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BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that is characterized by symptoms such as inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The influence of mothers with ADHD and their attitude towards their wards' oral health has not been explored in the Indian scenario. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ADHD in mother-child dyads in western Tamil Nadu and the mothers' dental neglect toward their children. METHODOLOGY: The prevalence of ADHD in mothers and children was assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale screener and ADHD Rating Scale, respectively. The Child Dental Neglect Scale (CDNS) was used to assess dental neglect in children. The responses were recorded on a Likert scale and statistical analyses were done. RESULTS: The prevalence of ADHD in mothers and children was 10.65% and 10.57%, respectively. The impulsivity and hyperactivity type of ADHD was commonly seen in both the mothers and their children. Mothers without ADHD felt that their children maintained their oral health well. Mothers with ADHD deferred the needed dental treatment for their children. CONCLUSION: Mothers with ADHD have four times more risk of having children with ADHD. Maternal ADHD influences their child's oral health. Child dental neglect was more prevalent among mothers with ADHD.

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Background It is important to assess pediatrician's perception on children's oral health as they tend to meet children early on a regular basis. Quantitative research has shown that pediatricians in India have inadequate knowledge and limited awareness about oral health care in children. Hence, it is important to assess pediatrician's opinion and perception on children's oral health using qualitative interview method. AIM: The aim of the study is to assess and explore the perception of pediatricians on children's oral health in Western Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS: A grounded theory approach was employed to conduct this qualitative study. Face-to-face interviews with the pediatricians were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Collected data were written as codes, from which categories and themes were derived. RESULTS: Four themes arrived: (1) dental health and disease, (2) anticipatory guidance, (3) barriers, and (4) remedial measures. The participants felt that they were underinformed about dental home, emergency care for dental trauma, and the interceptive role of dentists on oral deleterious habits. Insufficient dental information in their curriculum and the absence of common guidelines between pediatricians and pediatric dentists in India were considered the common causes for their lack of knowledge. CONCLUSION: Pediatricians were receptive to acquire knowledge and improvising their skills. They felt that periodic lectures and formal gatherings should be planned between pediatric dentists and pediatricians. Collaborations between pediatrics and pediatric dentistry societies are warranted to provide children with better oral health care.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of P11-4 self-assembling peptide (CurodontTM Repair [CR]) and fluoride varnish with xylitol-coated calcium phosphate (Embrace TM Varnish [EV]) on enamel permeability and in the management of white spot lesions (WSLs) in primary teeth. METHODS: A clinical trial was conducted among 30 children aged three to five years with WSLs in 60 anterior teeth. They were randomly assigned to receive CR or EV. Preintervention and postintervention evaluation was done by International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and morphometric analysis. The secondary outcome was to assess the enamel permeability using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of polyvinyl siloxane impressions. RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction in the ICDAS scores (P=0.05) and percentage area of WSLs in morphometric analysis (P=0.008) was seen in the CR group after six months. No statistically significant difference was observed in the EV group after six months. The SEM evaluation did not show a significant reduction in the percentage area of droplets in both the CR and EV groups (P=0.06 and P=0.21, respectively). No significant difference was seen between EV and CR in the three parameters assessed. CONCLUSION: Curodont TM Repair is effective at remineralizing white spot lesions in primary teeth and can be considered as a remineralizing agent.

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BACKGROUND: Moral principles in children can influence their oral hygiene practices and can be beneficial in providing better oral health care. AIM: To assess the consistency of Piaget's moral development principles in Indian children aged 7 to 11 years and evaluate its influence on their oral hygiene practices. DESIGN: The first phase of the embedded mixed-method approach included telephone interviews of 50 children on eight situations of moral development as suggested by Jean Piaget. Children were categorised into heteronomous and autonomous moralities based on the content analysis. The second phase of the study included a semi-structured qualitative interview on knowledge and practice behaviour of children on oral hygiene maintenance. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the overall moral development of children aged 7 to 9 years and 9 to 11 years (p = .57). Only 4.8% of girls had heteronomous morality, and a significant difference was noted between boys and girls (p = .014). There was a significant difference in the oral hygiene practices observed between heteronomous morality and autonomous morality children. CONCLUSION: Children were autonomous in their morality at 7 to 9 years of age. Children with autonomous morality performed better oral hygiene practices than children with heteronomous morality.

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Purpose: The study was planned to develop and validate a novel middle childhood oral health impact scale (MCOHIS) for 6- to 9-year-old children in India. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was employed to develop and validate MCOHIS in the sequential phases. A panel of ten pediatric dentists evaluated a pool of 36 items corresponding to the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children. MCOHIS with 20 items under five domains was formulated and content validation was done. Cohen's kappa statistics was employed to measure the concordance between the child's self-report and the caregiver's proxy report. Concurrent validation was done among 130 participants from 13 districts of Tamil Nadu state, India. Discriminant validity was checked among another sample of 60 participants. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of MCOHIS were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and Kappa statistics respectively. Results: MCOHIS had adequate content validation with Scale Level Content Validity Index / Average score of 0.94 for relevance. There was a statistically significant inter-rater reliability observed between the child's self-report and caregivers' proxy report in all items with a moderate to substantial agreement. Concurrent validation showed a statistically significant positive correlation with a Rho value of 0.712. There was a statistically significant difference noted in overall discriminant validity (P < 0.001). Acceptable internal consistency reliability was observed with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.75. Test-retest reliability showed a high stability coefficient of 0.98. Conclusions: MCOHIS was found to be a valid and reliable age-specific tool for assessing the OHRQoL of Indian children aged 6-9 years.

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Background: Determining the intelligence quotient (IQ) grades of children help in managing dental anxiety (DA) and maintaining the good oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Aim: To assess the association between IQ, DA, and OHRQoL in children aged 10-11 years. Design: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 202 children aged 10-11 years in the Southern part of Tamil Nadu, India. The IQ level, DA, and OHRQoL were measured using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM), Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS), and Child Oral Health Impact Profile Short Form (COHIP-SF) 19, respectively. Chi-squared test and Spearman rank order correlation test were used for analysis. Results: The results revealed a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05; r = -0.239) between IQ and OHRQoL. DA was negatively correlated with IQ (r = -0.093) and OHRQoL (r = -0.065), but it was not statistically significant. The gender-based comparison revealed no significant difference in the distribution of girls and boys within different grades of IQ levels (p = 0.74), DA (p = 0.29), and OHRQoL (p = 0.85). Conclusion: Children with higher IQ showed low OHRQoL scores. DA was negatively correlated with IQ and OHRQoL. How to cite this article: Asokan S, PR GP, Mathiazhagan T, et al. Association between Intelligence Quotient Dental Anxiety and Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(6):745-749.

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INTRODUCTION: Dental profession is one of the most stressful healthcare occupations. Paediatric dental postgraduates face multifaceted challenges in their everyday practice. This study aimed to determine the sources of stress amongst paediatric dental postgraduate students in India using a mixed-method approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sequential mixed-methods approach was employed. In the quantitative phase, a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire survey was conducted amongst paediatric dental postgraduates in India using the "Google Forms application" link. Based on the Dental Environment Stress (DES) questionnaire, the stress PACT questionnaire which includes 35 items was framed and validated. This validated questionnaire was used in the survey. In the qualitative phase, one-on-one, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted amongst 12 postgraduates. RESULTS: A total of 422 participants took part in the quantitative survey. Academic and specialty-related domains were found to be the significant causes of stress amongst the five domains (p < .001). The top three stressful factors were as follows: getting an ideal case for clinical exams (68.2%), financial resources for conferences, dissertation, short studies and publications (53.2%) and fear of unemployment after graduation (52.3%). Based on qualitative interviews, four themes were derived, namely choice of paediatric dentistry, postgraduate life experience, stress management and expected changes in postgraduate life. CONCLUSION: Psychological well-being of the student is an important factor that influences the overall performance of students. Identifying the stress factors and using appropriate coping strategies can help postgraduates achieve personal, academic and professional success.

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BACKGROUND: Ego defense mechanisms (EDMs) act as a major factor for overcoming stressful situations in life. AIMS: The study aimed to assess the various patterns and factors of EDMs employed by pediatric dental postgraduate students in India. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross-sectional design, web-based questionnaire survey. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire study on EDM was conducted among 246 pediatric dental postgraduates in India from July to October 2019. The modified form of the Defense Style Questionnaire-20 included 10 EDMs under three major patterns- Mature, Immature, and Neurotic. The questionnaire was sent to all pediatric dental postgraduates enrolled in the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry and reminders were sent every week for 6 weeks. RESULTS: Among the 1041 pediatric dental postgraduates who received the E-mail, two hundred and forty-six students responded to the same. The respondents included 89 males and 157 females. The mature pattern was found to be the most commonly employed EDM (males-47.20%; females-51.60%). Sublimation (72.76%), a mature type of defense was found to be the most common EDM factor employed by the majority of the students. The immature pattern was higher among males when compared to females (males-14.60%; females-5.70%). CONCLUSION: Most pediatric dental postgraduates exhibited a mature pattern, followed by a neurotic and immature pattern of EDM. The mature pattern of EDM was displayed more by the female students than the male students. Sublimation was found to be the maximum expressed factor followed by acting out.

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OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to assess job satisfaction and stress among dental faculty members. It was also planned to explore their experiences and probable solutions through a mixed-method approach. METHODS: Sequential explanatory mixed-method approach was employed. In the quantitative phase, a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among dental faculty members in Tamil Nadu, India using the "Google Forms application" link. Based on Dentist Satisfaction Survey, a questionnaire was framed, validated, and used. It included 25 items under four domains (PICS): personal, institutional, cofaculty, and students. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences between two independent groups. Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman test were used for multiple group comparisons. In the qualitative phase one-on-one, semistructured telephone interviews were conducted among 27 dental faculties from various sectors. RESULT: A total of 408 participants took part in the quantitative survey. The students-related domain was found to be the most dissatisfied or stressful domain (2.05±0.3) among dental faculties followed by the institutional domain (1.92±0.4) and cofaculty-related domain (1.81±0.6). Based on qualitative interviews, four themes were derived namely (1) academia as a profession, (2) potential stressors, (3) sequelae of stress, and (4) stress-free job. CONCLUSION: The present study provided deep insight into the stress among dental faculty members and emphasized the need for student-faculty mentor programs. It also stressed the importance of organized monetary structures or pay scales in private dental institutions in India.

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BACKGROUND: First dental visit (FDV), the essence of preventive paediatric dentistry, has a significant impact on the child's oral health. Mixed-method research provides meaningful insight into the multiple facets of FDV. AIM: To evaluate the average age and most common reason for FDV of children in Namakkal district and to explore the individual perceptions of parent's view on their child's FDV. METHOD: Sequential mixed-method approach was employed. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey on FDV was conducted among 4543 parents of children <6 years. The second phase included a semi-structured face-to-face qualitative interview for 10 parents. RESULTS: Out of 4543 children, only 31.0% had FDV. Majority of children (49.0%) had FDV after 5 years of age. Dental caries was the most common reason for FDV (75.0%). Three themes were derived from the interviews, namely FDV experiences, barriers to child dental care, and solutions for an early dental visit. CONCLUSION: Children in Namakkal district had delayed FDV (>5 years). The most common reason for FDV was dental caries. Lack of knowledge, lack of interdisciplinary practices, and social and financial barriers seem to have influenced the FDV of lack of knowledge these children.

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