RESUMEN
Background: Gendered perspectives may be particularly important in shaping norms and values around HPV and HPV vaccination, as previous research suggests that sexuality taboos (e.g. promiscuity) may contribute to low perceived risk among adolescent and young adult Hispanic females. However, research to date focuses primarily on Hispanic mothers, adolescent females, and women of HPV vaccine-eligible age. Hispanic father's perspectives are relatively unknown despite father's important role in shaping norms for their female children.Objective: To close this gap, this study examines gendered perspectives in knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about HPV and HPV vaccination from Hispanic parents (mothers and fathers), women of vaccine-eligible age (18-26 years old), and women eligible for Pap Test screening (>26 years old) living in two counties along the Texas-Mexico border.Design: We conducted eight focus groups. Research staff transcribed audio recordings verbatim and uploaded them into Atlas(ti) 5.0 for analysis. The research team analyzed the data for content, meaning, patterns and themes using the constant comparison approach.Results: Perspectives were highly gendered. Women's (all groups combined) beliefs focused on misconceptions around how the HPV virus is contracted (e.g. toilet surfaces). Women also linked HPV-related sexual risk to adultery and indiscretion of male partners. Fathers (men) were more likely to link risk to female promiscuity. Fathers also worried that HPV vaccination might increase promiscuity. All groups believe that HPV vaccination is a way to protect Hispanic females in the face of beliefs around sexual behavior and risk of contracting HPV.Conclusion: Results suggest gendered differences in risk beliefs concerning HPV among Hispanics living along the Texas-Mexico border. Researchers can use these findings to address barriers to HPV vaccination, as well as to create culturally appropriate prevention messages that may help reduce disparities in HPV among Hispanic women.
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Alphapapillomavirus , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos , Papillomaviridae , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Tabú , Vacunación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging through the fraction of anisotropy allows evaluation of the integrity of the motor pathways after cerebral infarction. AIMS: To correlate the fraction of anisotropy with the clinical scales and the prognosis of cerebral infarction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Prospective study of patients with cerebral infarction to compare the fraction of anisotropy in different regions of interest with functional evaluations and with controls free of infarction. A subgroup of subjects with rehabilitation underwent an initial MRI scan and another at three months, with clinical follow-up for six months. RESULTS: Thirty-eight consecutive patients with middle cerebral artery infarction were included. The fraction of anisotropy values were lower in the ipsilateral corticospinal pathway than the fraction of anisotropy of the corticospinal pathway of the controls. The values of the fraction of anisotropy in the ipsilateral corticospinal pathway were associated with the value of the functional scale on admission. Changes in the fraction of anisotropy values between the initial MRI and the scan performed at three months correlated with the score on the functional scale and the modified Rankin scale at three and six months. CONCLUSIONS: The value of the fraction of anisotropy in the ipsilateral internal capsule is associated with the presence of a lesion and with its presenting symptoms. Changes in the fraction of anisotropy at three months suggest long-term clinical recovery.
TITLE: Imagen del tensor de difusión de la vía corticoespinal y su asociación con el pronóstico del infarto cerebral agudo: experiencia de una cohorte en México.Introducción. La imagen del tensor de difusión por resonancia magnética a través de la fracción de anisotropía permite evaluar la integridad de las vías motoras después de un infarto cerebral. Objetivo. Correlacionar la fracción de anisotropía con las escalas clínicas y el pronóstico del infarto cerebral. Sujetos y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de pacientes con infarto cerebral para comparar la fracción de anisotropía en diferentes regiones de interés con evaluaciones funcionales y con controles sin infarto. En un subgrupo con rehabilitación, se realizó una resonancia magnética inicial y a los tres meses, con un seguimiento clínico durante seis meses. Resultados. Se incluyó a 38 pacientes consecutivos con infarto cerebral de la arteria cerebral media. Los valores de la fracción de anisotropía fueron menores en la vía corticoespinal ipsilateral que en la vía corticoespinal de los controles. Los valores de la fracción de anisotropía en la vía corticoespinal ipsilateral se asociaron con el valor de la escala funcional en el momento de su admisión. Los cambios en los valores de la fracción de anisotropía entre la resonancia magnética inicial y a los tres meses se correlacionaron con la puntuación en la escala funcional y en la escala de Rankin modificada a los tres y a los seis meses. Conclusiones. El valor de la fracción de anisotropía en la cápsula interna ipsilateral se asocia a la presencia de lesión y a su presentación clínica. Los cambios en la fracción de anisotropía a los tres meses sugieren la recuperación clínica a largo plazo.
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Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen de Difusión Tensora , Tractos Piramidales/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad Aguda , Anciano , Anisotropía , Femenino , Humanos , Infarto de la Arteria Cerebral Media , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
The striatum and thalamus are subcortical structures intimately involved in addiction. The morphology and microstructure of these have been studied in murine models of cocaine addiction (CA), showing an effect of drug use, but also chronological age in morphology. Human studies using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown inconsistencies in volume changes, and have also shown an age effect. In this exploratory study, we used MRI-based volumetric and novel shape analysis, as well as a novel fast diffusion kurtosis imaging sequence to study the morphology and microstructure of striatum and thalamus in crack CA compared to matched healthy controls (HCs), while investigating the effect of age and years of cocaine consumption. We did not find significant differences in volume and mean kurtosis (MKT) between groups. However, we found significant contraction of nucleus accumbens in CA compared to HCs. We also found significant age-related changes in volume and MKT of CA in striatum and thalamus that are different to those seen in normal aging. Interestingly, we found different effects and contributions of age and years of consumption in volume, displacement and MKT changes, suggesting that each measure provides different but complementing information about morphological brain changes, and that not all changes are related to the toxicity or the addiction to the drug. Our findings suggest that the use of finer methods and sequences provides complementing information about morphological and microstructural changes in CA, and that brain alterations in CA are related cocaine use and age differently.
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Conducta Adictiva/fisiopatología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/diagnóstico por imagen , Cuerpo Estriado/diagnóstico por imagen , Cocaína Crack/efectos adversos , Imagen de Difusión Tensora/métodos , Tálamo/diagnóstico por imagen , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Conducta Adictiva/inducido químicamente , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Cuerpo Estriado/patología , Cuerpo Estriado/fisiopatología , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Núcleo Accumbens , Tálamo/patología , Tálamo/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Esofagitis Eosinofílica/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de la Bomba de Protones/uso terapéutico , Trastornos de Deglución/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos de Deglución/etiología , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal , Esofagitis Eosinofílica/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Methods for individual identification are usually employed for traceability, whereas breed identification is useful to detect commercial frauds. In this study, Chinese Yellow Cattle (CYC) samples plus data from six Bos taurus breeds, two Bos indicus breeds, and one composite breed were used to develop an allocation test based on 22 microsatellites. The test allowed discriminating all foreign breeds from the CYC, although some CYC individuals were wrongly allocated as Limousin or Holstein, probably due to the recent introduction of these breeds into China. In addition, CYC evidenced a previously reported Zebu cline (south-north) and a possible structure within the B. taurus component that should be confirmed. An independent test performed with meat samples of unknown breed origin from Argentina allocated 92% of them to either Angus, Hereford, or their crossbreed, but none was identified as CYC. We conclude that the test is a suitable tool to certify meat of foreign breed origin and to detect adulterations of CYC beef labeled as imported meat.
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Bovinos/genética , ADN/genética , Animales , Argentina , Cruzamiento , China , Variación Genética/genética , Técnicas de Genotipaje/métodos , Técnicas de Genotipaje/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Attributes contributing to differences in beef quality of 206 Hereford steers finished on pasture were assessed. Beef quality traits evaluated were: Warner-Bratzler meat tenderness and muscle and fat color at one and seven days after slaughter and trained sensory panel traits (tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and marbling) at seven days. Molecular markers were CAPN1 316 and an SNP in exon 2 on the leptin gene (E2FB). Average daily live weight gain, ultrasound monthly backfat thickness gain and rib-eye area gain were estimated. Molecular markers effects on meat quality traits were analyzed by mixed models. Association of meat quality with post weaning growth traits was analyzed by canonical correlations. Muscle color and marbling were affected by CAPN1 316 and E2FB and Warner-Bratzler meat tenderness by the former. The results confirm that marker assisted selection for tenderness is advisable only when beef aging is a common practice. The most important sources of variation in tenderness and color of meat remained unaccounted for.
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Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Calpaína/genética , Bovinos/metabolismo , Calidad de los Alimentos , Leptina/genética , Carne/análisis , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Tejido Adiposo Blanco/química , Tejido Adiposo Blanco/crecimiento & desarrollo , Adiposidad , Animales , Animales Endogámicos , Argentina , Calpaína/metabolismo , Bovinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fenómenos Químicos , Exones , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Estudios de Asociación Genética/veterinaria , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Leptina/metabolismo , Masculino , Fenómenos Mecánicos , Desarrollo de Músculos , SensaciónRESUMEN
The somatotropic axis is a major regulatory pathway of energy metabolism during postnatal growth in mammals. Genes involved in this pathway influence many economically important traits. The association of selected SNPs in these genes with carcass traits was examined in grazing Brangus steers. These traits included final live weight, ultrasound backfat thickness (UBFT), rib-eye area, kidney fat weight, hot carcass weight, and intramuscular fat percentage (%IMF). Genomic DNA (N = 246) was genotyped for a panel of 15 tag SNPs located in the growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor I, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6, pro-melanin-concentrating hormone, suppressor of cytokine signaling 2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) genes. Allelic and haplotype frequencies were compared with those of a sample of European breeds (N = 177 steers). Two tag SNPs in the GHR affected %IMF; one of them (ss86273136) was also strongly associated with UBFT (P < 0.003). The frequency of the most favorable GHR haplotype for %IMF was lower in Brangus steers. Moreover, the haplotype carrying two unfavorable alleles was present at a frequency of 31% in this group. Four tag SNPs on STAT6 had a significant effect on UBFT. One of these, SNP ss115492467, was also associated with %IMF. The STAT6 haplotype, including all the alleles favoring UBFT, was the most abundant variant (34%) in the European cattle, while it had a frequency of 14% in the Brangus steers. The four less favorable variants (absent in the European cattle) were found at a frequency of 38% in the Brangus steers. These results support the association of GHR and STAT6 SNP with carcass traits in composite breeds, such as Brangus, under grazing conditions.
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Composición Corporal/genética , Bovinos/anatomía & histología , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Aumento de Peso/genética , Tejido Adiposo/química , Alelos , Animales , Argentina , Pesos y Medidas Corporales , Cruzamiento , Bovinos/genética , Genotipo , Haplotipos , Proteínas de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Carne , Músculo Esquelético/química , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT6/genéticaRESUMEN
The PPARGC1A gene (peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha gene) controls muscle fiber type and brown adipocyte differentiation; therefore, it is a candidate gene for beef quality traits (tenderness and fat content). Two SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) were identified within exon 8 by multiple alignment of DNA sequences obtained from 24 bulls: a transition G/A (SNP 1181) and a transversion A/T (SNP 1299). The SNP 1181 is a novel SNP, corresponding to a non-conservative substitution (AGT/AAT) that could be the cause of amino acid substitution ((364)Serine/(364)Asparagine). A Mismatch PCR method was designed to determine genotypes of 73 bulls and 268 steers for SNP 1181. Growth, slaughter and meat quality information were available for the group of steers. Allele A of SNP 1181 was not found in Angus. In 243 steers, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found for either final live body weight, gain in backfat thickness in Spring, kidney fat weight, kidney fat percentage, Warner-Bratzler shear force at 7 days postmortem, intramuscular fat percentage or meat colour between genotype GG and AG. This SNP could be included in breed composition and population admixture analyses because there are marked differences in allelic frequencies between Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds.
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Bovinos/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Peso Corporal/genética , Bovinos/clasificación , Bovinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Variación Genética , Genotipo , Masculino , Carne/normas , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fenotipo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de AminoácidoRESUMEN
Leptin is a hormone that affects the regulation of feed intake, energy balance and body composition in mammals. Several polymorphisms in the bovine leptin gene have been associated with phenotypic variance of these traits. We evaluated two known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the leptin gene of 253 grazing Brangus steers. Brangus is a 5/8 Angus-3/8 Brahman composite. Data were collected during two consecutive growth/fattening cycles from two farms in southeast Buenos Aires province, Argentina. One of the markers is in the promoter region of the gene (SNP1) and the other is a non-synonymous polymorphism in exon 2 (SNP2). The traits that we evaluated were live weight gain in the spring, gain in backfat thickness in the spring, final live weight, final ultrasound backfat thickness, final ultrasound rib eye area, carcass weight and length, carcass yield, kidney fat, kidney fat percentage, backfat thickness, rib eye area, and intramuscular fat percentage. Both markers affected some meat traits; though the only significant associations were of SNP1 with ultrasound rib eye area and of SNP2 with carcass yield and backfat thickness. Under the same conditions as in the present study, leptin markers could be of help only as part of a larger genotyping panel including other relevant genes.
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Bovinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Leptina/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Animales , Argentina , Composición Corporal , Bovinos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Genotipo , FenotipoRESUMEN
The composition and morphology of bones implanted with stainless steel (316L-SS) and a metal alloy made of zinc, aluminum, and copper (Zinalco) are compared. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results show that with time Zinalco is corroded and zinc, aluminum, and copper diffuse into the osseous tissue, promoting nonhomogeneous bone. Instead, 316L-SS does not incorporate into bone, and the bone recovers homogeneously at a lower speed.
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Aluminio , Huesos/fisiopatología , Cobre , Zinc , Durapatita , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Dispersión de Radiación , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
This study ranked the cost-effectiveness of health interventions in the metal working industry in a developing country. Data were based on 82 034 workers of the Northern region of Mexico. Effectiveness was measured through 'healthy life years' (HeaLYs) gained. Costs were estimated per worker according to type and appropriate inputs from selected health interventions. 'Hand' was the anatomical region that yielded the most gain of HeaLYs and amputation was the injury that yielded the most gain of HeaLYs. The most effective health intervention corresponded to training, followed by medical care, education, helmets, safety shoes, lumbar supports, safety goggles, gloves and safety aprons. In dollar terms, education presented the best cost-effectiveness ratio (US$637) and safety aprons presented the worst cost-effectiveness ratio (US$1 147 770). Training proved to be a very expensive intervention, but presented the best effectiveness outcome and the second best cost-effectiveness ratio (US$2084). Cost-effectiveness analyses in developing countries are critical. Corporations might not have the same funds and technology as those in developed countries or multinational companies.
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Países en Desarrollo , Metalurgia , Servicios de Salud del Trabajador/economía , Accidentes de Trabajo/prevención & control , Adulto , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Humanos , Metalurgia/economía , México , Enfermedades Profesionales/economía , Enfermedades Profesionales/prevención & controlRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To measure the difference between rural and urban primary care quality in terms of an early cervical cancer detection programme. LOCATIONS: Seven hundred and fifty smear reports from rural primary care units and 750 from urban primary care units were selected at random from three institutions: the Ministry of Health, the largest Mexican social security institution, and one University Hospital, during August 1995-March 1996. Excluded were reports from women who were pregnant, menopausal or those who had undergone hysterectomy, as well as those tested positive for dysplasia and cancer. ACTIVITIES: Quality was measured through indicators and standards set by consensus of recognized field experts, based mainly on recommended national and international parameters. RESULTS: There was no difference between the overall quality of the urban and rural units. Both registered fairly satisfactory levels (achievement: 76.2%; 95% CI: 72.7-77.0%, versus 75.2; 95% CI: 69.8-78.9%, respectively). The quality of the smear sampling was highly unsatisfactory in rural units and unsatisfactory in urban units (achievement: 64.2%; 95% CI: 58.2-70.0%, versus 47.3%, 95% CI: 42-52.7%; P < 0.00001). Quality of coverage was unsatisfactory for both regions. Quality of smear processing and timeliness were highly satisfactory for both rural and urban units. RECOMMENDATIONS: Efforts should be directed toward smear quality improvement, especially in rural units. Health care workers who take smears need training programmes and better instruments. They should receive feedback on smear adequacy from the laboratory. Health education is necessary to improve utilization and programme coverage quality.
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Atención Primaria de Salud/normas , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud , Servicios de Salud Rural/normas , Servicios Urbanos de Salud/normas , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Frotis Vaginal/normas , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , México , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
The therapeutical effectiveness of gestrinone in endometriosis treatment, as well as its long term side effects, were evaluated. Prospective, clinical trial. At "Dr. Alejandro Castanedo Kimball" Hospital (PEMEX). Salamanca, Guanajuato. México. Thirty women with laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis, were studied. Subjects received 2.5 mg. of gestrinone two times per week for 6 months. Laparoscopy was performed before treatment, and clinical response was determined by second laparoscopy after 6 months. The pregnancy rate, frequency of side effects and recurrence of symptoms were determined. Median total endometriosis scores and symptoms decreased significantly after treatment. Four pregnancies were observed after treatment. The principal side effects were: ponderal increase, changes in the voice and hirsutism. However, the side effects disappeared after one year of clinical survey. The results indicate that gestrinone is effective in the treatment of pelvic endometriosis. In despite of a clear benefic effect on stage of the disease and symptoms; the use of gestrinone should weigh the risk-benefit (cost versus metabolic side effects) of treatment.
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Endometriosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Gestrinona/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticonceptivos Femeninos/administración & dosificación , Anticonceptivos Femeninos/efectos adversos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Endometriosis/diagnóstico , Endometriosis/fisiopatología , Femenino , Gestrinona/efectos adversos , Humanos , Laparoscopía , Dolor Pélvico/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor Pélvico/etiología , Pelvis/fisiopatología , Embarazo , Estudios ProspectivosAsunto(s)
Alcoholismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Hepatitis Viral Humana , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Alcoholismo/enzimología , Alcoholismo/patología , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/análisis , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/enzimología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Femenino , Hepatitis Viral Humana/enzimología , Hepatitis Viral Humana/patología , Humanos , Hialina/enzimología , MasculinoRESUMEN
A transport equation is used which describes the temporal behavior of interacting populations in changing environments. The formulation takes into account the internal state variables of the individuals. The general theory is applied to the transient analysis of a microbial predator-prey system using an approximate model for the specific cell growth rate and multigroup formulism to approximate the mass distribution within the population. Experimental results in aTetrahymena pyriformis- Aerobacter aerogenes system have been used to evaluate the group parameters and test the validity of the theoretical predictions.