RESUMEN
To determine the treatment needs and the care index for dental caries in the primary dentition and permanent dentition of schoolchildren and to quantify the cost of care that would represent the treatment of dental caries in Mexico.A secondary analysis of data from the First National Caries Survey was conducted, which was a cross-sectional study conducted in the 32 states of Mexico. Based on dmft (average number of decayed, extracted, and filled teeth in the primary dentition) and DMFT (average number of decayed, extracted, and filled teeth in permanent dentition) information, a treatment needs index (TNI) and a caries care index (CI) were calculated.At age 6, the TNI for the primary dentition ranged from 81.7% to 99.5% and the CI ranged from 0.5% to 17.6%. In the permanent dentition, the TNI ranged from 58.8% to 100%, and the CI ranged from 0.0% to 41.2%. At age 12, the TNI ranged from 55.4% to 93.4%, and the CI ranged from 6.5% to 43.4%. At age 15, the TNI ranged from 50.4% to 98.4%, and the CI ranged from 1.4% to 48.3%. The total cost of treatment at 6 years of age was estimated to range from a purchasing power parity (PPP) of USD $49.1 to 287.7 million in the primary dentition, and from a PPP of USD $3.7 to 24 million in the permanent dentition. For the treatment of the permanent dentition of 12-year-olds, the PPP ranged from USD $13.3 to 85.4 million. The estimated cost of treatment of the permanent dentition of the 15-year-olds ranged from a PPP of USD $10.9 to 70.3 million. The total estimated cost of caries treatment ranged from a PPP of USD $77.1 to 499.6 million, depending on the type of treatment and provider (public or private).High percentages of TNI for dental caries and low CI values were observed. The estimated costs associated with the treatment for caries have an impact because they represent a considerable percentage of the total health expenditure in Mexico.
Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/epidemiología , Caries Dental/terapia , Adolescente , Niño , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Estudios Transversales , Índice CPO , Caries Dental/economía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases worldwide. In Mexico it is a public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To identify variables associated with caries occurrence (non-reversible and reversible lesions) in a sample of Mexican schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in 640 schoolchildren of 11 and 12 years of age. The dependent variable was the D 1+2 MFT index, comprising reversible and irreversible carious lesions (dental caries) according to the Pitts D 1 /D 2 classification. Clinical examinations were performed by trained and standardized examiners. Using structured questionnaires we collected socio-demographic, socio-economic and health-related oral behaviors. Negative binomial regression was used for the analysis. RESULTS: The D 1+2 MFT index was 5.68±3.47. The schoolchildren characteristics associated with an increase in the expected average rate of dental caries were: being female (27.1%), having 12 years of age (23.2%), consuming larger amounts of sugar (13.9%), having mediocre (31.3%) and poor/very poor oral hygiene (62.3%). Conversely, when the family owned a car the expected mean D 1+2 MFT decreased 13.5%. CONCLUSIONS: When dental caries occurrence (about 6 decayed teeth) is estimated taking into consideration not only cavities (lesions in need of restorative dental treatment) but also incipient carious lesions, the character of this disease as a common clinical problem and as a public health problem are further emphasized. Results revealed the need to establish preventive and curative strategies in the sample.
Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Índice CPO , Sacarosa en la Dieta , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Higiene Bucal , Análisis de Regresión , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Introducción. La caries dental es una de las enfermedades crónicas infantiles más frecuentes. En México es un problema de salud pública bucal. Objetivo. Identificar las variables asociadas a la presencia de caries (lesiones reversibles e irreversibles) en una muestra de escolares mexicanos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal en 640 escolares de 11 y 12 años de edad. La variable dependiente fue el índice C 1+2 POD, contemplando las lesiones cariosas (caries dental) reversibles e irreversibles según la clasificación C 1 /C 2 / de Pitts. Se practicaron exámenes clínicos por examinadores capacitados y estandarizados. Utilizando cuestionarios estructurados, se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas y sobre conductas relacionadas con la salud bucal. En el análisis se empleó el modelo de regresión binomial negativa. Resultados. El índice C 1+2 POD fue 5,68±3,47. Las características de los escolares que estuvieron asociadas a un incremento en la media esperada del índice de caries dental fueron: ser del sexo femenino (27,1 %), tener 12 años de edad (23,2 %), consumir mayores cantidades de azúcar (13,9 %), tener higiene bucal regular (31,3 %), o tener mala o muy mala higiene bucal (62,3 %). Contrariamente, el que la familia poseyera un automóvil disminuyó 13,5 % la media esperada del C 1+2 POD. Conclusiones. Cuando se toman en consideración las caries que presentan cavidades y aquellas que se encuentran en un estado incipiente de desarrollo, se acentúa aún más el carácter de esta enfermedad (promedio de casi seis dientes con caries) como un problema clínico común y un problema de salud pública bucal. Los resultados revelan la necesidad de establecer estrategias preventivas y curativas en la muestra.
Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases worldwide. In Mexico it is a public health problem. Objective: To identify variables associated with caries occurrence (non-reversible and reversible lesions) in a sample of Mexican schoolchildren. Material and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in 640 schoolchildren of 11 and 12 years of age. The dependent variable was the D 1+2 MFT index, comprising reversible and irreversible carious lesions (dental caries) according to the Pitts D 1 /D 2 classification. Clinical examinations were performed by trained and standardized examiners. Using structured questionnaires we collected socio-demographic, socio-economic and health-related oral behaviors. Negative binomial regression was used for the analysis. Results: The D 1+2 MFT index was 5.68±3.47. The schoolchildren characteristics associated with an increase in the expected average rate of dental caries were: being female (27.1%), having 12 years of age (23.2%), consuming larger amounts of sugar (13.9%), having mediocre (31.3%) and poor/very poor oral hygiene (62.3%). Conversely, when the family owned a car the expected mean D 1+2 MFT decreased 13.5%. Conclusions: When dental caries occurrence (about 6 decayed teeth) is estimated taking into consideration not only cavities (lesions in need of restorative dental treatment) but also incipient carious lesions, the character of this disease as a common clinical problem and as a public health problem are further emphasized. Results revealed the need to establish preventive and curative strategies in the sample.
Asunto(s)
Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Sacarosa en la Dieta , Índice CPO , Conducta Alimentaria , México/epidemiología , Higiene Bucal , Análisis de Regresión , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
AIM: To determine the prevalence of root caries and the root caries index in a population of older Mexicans, and its relationship to socioeconomic, sociodemographic and dental factors. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study in 85 persons 60 years and older living either in long-term care facilities, or independently and attending an elder day-care group. Each subject underwent an oral examination, performed by a trained and standardized dentist, to determine the root caries index and other clinical variables. Questionnaires were administered to collect socioeconomic, sociodemographic and hygiene data. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of root caries was 96.5%. The root caries index was 37.7% ± 21.7%. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) of root caries index were observed across residential arrangements and marital statuses, and were higher in publicly funded long-term care and among single subjects (P < 0.05). Those who had poor hygiene had more root caries (P < 0.05); persons with a low level of schooling and who brushed their teeth less frequently also showed a difference (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of root caries was very high. The type of long-term care, marital status, schooling and oral hygiene were associated with a higher root caries index. Oral health programs and preventive caries interventions are needed for this age group in general; targeted strategies may be better focused if sociodemographic profiles are used to characterize high need groups.
Asunto(s)
Caries Radicular/epidemiología , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Objetivo. Identificar los factores de riesgo hereditarios y socioeconómicos relacionados con la presencia de labio o paladar hendido no asociados a un síndrome. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de casos y controles en el que se incluyeron 208 casos con diagnóstico de labio, paladar hendido o ambos no asociados a un síndrome, los cuales fueron pareados por edad y sexo con 416 controles. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes quirúrgicos atendidos durante el periodo 2002-2004 en el programa estatal de labio o paladar hendido de Campeche, México. Se aplicó un cuestionario en el que se recogió información sobre variables sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas, así como sobre antecedentes hereditarios de labio o paladar hendido no asociados a un síndrome en la familia. Debido a que el diseño fue pareado, el análisis se hizo con regresión logística condicionada. Resultados. En el modelo multivariado para labio o paladar hendido no asociado a un síndrome se identificaron de forma significativa (p<0,05) los siguientes factores de riesgo: nivel socioeconómico bajo (razón de momios, RM=2,02), nacimiento en el sur del estado (RM=3,96), nacimiento en casa (RM=2,51) o nacimiento en hospital público (RM=4,08), antecedentes heredofamiliares paternos (RM=5,38), antecedentes heredofamiliares maternos (RM=4,11), tener otro hijo con labio o paladar hendido en la familia (RM=46,02), presentar algún otro defecto congénito asociado (RM=8,20) e infección en el embarazo (RM=2,90), y como factor protector, el cuidado prenatal y el uso de vitaminas (RM=0,29). Conclusiones. El mayor riesgo en nuestra muestra para labio, paladar hendido o ambos, no asociados a un síndrome, radica en las variables relacionadas con los antecedentes familiares y hereditarios, y las indicadoras de la posición socioeconómica. Se observó un efecto protector del manejo prenatal con vitaminas.
Introduction. From an epidemiological point of view, non-syndromic orofacial clefts are the most common oral congenital deformities worldwide.Objective. Family histories were traced and socioeconomic risk factors were identified for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Material and methods. A case-control study was carried out with 208 cases of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and matched by age and sex with 416 controls. Cases were patients attending a referral clinic from 2002 through 2004 in Campeche, Mexico. A questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables as well as familial background relevant to non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Conditional logistic regression models were used; adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results. In the multivariate model, the following risk factors were identified: 1) low socioeconomic status; 2) birth in the southern region of Campeche state; 3) home delivery or delivery in a publicly funded hospital; 4) occurrence of prior non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate cases in the fathers or mothers family: 5) having a sibling with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate; 6) the proband having another malformation, and 7) a history of infections during pregnancy. Prenatal care consisting of vitamin supplementation was a protective factor for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio=0.29). Conclusions. A social gradient in health was seen to link oral malformation with diet components, and several socioeconomic and socio-demographic factors broadly encompassed in low socioeconomic status. Further characterization of risk factors will guide the assemblage of a pro-active counseling and prevention program for families at risk for non-syndromic cleft lip and cleft palate.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Labio Leporino , Fisura del Paladar , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Ácido FólicoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: From an epidemiological point of view, non-syndromic orofacial clefts are the most common oral congenital deformities worldwide. OBJECTIVE: Family histories were traced and socioeconomic risk factors were identified for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study was carried out with 208 cases of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and matched by age and sex with 416 controls. Cases were patients attending a referral clinic from 2002 through 2004 in Campeche, Mexico. A questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables as well as familial background relevant to non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Conditional logistic regression models were used; adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: In the multivariate model, the following risk factors were identified: 1) low socioeconomic status; 2) birth in the southern region of Campeche state; 3) home delivery or delivery in a publicly funded hospital; 4) occurrence of prior non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate cases in the father's or mother's family: 5) having a sibling with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate; 6) the proband having another malformation, and 7) a history of infections during pregnancy. Prenatal care consisting of vitamin supplementation was a protective factor for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio=0.29). CONCLUSIONS: A "social gradient in health" was seen to link oral malformation with diet components, and several socioeconomic and socio-demographic factors broadly encompassed in low socioeconomic status. Further characterization of risk factors will guide the assemblage of a pro-active counseling and prevention program for families at risk for non-syndromic cleft lip and cleft palate.
Asunto(s)
Labio Leporino/epidemiología , Fisura del Paladar/epidemiología , Salud de la Familia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Orden de Nacimiento , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Labio Leporino/genética , Fisura del Paladar/genética , Intervalos de Confianza , Países en Desarrollo , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Padres , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Atención Prenatal , Historia Reproductiva , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify the socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables associated with oral hygiene status in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years in Navolato, Sinaloa, Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 3,048 schoolchildren. A questionnaire was used to determine socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables, and a clinical oral examination was carried out to establish oral hygiene status. The "plaque" component of the simplified oral hygiene index (S-OHI) was the criterion used to determine oral hygiene status in children. Using principal component analysis, five socioeconomic factors were streamlined to one principal component to determine the individual socioeconomic level. Data were analyzed with non-parametric tests and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The population included 1,456 boys and 1,592 girls. The mean value for S-OHI was 1.10 +/- 0.34. The largest percentage (50.8%) of the S-OHI scores ranged between 0 and 1. In the multivariate model, younger age, male gender, and lower toothbrushing frequency (P <0.05) were associated with poor oral hygiene. Children with better socioeconomic status had better oral hygiene (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most children ( approximately 60%) had an acceptable level of oral hygiene. Diverse variables were associated with oral hygiene in these Mexican children, highlighting a gradient distribution throughout the socioeconomic spectrum. It is necessary to implement strategies that would help to diminish the disparities observed across diverse socioeconomic groups.