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BACKGROUND: Empyema thoracis is an entity seen across all age groups. This study aims at reporting a detailed microbiological profile of "pus and pleural tissue" in patients operated for empyema thoracis and also correlating it with perioperative clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients operated for empyema thoracis between 2012 and 2016 were included in the study. Patients were taken up for surgery after thorough preoperative evaluation. Perioperative outcomes were correlated with the results of microbiological analysis to evaluate their effect on clinical outcomes. RESULTS: In the study, 285 patients were operated. There were 215 males (75.4%) and 70 females (24.6%). Tuberculosis (TB) was responsible for 58.2% of the cases (n = 166). Of 166, 32 patients were mycobacterial culture positive, suggesting 19.28% mycobacterial culture positivity rate. 21.8% of the total mycobacterial cultures were multidrug resistant. TB culture-positive patients had a significantly higher incidence of air leak (P = 0.03), inter-costal drain (ICD) duration (P = 0.03), and higher rates of recurrence (P = 0.03). Nontubercular empyema constituted 119 cases (41.8%). Forty-seven (39.5%) cases were culture positive. Gram-negative organisms were cultured in 30 (63.8%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the predominant isolate. Bacterial culture-positive patients had significantly higher conversions (P = 0.03), prolonged postoperative air leak (P = 0.04), and postoperative wound infections. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the emergence of Gram-negative organisms in bacterial empyema and emergence of multidrug resistance in tubercular empyema. Clinical outcome correlation revealed increased complications in culture-positive cases in both tubercular and nontubercular empyemas.

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Aspiration of foreign body (FB) into the airways is common in children and continues to be a cause for morbidity and mortality. We report herein, successful thoracoscopic management of a child who aspirated a large magnetic FB into his right bronchus and developed a tear of bronchus intermedius (BI) during an attempt at bronchoscopic retrieval using rigid bronchoscope. The impacted FB was successfully removed thoracoscopically followed by thoracoscopic BI repair.

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Context (Background): We report our experience with robotic thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG)and provide data on the surgical results and neurologic outcomes, as per the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) recommendations for MG clinical research standards. OBJECTIVE: The study aims at reporting the surgical and neurological outcomes of patients of Myasthenia gravis treated by robotic thymectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective data was collected from 71 patients with myasthenia gravis (in the age range 15-67 years) with or without thymoma, who had completed a minimum follow up of one year. All patients were treated with robotic radical thymectomy. The clinical classification, status of preoperative and postoperative therapy, evaluation of post-interventional clinical status, and descriptions of morbidity/mortality were done as per the MGFA recommendations. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to assess the factors associated with achievement of complete stable remission(CSR). RESULTS: A total of 71 patients were included in this study. Twenty-one out of 71 patients (29.6%) with myasthenia gravis had thymoma. At the last follow up, 70 patients were alive. No evidence of tumour recurrence was found in patients with thymoma. The overall CSR rate was 38% with the median time to CSR of 17.5 months (range 11-48 months). The CSR rate for patient of MG with thymoma was 19 % (n=4/21). Factor found to be significantly predicting CSR were young age, lesser severity of MG and non-thymomatous histology. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic thymectomy is a technically feasible and safe operation with a low morbidity and short hospitalization. It is associated with good neurological long-term results in terms of both CSR and clinical improvement.

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Mediastinal lesions are uncommon and are infrequently encountered in routine clinical practice. Hence, there is a need for more elaborate studies of mediastinal lesions to make the pathologists and clinicians aware of the large spectrum of these lesions. The present study describes the histomorphological spectrum of various mediastinal lesions in a tertiary care hospital in India, along with the discussion of some unusual and interesting cases. Considering the limited diagnostic material obtained in guided biopsies, the adequacy of such tissue for providing a definite opinion was also evaluated. METHODS: This was a retrospective study performed on 125 mediastinal masses diagnosed on surgically resected specimens as well as needle biopsies over a period of two years (January 2012-December 2013). A few cases had inadequate diagnostic material, making a total of 116 cases which were further evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients of mediastinal lesions were included in the study. Most of the lesions were in 21-30 yr age group, with male:female ratio of 1.7:1. Anterior mediastinal compartment was most commonly involved. Majority of the cases (62.1%) were of neoplastic nature, with benign tumours (34.5%) being more common than malignant ones (27.6%). Thymoma followed by lymphoma constituted the most common mediastinal tumours. One-third of the total cases were diagnosed on needle biopsy samples. All cases where needle biopsy was followed by resection specimen showed concordant diagnosis. The percentage adequacy of biopsy was 91.7 per cent and the diagnostic accuracy was 100 per cent. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the histomorphological spectrum and biological diversity of the mediastinal lesions. It also emphasizes that biopsy is sufficiently adequate, with the help of a comprehensive immunohistochemistry panel, for providing a definite diagnosis in majority of cases.

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Bronchogenic cysts are often asymptomatic and discovered as an incidental finding. They may become symptomatic due to esophageal compression as they increase in size or from development of infection. We report a case of a 9-year-old male with an asymptomatic bronchogenic cyst who underwent successful robotic assisted thoracoscopic excision.