isolated Wistar rat hearts perfused according to Langendorff showed that adaptation to stress exposure limited the depression of contraction amplitude and contracture and possessed an antiarrhythmic effect in reperfusion. Furthermore, adaptation to stress exposure efficiently limited reperfusion damage to sarcolemma. It was shown that adaptation to hypoxia did not result in any increase in the heart resistance to reperfusion damage following total ischemia. Possible mechanisms of differences in the protective effects of adaptation to stress exposure and hypoxia are discussed.

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The synthetic acetylcholine analogue ethyl-3-(2,2-dimethyl-2-ethyl-hydrazinium) propionic iodide (EDIHYP) exerts a powerful antiarrhythmic action in cardiac ischemic, reperfusion, and adrenergic lesions, as well as in infarction and postinfarction cardiosclerosis, as evidenced by animal experiments. The study was undertaken to examine the electrophysiological mechanism of EDIHYP s action on isolated rat heart cardiomyocytes. It was shown that the agent substantially reduced the resting potential, as well as action potential amplitude and duration in total ischemia and resultant reperfusion. The antiarrhythmic changes provided a multiple decrease in the duration of ventricular tachycardia and cardiac fibrillation in reperfusion. Thus, the fact that EDIHYP has a direct action on the bioelectrical activity of cardiomyocytes may play an important role in its antiarrhythmic effect in the whole body.

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Experiments on isolated Wistar rat heart perfused according to Langendorff showed that preliminary adaptation of rats to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia limited the fall of values of the resting potential and the amplitude and duration of action potential characteristic for ischemia. Under similar conditions, adaptation considerably reduced the increased time of impulse conduction along the myocardium. In reperfusion, the parameters enumerated restored much more efficiently in hearts from adapted animals than in controls. The role of these changes in the antiarrhythmic effect of adaptation to intermittent hypoxia is under discussion.

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Effects of coenzyme Q9 (25 mg/kg), N6-cyclohexyl adenosine (CHA, 100 micrograms/kg) and their combination were compared in rats with short-term or permanent ligation of the left coronary artery. The following parameters were evaluated in three series of experiments: 1) incidence and duration of ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia during coronary occlusion (10 min) and consecutive reperfusion (5 min); 2) contractility and electrical stability of the heart (ventricular fibrillation threshold) in animals with 2-day myocardial infarction; 3) ischemic myocardial mass after coronary occlusion (5 min) and necrotic tissue mass in 2-day myocardial infarction. The rats were given oral drugs 5 days and 2 hours before the study. All the experiments were performed in open-chest anesthetized (nembutal, 50 mg/kg) rats exposed to ventilation at room air. Both the coenzyme Q9 and CHA significantly reduced the incidence and duration of coronary occlusion and reperfusion arrhythmias, prevented cardiac contractile depression (heart rate.developed pressure) and increased ventricular fibrillation threshold). The effect of coenzyme Q9 was more marked than that of CHA. Coenzyme Q9 substantially reduced necrotic tissue mass while CHA diminished ischemic tissue mass. At the same time the total cardioprotective action of the Q9 + CHA combination was more pronounced than that of them used alone.

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Some indices of nonspecific reactivity: the number of cyclic immunological complexes, titer of antibodies, activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases, alanine aminotranspherase, mitochondrial liver H(+)-ATPase, content of glutathione ceruloplasmin transferrin are stated to change in the model of food anaphylaxis in 37 guinea pigs, 26 rats and 12 rabbits orally sensitized with hen egg protein and they are estimated prior to and after the allergy development.

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The adaptation to periodic hypoxia increases the AP duration in the cardiomyocytes of the rat isolated cardiac papillary muscles; prevents the depression of the resting potential, of the AP amplitude and duration in high calcium concentration and high-frequency stimulation. The adaptation also limits the contracture of papillary muscles and the depression of the resting potential in the cardiomyocytes in hypo-sodium solution. The adaptation seems to enhance the efficacy of the membrane mechanisms of the ion transport in cardiomyocytes, whereas subsequent changes in bioelectrical activity play a major part in antiarrhythmic effect of the adaptation.

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The experiments with isolated hearts from the rats adaptive to a periodic exposure to hypoxia in the barochamber revealed a significant decrease in the contractile and arrhythmogenic effects of high Ca2+ concentrations. With low sodium solution, the contracture and the resting potential depression of cardiomyocytes in the cardiac papillary muscles turned to be less pronounced during adaptation. Increasing the concentration of Ca2+ in the washing solution resulted in lower resting potential, amplitude and duration of the action potential; hypoxic adaptation prevented the changes to a great extent. Whether the changes found may contribute to the anti-arrhythmic effect of periodic hypoxic adaptation is discussed in the paper.

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The resistance of isolated, perfused by Langendorf the heart was compared in the experiments on Wistar rats with elevated by 7.3 times the concentration of the calcium in perfused solution. It was shown that one-hour stress of the "struggle" raised but six-hour one decreased the resistance of the heart to arrhythmogenic and contraction action of the surplus Ca2+.

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In the experiments on rats a significant decrease of resistance to the contracture and arrhythmogenic effect of increased Ca2+ on the isolated hearts of animals after short term immobilization stress has been shown. After a long term stress (6 hours) the changes of the studied physiological parameters of the isolated hearts were not observed. Transport in the homogenates of the rat hearts was measured by the Ca--selective electrode on the ionometer ORION EA 940. After a 1-hour stress the rate of Ca--transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) substantially decreased as compared with the control (3.5 fold at 20 mcM), but at the higher concentration the Ca-transport was inhibited. The long term stress lead to a slower damage of functional Ca-transport system of SR--at 20 mcM the rate decreased by 25% as compared with control and at the higher concentration of Ca2+ depression of transport was not observed.

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Despite the successes in anti-goitre actions, the problem of thyroid pathology still remains to be of high complexity and concern. Research conducted in the endemic goitre focus in the Pre-Carpathians indicated the presence of pronounced pathomorphosis of thyroid abnormalities. The incidence of autoimmune and malignant conditions is growing, so is that of Hürthle cell metamorphosis in the thyroid epithelium. New variant forms of already known diseases have appeared. The findings would help perform an adequate correction of diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive measures. A profound research into the thyroid gland abnormalities is essential.

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