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Neuromorphic photonics is a cutting-edge fusion of neuroscience-inspired computing and photonics technology to overcome the constraints of conventional computing architectures. Its significance lies in the potential to transform information processing by mimicking the parallelism and efficiency of the human brain. Using optics and photonics principles, neuromorphic devices can execute intricate computations swiftly and with impressive energy efficiency. This innovation holds promise for advancing artificial intelligence and machine learning while addressing the limitations of traditional silicon-based computing. Neuromorphic photonics could herald a new era of computing that is more potent and draws inspiration from cognitive processes, leading to advancements in robotics, pattern recognition, and advanced data processing. This paper reviews the recent developments in neuromorphic photonic integrated circuits, applications, and current challenges.

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In contemporary science and technology, photonic sensors are essential. They may be made to be extremely resistant to some physical parameters while also being extremely sensitive to other physical variables. Most photonic sensors may be incorporated on chips and operate with CMOS technology, making them suitable for use as extremely sensitive, compact, and affordable sensors. Photonic sensors can detect electromagnetic (EM) wave changes and convert them into an electric signal due to the photoelectric effect. Depending on the requirements, scientists have found ways to develop photonic sensors based on several interesting platforms. In this work, we extensively review the most generally utilized photonic sensors for detecting vital environmental parameters and personal health care. These sensing systems include optical waveguides, optical fibers, plasmonics, metasurfaces, and photonic crystals. Various aspects of light are used to investigate the transmission or reflection spectra of photonic sensors. In general, resonant cavity or grating-based sensor configurations that work on wavelength interrogation methods are preferred, so these sensor types are mostly presented. We believe that this paper will provide insight into the novel types of available photonic sensors.

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Lab-on-a-chip systems are currently one of the most promising areas in the development of ultra-compact sensor systems, used primarily for gas and liquid analysis to determine the concentration of impurities. Integrated photonics is an ideal basis for designing "lab-on-a-chip" systems, advantageous for its compactness, energy efficiency, and low cost in mass production. This paper presents a solution for "lab-on-a-chip" device realization, consisting of a sensor and an interrogator based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated photonics platform. The sensor function is performed by an all-pass microring resonator (MRR), installed as a notch filter in the feedback circuit of an optoelectronic oscillator based on an electro-optic phase modulator. This structure realizes the frequency interrogation of the sensor with high accuracy and speed using a conventional single-mode laser source. The system sensitivity for the considered gases is 13,000 GHz/RIU. The results show that the use of frequency interrogation makes it possible to increase the intrinsic LoD by five orders. The proposed solution opens an opportunity for fully integrated implementation of a photonic "laboratory-on-a-chip" unit.

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Light beams bearing orbital angular momentum (OAM) are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as microscopy, laser material processing, and optical tweezers. Precise topological charge control is crucial for efficiently using vortex beams in different fields, such as information encoding in optical communications and sensor systems. This work presents a novel method for optimizing an emitting micro-ring resonator (MRR) for emitting vortex beams with variable orders of OAM. The MRR consists of a ring waveguide with periodic structures side-coupled to a bus waveguide. The resonator is tunable due to the phase change material Sb2Se3 deposited on the ring. This material can change from amorphous to crystalline while changing its refractive index. In the amorphous phase, it is 3.285 + 0i, while in the transition to the crystalline phase, it reaches 4.050 + 0i at emission wavelength 1550 nm. We used this property to control the vortex beam topological charge. In our study, we optimized the distance between the bus waveguide and the ring waveguide, the bending angle, and the width of the bus waveguide. The optimality criterion was chosen to maximize the flux density of the radiated energy emitted by the resonator. The numerical simulation results proved our method. The proposed approach can be used to optimize optical beam emitters carrying OAM for various applications.

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The design of a refractometric sensing system for liquids analysis with a sensor and the scheme for its intensity interrogation combined on a single photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is proposed. A racetrack microring resonator with a channel for the analyzed liquid formed on the top is used as a sensor, and another microring resonator with a lower Q-factor is utilized to detect the change in the resonant wavelength of the sensor. As a measurement result, the optical power at its drop port is detected in comparison with the sum of the powers at the through and drop ports. Simulations showed the possibility of registering a change in the analyte refractive index with a sensitivity of 110 nm per refractive index unit. The proposed scheme was analyzed with a broadband source, as well as a source based on an optoelectronic oscillator using an optical phase modulator. The second case showed the fundamental possibility of implementing an intensity interrogator on a PIC using an external typical single-mode laser as a source. Meanwhile, additional simulations demonstrated an increased system sensitivity compared to the conventional interrogation scheme with a broadband or tunable light source. The proposed approach provides the opportunity to increase the integration level of a sensing device, significantly reducing its cost, power consumption, and dimensions.

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Globally, there is active development of photonic sensors incorporating multidisciplinary research. The ultimate objective is to develop small, low-cost, sensitive, selective, quick, durable, remote-controllable sensors that are resistant to electromagnetic interference. Different photonic sensor designs and advances in photonic frameworks have shown the possibility to realize these capabilities. In this review paper, the latest developments in the field of optical waveguide and fiber-based sensors which can serve for environmental monitoring are discussed. Several important topics such as toxic gas, water quality, indoor environment, and natural disaster monitoring are reviewed.

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