RESUMEN
In this article, the use of a square Hartmann screen test to measure the radius of curvature of a corneal topography calibration test sphere is presented. The proposed technique is based on the image formation principle by specular reflection on convex reflective surfaces. Applying an inverse Hartmann test, a de-magnified virtual image (Hartmanngram) is obtained; considering their own scaled reference screen plate, a zonal wavefront retrieval approach is used and the radius of curvature obtained. Experimental setup along the obtained results is presented. A simulated spherical wavefront is used as a method to evaluate the error in the wavefront reconstruction. Since the measurements of radius of curvature fits in to ISO 10343, through suitable modifications the proposed method is potentially applicable in small F/# convex specular surfaces, as is the case in keratometry and corneal topography measurements.
Asunto(s)
Córnea , Radio (Anatomía) , Calibración , Topografía de la Córnea/métodos , Extremidad SuperiorRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Identify risk factors for microcephaly and evaluate historical trends of microcephaly and arboviruses to recognize patterns and anomalies that indicate the beginning of the microcephaly epidemic associated with Zika infection. METHODS: The head circumferences of 62,298 newborns was analyzed to identify cases of microcephaly between 2014 and 2017. We compared the groups of newborns with normal head circumferences and those with microcephaly to identify risk factors. A time series with the incidences of microcephaly was analyzed to assess the appearance of anomalous values in order to identify the beginning of the microcephaly epidemic. Data on the incidence of dengue fever was used to develop a control chart, aiming to identify changes in incidence and seasonality that could suggest the circulation of a new arbovirus. FINDINGS: Premature newborns, children of mothers under 20 years of age and those born in 2014 and 2015 had a higher risk of microcephaly. Three quarters with anomalous incidences of microcephaly were identified, the first in 2014 and the others in 2015. The dengue fever epidemic curve in 2013 shows persistence of high incidences in atypical periods, suggesting the entry of a new virus in the 3rd and 4th quarters. CONCLUSIONS: These findings represent epidemiological evidence of the existence of cases of Zika virus between the 2nd quarter of 2013 and the beginning of 2014. The results add new elements to understanding the Zika virus epidemic in the Americas.
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Epidemias , Microcefalia/epidemiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , Adulto , Américas/epidemiología , Arbovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Dengue/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Microcefalia/virología , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto Joven , Virus Zika/aislamiento & purificación , Infección por el Virus Zika/virologíaRESUMEN
Eighty percent of hepatocarcinomas are inoperable at the moment of diagnosis. Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice in these cases, but local therapies are another alternative. Among these, Image-Guided BrachyAblation is a safe choice. We report a 76-year-old male with a hepatocarcinoma, who was considered inoperable due to the high surgical risk of the patient. A local treatment with Image-Guided BrachyAblation was decided. A brachytherapy needle was placed in the tumor under computed tomography guidance and a 15 Gy single dose was delivered from an Iridium-192 source. The patient had no immediate complications and at one month of follow up he continued without incidents.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Ablación/métodos , Braquiterapia/métodos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/radioterapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/radioterapia , Radioterapia Guiada por Imagen/métodos , Anciano , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Radioisótopos de Iridio , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Dosis de Radiación , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Eighty percent of hepatocarcinomas are inoperable at the moment of diagnosis. Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice in these cases, but local therapies are another alternative. Among these, Image-Guided BrachyAblation is a safe choice. We report a 76-year-old male with a hepatocarcinoma, who was considered inoperable due to the high surgical risk of the patient. A local treatment with Image-Guided BrachyAblation was decided. A brachytherapy needle was placed in the tumor under computed tomography guidance and a 15 Gy single dose was delivered from an Iridium-192 source. The patient had no immediate complications and at one month of follow up he continued without incidents.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , Braquiterapia/métodos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/radioterapia , Técnicas de Ablación/métodos , Radioterapia Guiada por Imagen/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/radioterapia , Dosis de Radiación , Radioisótopos de Iridio , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del Tratamiento , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a serum enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphate pesticides. In this study we conducted a cross-sectional study and reported on the distribution of three common genetic polymorphisms of the PON1 gene in a population of floriculture workers from Mexico as well as the association between those polymorphisms and other predictors with serum PON1 activity on paraoxon, diazoxon and phenylacetate. The genotype frequencies at position PON1(55) were 89% (LL), 10% (LM) and 0.6% (MM), at position PON1(192) they were 16% (QQ), 47% (QR) and 37% (RR), and 26% (TT), 42% (TC) and 32% (CC) at position PON1(-108). Thus, the frequencies of alleles L, Q and T were 0.94, 0.40 and 0.47, respectively. The PON1(55) polymorphism had no significant effect on serum PON1 activity on any substrate. We found a significant association between the PON1(192) polymorphism and PON1 activity towards paraoxon and diazoxon, which increased in genotypes as follows: 192RR>192QR>192QQ for paraoxonase activity and, inversely, 192QQ>192QR>192RR for diazoxonase activity. The PON1(-108) polymorphism also had a significant effect on PON1 activity level towards paraoxon in the following order among the genotype groups: -108CC>-108TC>-108TT. Serum PON1 activity towards diazoxon was not associated with the PON1(-108) polymorphism but it was influenced by the intensity exposure to pesticides at the floriculture industry and the years of the occupational exposure to pesticides. No polymorphism significantly influenced serum PON1 activity on phenylacetate.
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Arildialquilfosfatasa/genética , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Organofosfatos/toxicidad , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Polimorfismo Genético , Adolescente , Adulto , Agricultura , Arildialquilfosfatasa/sangre , Arildialquilfosfatasa/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , ADN/genética , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Organofosfatos/farmacocinética , Plaguicidas/farmacocinética , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In 2002-2003, velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus outbreaks, closely related to the Mexican isolates, were confirmed in the United States (U.S.) in southern California, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. In this report, virulent NDVs isolated in Mexico between 1998 and 2006 were subjected to biologic characterization, using standard pathogenicity tests, and to phylogenetic analysis. Chicken embryo mean death time (MDT) test results ranged from 39.7 to 61.5 hours, and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values were between 1.59 and 1.94, compared to a possible maximum value of 2.0. These isolates showed a dibasic amino acid motif at the fusion protein cleavage site sequence required for host systemic replication. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Mexican virulent NDVs belong to the class II, genotype V viruses and can be clearly divided in two groups as follows: isolates from 1998 to 2001 with close epidemiologic relationship with the latest U.S. NDV outbreaks, and phylogenetically distinct viruses, isolated from 2004 to 2006, which showed higher virulence. The assessment of the evolution of viruses from Mexico and other neighboring countries will aid in the U.S surveillance efforts for early detection of highly virulent NDV.
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Pollos/virología , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/genética , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/patogenicidad , Filogenia , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Embrión de Pollo , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Funciones de Verosimilitud , México , Modelos Genéticos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Proteínas Virales de Fusión/genética , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Las fracturas supracondíleas se producen con mayor frecuencia entre los 5 a 8 años de edad. La facilidad actual de contar con un intensificador de imagen ha revolucionado el tratamiento de estas fracturas, las cuales se pueden reducir de manera cerrada y a la vez fijarlas percutáneamente. Se revisaron las Historias Clínicas de pacientes que acudieron al Hospital Baca Ortiz durante el 2005 con fracturas supracondíleas Gil inestable y GIII de Gartland. En 75 niños se utilizó la técnica de enclavijado cruzado y 25 niños fueron intervenidos con la técnica de enclavijado lateral. Se presentó un 9% de lesión iatrogénica del nervio cubital en el grupo intervenido con técnica de clavijas cruzadas, que consistieron en neuropraxias y axonotmesis. En el grupo de clavijas laterales no se reportó lesiones neurológicas añadidas. Las clavijas laterales proporcionan una buena estabilización de las fracturas.
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Fracturas Óseas , Fracturas del Húmero , HúmeroRESUMEN
Sixteen infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates were recovered from broilers and layers from five geographic poultry regions in Colombia. The viruses were isolated from tracheas, lungs, and cecal tonsils of birds, previously vaccinated with the Massachusetts strain, that were showing respiratory signs. Further analysis of the IBV isolates was achieved by phylogenetic analysis comparing their deduced amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region 1 of the S1 gene with reference strains. Four unique genotype clusters containing isolates with indigenous genotypes were observed. One isolate was found to be the Connecticut genotype and three isolates were found to be the Massachusetts genotype.
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Pollos/virología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/genética , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Colombia , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Femenino , Genes Virales , Genotipo , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/clasificación , Filogenia , ARN Viral/genética , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Introducción: En 1997 la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA), recomendó cambiar los criterios de tamización y diagnóstico para la diabetes gestacional, no tamizando a las pacientes de bajo riesgo y adoptando para el diagnóstico los criterios de Carpenter y Coustan. En nuestro medio no conocemos la incidencia de la diabetes, ni los niveles de riesgo. Métodos: Se realizó una descripción prospectiva de pacientes gestantes que realizaron control prenatal de agosto de 1999 a julio de 2000, en el CAA central del ISS de la ciudad de Medellín; a todas estas se les realizó la prueba tamiz (prueba de O'Sullivan) entre las semanas 24 - 28 de la gestación y la prueba oral de tolerancia a las que lo requirieron. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica luego del parto para obtener los datos del resultado materno y neonatal. Resultados: Se evaluaron 1726 pacientes de manera consecutiva, encontrando una prevalencia de diabetes gestacional de 1.43 por ciento, la cual aumentó a 2.03 por ciento cuando se aplicaron los nuevos criterios. Se determinó el valor predictivo positivo de la prueba tamiz, demostrando que no es diagnóstica con ningún valor. En cuanto al resultado neonatal el 20.5 por ciento de los bebés presentaron macrosomía, 13 por ciento en el grupo que cumplió los criterios de la NDDG y de 40 por ciento en los que cumplieron los de la ADA. Conclusiones: En este grupo de pacientes se encontró una prevalencia baja de diabetes gestacional en comparación a poblaciones de otras regiones, no se logró demostrar que el adoptar los nuevos criterios mejore el pronóstico materno neonatal; se deben realizar nuevos estudios que permitan una mejor selección de la población que se va a someter a la prueba tamiz para optimizar los recursos.
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Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Diabetes Gestacional , Macrosomía Fetal , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Cribado de LíquidosRESUMEN
El proposito del presente trabajo ha sido recompilar y presentar los rasgos mas destacados del medicamento Chamomilla. En una primera parte se hace una sintesis de la planta,el origen.. (AU)
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Chamomilla , Materia MedicaRESUMEN
La Meperidina es un opioide medianamente lipofilico con propiedades de anestésico local y cuando se utiliza por vía veras, a las que se les aplico 0.5 mgs/kg de Meperidina intratecal, diluida en 3cc de dextrosa al 10 por ciento para lograr hiperbaricidad, programadas para cesárea
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Anestesia Local , Cesárea/instrumentación , Cesárea/métodos , MeperidinaRESUMEN
A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure was used to amplify a VP2 gene fragment (248 bp) from infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The procedure allowed the detection of known IBDV strains from the United States, along with field isolates and commercial vaccines produced in Brazil. Amplified VP2 fragments were further characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. From 55 Brazilian commercial flocks, 48 field samples were IBDV positive by RT-TCR. Vaccine RFLP patterns were found in 12 flocks, a pattern compatible with classic IBDV in one flock, four new patterns in 31 flocks, and a pattern compatible with very virulent (vv) IBDV in four flocks. Sequence analysis showed that the vvIBDV RFLP patterns were closely related to the vvIBDVs described in Europe and Asia. Phylogenetic analysis of the four new RFLP patterns showed that they were closely related to but distinct from other classic, variant, and vvIBDVs, suggesting a high prevalence of different IBDV strains in Brazilian commercial flocks.
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Infecciones por Birnaviridae/veterinaria , Pollos , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/genética , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/virología , Brasil , ADN Viral/química , ADN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Amplificación de Genes , Variación Genética , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/clasificación , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/aislamiento & purificación , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Mapeo Restrictivo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria , Alineación de Secuencia/veterinaria , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/químicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: In order to elucidate the genetic and environmental components involved in the susceptibility to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a complex segregation analysis on nuclear families (n = 53) ascertained from affected probands belonging to Medellín, in the Antioquian State, Colombia, was performed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Models of cohort effect (non-inheritance), multifactorial, recessive major gene, non-major gene component and non-transmission of major gene were rejected. Contrarily, dominant and codominant major gene models and non-multifactorial component could not be rejected. Thus, the better model fitting the data was that of the major gene (dominant/codominant). This major gene explains more than 99.99% of the ADHD phenotypic variance (value of heritability in the mixed model equal to 0.007%), which permit to assume a low aport of the environmental component to the phenotype ADHD. Gene frequency of the major gene was 3% in the general population of Antioquia and its penetrance was closed to 30%. CONCLUSION: Some cautions and aspects related to the bias of the interview and diagnosis of the parents are discussed.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/genética , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Cultura , Humanos , Penetrancia , Fenotipo , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , EspañaRESUMEN
Nine Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates obtained from Puerto Rico, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas were analyzed for in vivo pathogenicity, biological properties (hemagglutination of mammalian erythrocytes), and for sequence variation at the amino acid and sense RNA level of the fusion protein cleavage site. Intracerebral pathogenicity index values ranged from 0 to 0.3 and the intravenous pathogenicity index obtained for all isolates was 0. Four isolates hemagglutinated bovine erythrocytes, whereas no hemagglutination was observed using equine erythrocytes. By direct sequencing of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction products, all the isolates had a predicted fusion cleavage sequence comparable to lentogenic NDV strains. Based on nucleotide sequence, the viruses could be grouped phylogenetically with the B1 vaccine-type virus. However, nucleotide sequences were not 100% similar to the B1 or La Sota NDV strains, indicating that minor genetic heterogeneity occurs among lentogenic field isolates of NDV.
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Enfermedad de Newcastle/virología , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/clasificación , Filogenia , Proteínas Virales de Fusión/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Bovinos , Pollos , Pruebas de Hemaglutinación , Caballos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/genética , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Aves de Corral , Puerto Rico , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Sudeste de Estados Unidos , Proteínas Virales de Fusión/química , Vacunas Virales , VirulenciaRESUMEN
El automonitoreo de la glucosa es una herramienta util dentro del tratamiento de la diabetes que facilita el control de la glicemia asi como el balance de la alimentacion, las actividades fisicas y la medicacion. este articulo describe las tecnicas para utlizar el automonitoreo tanto en orina como en sangre en las diferentes modalidades del tratamiento. Se describen algunos algoritmos para realizar modificaciones en la dosis del medicamento.