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The growing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the United States (US) has disproportionately affected minority populations more than their white counterparts. A population that is often overlooked is the Asian American population, particularly Southeastern Asian immigrants. Despite having relatively favorable socioeconomic indicators compared to the general US population, Asian Americans, specifically Southeast Asian individuals, face a significant burden of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and are considered a high cardiovascular disease risk group. In addition, most studies have aggregated Asian populations into one major racial group rather than analyzing the different ethnicities among the Asian categorization. While some studies suggest that the acculturation process has some degree of impact on cardiovascular health, there has not been a widely-used tool to measure or ascertain the totality of acculturation. Instead, multiple proxies have been used to measure acculturation, and prior studies have argued for more culturally-tailored acculturation proxies. This paper aims to assess the implications of different acculturation measures on cardiovascular health among Asian Americans, particularly Southeastern Asian immigrants. The following proxies were expanded on in this paper: English spoken at home, length of stay in the US, religiosity and spirituality, and admixed family structures. Previous studies showed that as the length of stay in the US increases, the burden of cardiovascular risk factors increases. However, the impact of English spoken at home, religiosity, and admixed family structure are still inconclusive given the extent of current studies. While most studies suggest that an increase in acculturation increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, it is critical to note that acculturation is a multifaceted process. Therefore, more studies are necessary to appropriately examine the implications of various acculturation processes on cardiovascular risk factors in Asians, specifically Southeastern Asian individuals in the US.

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BACKGROUND: Lipid monitoring is recommended by treatment guidelines to assess efficacy and adherence to lipid lowering therapy, but the available data is mostly limited to integrated health delivery systems with less diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of patients that completed appropriate lipid monitoring at an urban academic medical center and whether lipid monitoring is associated with treatment intensification. METHODS: Adults prescribed ≥1 LDL-C lowering therapy and with ≥1 outpatient encounter during 2018 and 2019 were included. Appropriate lipid monitoring was defined as ≥1 lipid panel obtained during the 12 month follow up period. Treatment intensification was defined as a dose increase, change to a higher intensity statin, or addition of a new LDL-C lowering therapy. The association between lipid monitoring and treatment intensification were assessed using regression models. RESULTS: Of the 12,332 patients on LDL-C lowering therapy, 88% had ≥1 lipid panel. The average patient was 60 years of age, 50% were female, and 50% identified as black or African American. On regression analysis (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]), lipid monitoring occurred less frequently in adults >75 years of age (0.63, 0.44 to 0.90), black or African American individuals (0.78, 0.69 to 0.89), and those insured by Medicaid (0.72, 0.61 to 0.86). The odds of treatment intensification steadily increased with the number of lipid panels compared to those without lipid monitoring. CONCLUSION: Lipid monitoring is associated with treatment intensification but occurs less frequently in adults >75 years of age, black or African American individuals, and those insured by Medicaid.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effectiveness and safety of peripheral regional anesthesia in congenital cardiac surgical patients undergoing thoracotomy for aortic coarctation. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients (<18 years) who underwent surgical repair of congenital heart diseases via thoracotomy between September 2013 and July 2018 was done. Among patients who underwent coarctation repair, a propensity score was used to match patients who received a regional catheter (C) versus traditional medical treatment only (M). SETTING: A single center children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The median age was 172 days (IQR 64-1315) in group C and 176 days (IQR 71-1146) in group M (SMD = 0.07). The median weight was 6.8 kg (IQR 4.8-13.6) in group C and 7.7 kg (4.6-17.4) in group M (SMD = 0.003). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULT: Outcomes assessed were postoperative hospital length of stay, median pain scores in the first 24 and 48 hours, and total morphine equivalent use in the first 24 and 48 hours. Complications related to the catheters were reviewed. The median oral morphine equivalent dose administered in the first 24 hours was lower in group C than group M (0.8 mg/kg, IQR 0.5-1.1 vs. 1.4 mg/kg, IQR 0.9-1.7, p = 0.019). There were no major complications related to the catheters, including hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral regional catheters may be used to reduce opioid requirements in patients after CoA repair. Due to the low risk of these catheters, they should be considered as part of a pain management strategy for pediatric patients undergoing thoracotomy and should be incorporated into strategies to improve outcomes.

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BACKGROUND: The authors' objectives were to study differences in diagnostic accuracy between two- and three-dimensional computed tomographic scans and among the specialties of plastic surgery, head and neck surgery, oral surgery, and neuroradiology, since this had not previously been done. METHODS: Four groups of subspecialists completed time-proctored tests of 20 maxillofacial trauma scans with zygomatic arch, zygomatic complex, orbital, Le Fort I, II, III, mandibular and panfacial fractures from five institutions (n = 40). Accuracy of diagnosis and indication for surgery, efficiency, and preference were assessed. Comparison between two- and three-dimensional scans, between expert (experienced attending) versus novice (resident/fellow), and among the four subspecialties was performed. RESULTS: For two- and three-dimensional scans, two-dimensional was more accurate for orbital floor/medial wall (40 percent and 34 percent) and frontal sinus (26 percent for diagnostic) fractures. Two-dimensional examinations took 2.3 times longer but were preferred (85 percent). Experts and novices had similar accuracy with three-dimensional scanning, but experts were more accurate with the two-dimensional scanning. Experts were 3.3 times faster with two-dimensional scanning but not with three-dimensional scanning. Accuracy of diagnosis among subspecialists was similar, except that oral surgery was less accurate with orbitozygomatic fractures (79 percent versus 90 to 92 percent); neuroradiology was less accurate with indications for surgery (65 percent versus 87 to 93 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in diagnostic accuracy exist between two- and three-dimensional maxillofacial scans and between expert and novice readers but not between subspecialties. Combined modalities are preferred.

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The orb web is a spectacular evolutionary innovation that enables spiders to catch flying prey. This elegant, geometric structure is woven with silk fibers that are renowned for their superior mechanical properties. We used silk gland expression libraries to address a long-standing controversy concerning the evolution of the orb-web architecture. Contrary to the view that the orb-web design evolved multiple times, we found that the distribution and phylogeny of silk proteins support a single, ancient origin of the orb web at least 136 million years ago. Furthermore, we substantially expanded the repository of silk sequences that can be used for the synthesis of high-performance biomaterials.

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