RESUMEN
The objective of this review was to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the benefits of incorporating insects as a pet food ingredient and the implications this can have in determining a market demand for insect-based pet foods. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and adult house crickets (Acheta domesticus) are currently used in pet food. These insects are widely fed to exotic pets, mainly in whole, live or dehydrated formats. They are also incorporated as meal or fat and are offered to cats and dogs as dry or wet food and treats. Scientific studies about the use of insects for dog and cat feed are scarce. Most studies are in dogs. Research shows that insect nutrients, mainly amino acids, have high digestibility, are beneficial to health, do not have any detrimental effect on the gut microbiota and are accepted by dogs. In several countries, insects are approved for use in pet food and commercialization has spread throughout the world. Pet owners are willing to try foods made with insect meal for their pets. In conclusion, the use of insects in pet food is a reality that is taking on more and more prominence.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN Chile presenta una alta producción y consumo de huevos, siendo considerado el quinto consumidor de huevos en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos acerca de las pérdidas de huevos en la cadena productiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar información acerca de las pérdidas de huevos a nivel nacional, mediante la consulta a productores y comercializadores de huevos, y revisar información acerca de alternativas de uso de los huevos de desecho con mayor enfoque en la cáscara. Se estimó que a nivel de granja las pérdidas fluctúan entre un 0,5 a 5% y durante la comercialización entre un 0,5% a 16,6%. El 80% de los productores consultados desechaban las cáscaras de huevo, y un 63% del total de productores no tenían conocimiento de productos basados en huevos de desecho. El principal uso de los huevos de desecho en Chile es para alimentación animal, también se produce huevo líquido pasteurizado o huevo en polvo. A nivel internacional se hacen esfuerzos por desarrollar nuevas opciones para dar un uso a los huevos de desecho, y es necesario contar con más estudios acerca del tema, enfocados en cuantificar las pérdidas económicas en los planteles, junto con promover la reutilización de los huevos de desecho para otorgarles un valor agregado y así reducir su desperdicio.
ABSTRACT Chile is a high producer and consumer of eggs, being considered the fifth consumer of eggs in Latin America. However, there are no data on production chain egg losses. The objective of this study was to survey information about egg losses at the national level, by consulting egg producers and traders and to review information about alternative uses of waste eggs with a focus on eggshells. It was estimated that at the farm level, losses range from 0.5 to 5% and during commercialization from 0.5% to 16.6%. Eighty percent of the producers consulted discarded eggshells, and 63% of total producers were not aware of products based on waste eggs. The main use of waste eggs in Chile is for animal feed; pasteurized liquid or powdered eggs. At the international level, efforts are being made to develop new options for alternative uses of waste eggs, and more studies are needed to quantify economic losses at the farm level and to promote the reuse of waste eggs, adding value to them and reducing waste.
RESUMEN
La educación es un área que requiere constante actualización e innovación, tanto en la información transmitida, como en la metodología utilizada para poder desarrollar un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje adecuado, por lo que se deben usar diferentes estrategias que se acomoden a las necesidades y llamen la atención de los estudiantes. Dentro del área de la salud, es claro que uno de los objetivos primordiales del proceso educativo es la plena trasmisión de información, la consolidación de conceptos y la adquisición de destrezas por parte del estudiante, pero con el paso del tiempo los métodos convencionales han perdido validez y demuestran menor calidad con respecto a nuevas estrategias pedagógicas que se han implementado. Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (blogs, cursos en línea, podcasts, entre otros), desempeñan un papel relevante dentro del proceso de actualización en métodos educativos, ya que son herramientas más asequibles y modernas y que pueden diseñarse de manera concreta y atractiva para los estudiantes, por lo que son de suma importancia tenerse en cuenta a la hora de diseñar programas pedagógicos y aplicarlos a situaciones de contingencia, como la que se vive actualmente.
The field of education requires continuous updating and innovation, both of the information transmitted and the methodology used, in order to develop an appropriate teaching-learning process. Therefore, different strategies must be used to adapt to the needs of the students and attract their attention. In the area of health sciences, it is clear that one of the primary objectives of the educational process is the full transmission of information, the consolidation of concepts and the acquisition of skills by the student, nevertheless, over time, conventional methods have lost validity and demonstrate lower quality compared to new pedagogical strategies that have been implemented. The Information and Communication Technologies (blogs, online courses, podcasts, among others), play a relevant role within the process of updating educational methods, since they are more affordable and modern tools that can be designed in a concrete and attractive manner for students, so it is of utmost importance to take them into account when designing pedagogical programs and applying them to contingency situations, such as the one we are currently experiencing.