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Background: Small cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer (SCNC) is a rare aggressive type of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) characterized by aggressive clinical course and lack of response to hormone therapy. Case Description: We present a case report of a 60-year-old man diagnosed with a histologically confirmed primary metastatic (bone, lymph nodes and visceral) SCNC with small components of an adenocarcinoma with clinical symptoms mimicking an acute prostatitis. Of note, serum based neuroendocrine markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, chromogranin A) were negative and the patient had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevation. Genetic testing of tumor tissue revealed breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2) copy number loss and a retinoblastoma gene (RB1) mutation reflecting again the aggressiveness of the disease. Germline testing for the BRCA2 copy number loss was unremarkable. After 6 cycles of carboplatin and etoposide in combination with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status has improved from 3 to 0, in addition the patient was free of pain. In line with clinical improvement, both prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) revealed a significant reduction of metastatic load. Currently, the patient is treated with ADT plus apalutamide. Conclusions: We demonstrate for the first time a case of a primary metastatic SCNC with adenocarcinoma components successfully treated by the combination of platinum-based chemotherapy plus hormonal therapy. In addition, we provide a literature overview on management of SCNC as there is no standard treatment established for this disease.

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Heart failure (HF) is approaching epidemic proportions worldwide and is the leading cause of hospitalization in the elderly population. High rates of readmission contribute substantially to excessive health care costs and highlight the fragmented nature of care available to HF patients. Disease management programs (DMPs) have been implemented to improve health outcomes, patient satisfaction, and quality of life, and to reduce health care costs. Telemonitoring systems appear to be effective in the vulnerable phase after discharge from hospital to prevent early readmissions. DMPs that emphasize comprehensive patient education and guideline-adjusted therapy have shown great promise to result in beneficial long-term effects. It can be speculated that combining core elements of the aforementioned programs may substantially improve long-term cost-effectiveness of patient management.We introduce a collaborative post-discharge HF disease management program (HerzMobil Tirol network) that incorporates physician-controlled telemonitoring and nurse-led care in a multidisciplinary network approach.

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Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health problem. The management of HF is usually multi-disciplinary and should comprise the cooperation of all groups of individuals involved in the care like clinicians, cardiologists, general practitioners, internists, nurses, relatives and patients. There is an ongoing debate with regard to monitoring and the optimal level and intensity of care for which kind of patients. Based on our experience with the recently established HF network HerzMobil Tirol, we developed a concept how to combine mHealth-based telemonitoring and disease management programs. The collaborative HF management concept timely and efficiently closes the feedback loop between patients and care providers and allows for continuity of care. The aim is to gradually adjust intensity of care according to the patients' level of disease severity and risk of readmission after hospital discharge along the overall trajectory of illness. Next steps will be to investigate how to define shared decision making, rights, duties, responsibilities and liabilities of the individual stakeholders as well as to analyze business models for reimbursement.

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BACKGROUND: The cardio-renal syndrome is common and eGFR is an established biomarker in chronic heart failure (CHF). Recent findings also indicate a predictive role of liver function abnormalities such as GGT in CHF. We aimed to jointly investigate the characteristics and importance of renal and hepatic failure in CHF. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory parameters of 1290 ambulatory patients (NYHA class I 25%, II 47%, III/IV 27%; median LV-EF 29%) were evaluated. Hemodynamics was available in 253 patients. The endpoint was defined as death from any cause or heart transplantation. RESULTS: eGFR <60mL/min and GGT elevations were highly prevalent (25% and 44%, respectively; 12.8% for both). Renal and hepatic dysfunctions were correlated with disease severity and independently associated with adverse outcome in univariate (p<0.001) and multivariate analyses (p=0.012 and p<0.001, respectively). Signs of congestion and elevated CVP but not CI were independent predictors of changes in eGFR and GGT. In patients with concurrent impairment of both organs estimated five-year event rate was 46% as compared to 25% in patients with eGFR and GGT in the normal ranges (HR 3.12, 95% CI 2.33-4.18; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Impairment of renal and hepatic function is related to functional status and a poor prognosis in patients with mild to moderate heart failure. Concurrent involvement of both organs indicates disease progression and further elevates the hazard for adverse outcomes. Moreover, our data suggest that venous congestion rather than forward failure accounts for the development of renal and hepatic dysfunctions in these patients.

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