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Neutrophils rapidly infiltrate sites of infection and possess several microbicidal strategies, such as neutrophil extracellular traps release and phagocytosis. Enhanced neutrophil infiltration is associated with higher susceptibility to Leishmania infection, but neutrophil effector response contribution to this phenotype is uncertain. Here, we show that neutrophils from susceptible BALB/c mice (B/c) produce more NETs in response to Leishmania major than those from resistant C57BL/6 mice (B6), which are more phagocytic. The absence of neutrophil elastase contributes to phagocytosis regulation. Microarray analysis shows enrichment of genes involved in NET formation (mpo, pi3kcg, il1b) in B/c, while B6 shows upregulation of genes involved in phagocytosis and cell death (Arhgap12, casp9, mlkl, FasL). scRNA-seq in L. major-infected B6 showed heterogeneity in the pool of intralesional neutrophils, and we identified the N1 subset as the putative subpopulation involved with phagocytosis. In vivo, imaging validates NET formation in infected B/c ears where NETing neutrophils were mainly uninfected cells. NET digestion in vivo augmented parasite lymphatic drainage. Hence, a balance between NET formation and phagocytosis in neutrophils may contribute to the divergent phenotype observed in these mice.

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In Brazil, there is 13% of the world's bat diversity, is the second most diverse group of mammals, playing a crucial role in providing ecosystem services that benefit humans. However, anthropogenic disturbances exacerbate processes of species extinction, shifts in geographic distributions, and phenological changes, despite efforts to safeguard biodiversity through the creation of Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands. Moreover, gaps in taxonomic knowledge and challenges related to species distribution hinder the effective implementation of conservation strategies in protected areas. This study assesses the contribution of Brazilian Conservation Units (both Full Protection and Sustainable Use) and Indigenous Lands to the conservation of bat species and their ecosystem services. It also presents maps illustrating species richness by trophic guilds and threat classification according to IUCN, including species listed as Data Deficient. The findings reveal low percentages of potential bat distribution areas within these protected regions, especially for insectivorous, nectarivorous, and frugivorous bats in the Cerrado biome, which are classified as Near Threatened. Additionally, the highest bat species richness was observed in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes.

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Birds are good bioindicators of disturbance in the environment. They are present in different habitats and trophic levels. In addition, rapid urbanization has led birds to use cities as shelter and for seeking food resources. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are suitable locations for free-living birds within cities. However, few studies address the impacts of emerging pollutants from sewage treatment plants on wild birds. In this sense, the aim of this study was to analyze the genotoxic, mutagenic, and immunological impacts from metal and pollutant exposure on free-living birds collected at a STP. For comparison, birds were collected in a preserved environment, the Silvania National Forest (FLONA). To achieve this, we used non-destructive biomarkers sensitive to environmental changes. Birds were collected in both environments using mist nets. After collection, birds were weighed, measured, species-identified, and released. Blood was collected for comet assay, micronucleus test, and leukocyte profile, while feathers were collected for metal concentration analysis. Water physicochemical parameters were measured at both sites, and water samples were collected for metal analysis. Our results demonstrated that birds collected at the STP exhibit a higher frequency of genotoxic damage and erythrocyte abnormalities, and increased immune response compared to FLONA birds. Traces of potentially toxic metals, such as Hg and As, were found in the birds feathers from both environments, raising concerns about metal contamination in both environments. Trophic guilds appear to respond similarly to exposure. The parameters and metals found in the water reflect environmental characteristics and may be influencing pollutant availability. Finally, despite the advancement of our findings, studies linking these damages to detrimental effects on behavior and reproduction are encouraged.

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The irreproducibility in scientific research has become a critical issue. Despite the essential role of rigorous methodology in constructing a scientific article, more than half of publications, on average, are considered non-reproducible. The implications of this irreproducibility extend to reliability problems, hindering progress in technological production and resulting in substantial financial losses. In the context of laboratory animal research, this work emphasizes the importance of choosing an appropriate experimental model within the 3R's principle (Refine, Reduce, Replace). This study specifically addresses a deficiency in data specification in scientific articles, revealing inadequacies in the description of crucial details, such as environmental conditions, diet, and experimental procedures. For this purpose, 124 articles from journals with relevant impact factors were analyzed, conducting a survey of data considered important for the reproducibility of studies. Important flaws in the presentation of data were identified in most of the articles evaluated. The results of this study highlight the need to improve the description of essential information, standardizing studies, and ensuring the reproducibility of experiments in areas such as metabolism, immunity, hormones, stress, among others, to enhance the reliability and reproduction of experimental results, aligning with international guidelines such as ARRIVE and PREPARE.

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The creation of protected areas (PAs) is not always based on science; consequently, some aquatic species may not receive the same level of protection as terrestrial ones. The objective of this study was to identify priority areas for the conservation of chelonians in the Brazilian Amazon basin and assess the contribution of PAs, distinguishing between Full Protection Areas, Sustainable Use Areas, and Indigenous Lands for group protection. The entire species modeling procedure was carried out using Species Distribution Models. Location records were obtained from platforms such as SpeciesLink, GBIF, the Hydroatlas database, and WorldClim for bioclimatic variables adjusted with algorithms like Maximum Entropy, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Gaussian-Bayesian. Indigenous lands cover more than 50% of the distribution areas of chelonian species in the Brazilian Amazon. Protected areas with higher conservation importance (Full Protection Areas and Sustainable Use Areas) hold less than 15% of the combined species distribution. Researchers face significant challenges when making decisions with models, especially in conservation efforts involving diverse taxa that differ significantly from one another within a group of individuals.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the in-vitro effect of single applications of CPP-ACP pastes and different fluoridated solutions on the prevention of dental caries around orthodontic brackets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tooth/bracket sets (n=65) were immersed in artificial saliva (1h at 37ºC) and randomly subjected to single applications (100µL; 1min) of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP emulsion), CPP-ACP with fluoride (CPP-ACPF emulsion), solutions of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) or sodium fluoride (NaF), or no treatment (CG). Multispecies biofilm (5 x 105 CFU/mL) was formed in the presence of 2% sucrose. After 24 h, the pH and the concentration of total soluble fluoride (TSF) were analyzed by culture medium. The presence of active white spot lesions (WSL) evaluated by macroscopic examination and the percent surface mineral loss (%SML) were analyzed. Also, the topography of enamel was detected by analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data was assessed by chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Fluoride-containing compounds led to a smaller pH reduction than did CPP-ACP and CG (p<0.05). There was difference in TSF between the groups (p<0.05), denoted as TiF4> NaF > CPP-ACPF > CPP-ACP > CG. Regarding the presence of WSL and %SML, the NaF group obtained lower values (p<0.05), while TiF4 and CPP-ACPF were similar (p>0.05). SEM demonstrated that fluoride-free groups had a larger surface dissolution. CONCLUSION: Fluoridated groups including solutions and CPP-ACPF were more effective than CPP-ACP in reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets after a single application.

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Objective: We aimed to investigate the accuracy of remote examination by photographs compared to in-person clinical examination for detecting potentially malignant oral lesions (PMOLs). Methods: The Reporting Guide and Guidelines for Writing Systematic Reviews (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis [PRISMA]) guided the reporting of findings. The search was conducted by two independent reviewers in six databases with no language restriction until November 2022. The Population, Test-Index, Reference Standard, Outcome and Study Design (PIROS) strategy guided the eligibility criteria, and studies with adult patients (P) examined remotely (I) and in-person (R) to verify the detection of PMOLs (O) were considered. The methodological quality was assessed by QUADAS-2, and the certainty of the evidence was measured by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Results: A total of 769 files were identified. After removing duplicates and reading titles and abstracts, 16 were read in full, from which 6 articles then comprised the qualitative synthesis. The oral clinical examination was the reference standard in four studies. Five studies presented high risk of bias in at least one assessment domain. A high probability of detection of PMOL by remote examination (97.37%) was observed for the three studies included in the meta-analysis, which presented high heterogeneity among them. The certainty of evidence for the outcome was considered very low. Conclusions: Remote tools for detecting PMOLs may be feasible and assertive, but new studies are required to incorporate them into clinical practice. Clinical Relevance: Remote examination for the detection of PMOLs has the potential to favoring the early diagnosis of malignant lesions.

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Sewage is a significant source of many contaminants, and the effectiveness of sewage treatment plants (STPs) is fundamental to ensure that the effluents produced by these plants have a minimal impact on aquatic environments and guarantee their long-term sustainability. The present study is based on a global scientometric survey of the published research on the application of genotoxicity biomarkers for the analysis of the effects of the contaminants found in the effluents and residues produced by STPs. The literature search focused on the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Research trends were investigated based on the year of publication of each study, the country in which it was developed, the type(s) of genotoxic assay applied, the model organism(s), the type of study (experimental or field study), the physicochemical parameters analyzed, and the principal findings of the genotoxic assays. A total of 134 papers, published between 1988 and April 2023, were selected for analysis. The studies were conducted in a total of 33 different countries, but primarily in Brazil, China, Germany. These studies employed 16 biomarkers to assess genotoxicity, of which, the micronucleus test was the most used. The studies reported on a number of genotoxic substances, such as pollutants, including pesticides, microplastics, metals, and drugs. The data produced by these studies provide important insights into the genotoxic effect of the xenobiotic agents found in STP effluents, which are capable of damaging the DNA of a range of different organisms.

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El concepto de "muerte digna" o "buena muerte" ha sido muy difundido entre los profesionales de la salud, que lo manejan de manera rutinaria y experimentan el dilema ético sobre lo que realmente se debe hacer ante un enfermo terminal. Ante esto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo mostrar los conceptos y cómo los casos de pacientes terminales han sido tratados dentro de las Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Para argumentar respecto de la aplicación y funcionalidad de la eutanasia, la ortotanasia y la distanasia en las UCI, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de 14 artículos. Se concluyó que se debe considerar el conocimiento del profesional con relación a estos temas y distinguir el tema específico que se aborda, sin olvidar enfatizar los derechos previstos en la Constitución y el bienestar del paciente y su familia.

The concept of dignified death or a good death has been widespread among health professionals, who routinely deal with it and experience the ethical dilemma about what should really be done in the face of a terminally ill patient. Given this, the present study aims to show the concepts and how cases of terminally ill patients have been conducted within the Intensive Care Units (ICU). To argue about the application and functionality of euthanasia, orthothanasia and dysthanasia in ICUs, a literature review of 14 articles was carried out. It was concluded that the knowledge that the professional has in relation to these themes needs to be taken into account and to distinguish the specific theme that is addressed, not forgetting to emphasize the rights provided for in the constitution and the well-being of the paciente and his family.

O conceito de morte digna ou boa morte tem sido difundido entre os profissionais de saúde, os quais lidam com isso rotineiramente e vivem o dilema ético sobre o que realmente deve ser feito diante de um paciente terminal. Visto isso, o presente estudo visa mostrar os conceito e como tem sido conduzido os casos de pacientes em fase terminal dentro das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Para argumentar sobre a aplicação e a funcionalidade da eutanasia, ortotanásia e distanásia nas UTIs foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de 14 artigos. Concluiu-se que precisa ser levado em consideração o conhecimento que o profissional tem em relação a esses temas e distinguir a temática específica que é tratado, não esquecendo de salientar os direitos previstos na constituição e o bem-estar do paciente e de sua família.

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Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic disease in HIV-1 infected individuals, unrecognized as a determining factor for AIDS diagnosis. The growing geographical overlap of HIV-1 and Leishmania infections is an emerging challenge worldwide, as co-infection increases morbidity and mortality for both infections. Here, we determined the prevalence of people living with HIV (PWH) with a previous or ongoing infection by Leishmania infantum and investigated the virological and immunological factors associated with co-infection. We adopted a two-stage cross-sectional cohort (CSC) design (CSC-I, n = 5,346 and CSC-II, n = 317) of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals in Bahia, Brazil. In CSC-I, samples collected between 1998 and 2013 were used for serological screening for leishmaniasis by an in-house Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with SLA (Soluble Leishmania infantum Antigen), resulting in a prevalence of previous or ongoing infection of 16.27%. Next, 317 PWH were prospectively recruited from July 2014 to December 2015 with the collection of sociodemographic and clinical data. Serological validation by two different immunoassays confirmed a prevalence of 15.46 and 8.20% by anti-SLA, and anti-HSP70 serology, respectively, whereas 4.73% were double-positive (DP). Stratification of these 317 individuals in DP and double-negative (DN) revealed a significant reduction of CD4+ counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratios and a tendency of increased viral load in the DP group, as compared to DN. No statistical differences in HIV-1 subtype distribution were observed between the two groups. However, we found a significant increase of CXCL10 (p = 0.0076) and a tendency of increased CXCL9 (p = 0.061) in individuals with DP serology, demonstrating intensified immune activation in this group. These findings were corroborated at the transcriptome level in independent Leishmania- and HIV-1-infected cohorts (Swiss HIV Cohort and Piaui Northeast Brazil Cohort), indicating that CXCL10 transcripts are shared by the IFN-dominated immune activation gene signatures of both pathogens and positively correlated to viral load in untreated PWH. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of PWH with L. infantum seropositivity in Bahia, Brazil, linked to IFN-mediated immune activation and a significant decrease in CD4+ levels. Our results highlight the urgent need to increase awareness and define public health strategies for the management and prevention of HIV-1 and L. infantum co-infection.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review protocol is to map the available evidence regarding all the oral health surveys of Traditional Peoples and Communities (TPCs) in Brazil. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The review question of the protocol is: 'What evidence is available on the oral health surveys of Traditional Peoples and Communities in Brazil?'. Observational studies that report oral health surveys of TPC in Brazil will be included. The protocol considered the Problem, Concept and Context strategy to guide data collection, as established by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search strategy will consider Medical Subject Headings terms, synonyms and relevant free terms about epidemiological surveys in oral health and TPC in Brazil, with no limits to data, language, subject or search type, in the databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scopus, Web of Science and Embase. Bibliographic searches will be updated until June 2023. The selection will be carried out by two independent, blinded reviewers, following the eligibility criteria, based on the title and abstract identified in the initial search. Potentially eligible studies will be fully read to confirm eligibility and collect relevant information. The categorisation of the studies will consider the author and year of publication, the traditional group studied, the study design, geographic location, age group, sample size, data collection method and the main oral health problem evaluated and its outcome. The data obtained and extracted will be presented in table format and text and presented using the visualisation of similarities method. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The present study does not need ethical approval. The protocol title was registered in the Open Science Framework (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/BQ5J3). A final article will be prepared presenting the results of the scoping review, and will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The findings of this review will be presented at national conferences and scientific meetings.

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Changes in the natural landscape and the indiscriminate use of pesticides can have a major impact on aquatic environments and have contributed to the worldwide decline of amphibian populations. In the present study, we sampled tadpoles of three anuran amphibians (Boana albopunctata, Physalaemus cuvieri, and Dendropsophus minutus) from ponds in six different agricultural landscapes of the Brazilian Cerrado savanna and evaluated whether and to what extent genotoxic and mutagenic damage was related to land use (the amount of forest and agricultural remnants, and related physicochemical factors) and the presence of pesticides in the water of the study ponds. We also evaluated the hepatotoxicity in P. cuvieri, which was the most abundant species at five of the six sampling points. Clomazone and atrazine were the most common pesticides found in the ponds. The B. albopunctata and P. cuvieri tadpoles presented similar patterns of DNA damage among the sampling points. The least DNA damage was found in the D. minutus tadpoles, although this species was present in only one of the study ponds. More binucleated and anucleated cells were observed in B. albopunctata, but there was no significant variation among species in terms of the number of micronuclei or other erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities. Land use and physicochemical factors did not explain the variation in the DNA damage observed in the three anurans. The hepatotoxicity analyses of P. cuvieri revealed the presence of a series of alterations, including the enlargement of the sinusoids, vacuolization of the hepatocytes, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, hepatic steatosis, and dilation of the blood vessels. The interaction between physicochemical factors and the biomarkers analyzed in the present study is complex. In particular, it will be important to better elucidate which factors are contributing, either directly or indirectly, to the decline of anuran amphibian populations, especially in threatened biomes, such as the Brazilian Cerrado. In this case, we would encourage further in situ studies that assess the ecotoxicology of the landscape, together with the systematic monitoring of aquatic environments, to guarantee the long-term integrity of amphibian populations, and those of other organisms that play an essential functional role in the ecosystem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2422-2439. © 2023 SETAC.

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The first systematic review and meta-analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) genetic epidemiology was published approximately 20 years ago. Considering the relevance of all the studies published since 2001, the current study aimed to update the state-of-art knowledge on the field. All published data concerning the genetic epidemiology of OCD from the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, BVS, and OpenGrey databases were searched by two independent researchers until September 30, 2021. To be included, the articles had to fulfill the following criteria: OCD diagnosis provided by standardized and validated instruments; or medical records; inclusion of a control group for comparison and case-control, cohort or twin study designs. The analysis units were the first-degree relatives (FDRs) of OCD or control probands and the co-twins in twin pairs. The outcomes of interest were the familial recurrence rates of OCD and the correlations of OCS in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins. Nineteen family, twenty-nine twin, and six population-based studies were included. The main findings were that OCD is a prevalent and highly familial disorder, especially among the relatives of children and adolescent probands, that OCD has a phenotypic heritability of around 50%; and that the higher OCS correlations between MZ twins were mainly due to additive genetic or to non-shared environmental components.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of R. microplus larvae from different oviposition times to fipronil. The LPT was performed in sextuplicate, at concentrations of 18.75, 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 µg.mL-1. The LC50 found for the egg masses incubated with +7, +14 and +21 days were respectively 105.87, 110.71 and 121.22 µg.mL-1. The larvae originating from egg masses from the same group of engorged females, incubated on different days, presented similar mortality rates compared to the evaluated fipronil concentrations, facilitating the maintenance of laboratory colonies of this tick species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a susceptibilidade de larvas de R. microplus oriundas de diferentes momentos da oviposição frente ao fripronil. O TPL foi realizado em sextuplicata, nas seguintes concentrações 18,75; 37,5; 75; 150; 300 µg.mL-1. Não houve diferença estatística entre as mortalidades das larvas oriundas de posturas incubadas nos dias mais sete, +14 e +21, expostas ao fipronil. As CL50 encontradas para as posturas incubadas com +7, +14 e +21 dias foram respectivamente 105,87; 110,71 e 121,22 µg.mL-1. Observou-se que as larvas oriundas de posturas, do mesmo grupo de fêmeas ingurgitadas, incubadas em dias diferentes apresentam taxas de mortalidade parecidas frente as concentrações de fipronil avaliadas, facilitando a manutenção das colônias laboratorias desta espécie de carrapato.

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OBJECTIVES: This systematic review investigated the prevalence of tooth wear between patients with and without Down syndrome. METHODS: Six databases (Embase, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) and grey literature (Google Scholar, OpenGrey and ProQuest) were searched until March 7, 2022. Observational studies were included to assess the differences in tooth wear prevalence and/or severity in Down syndrome and non-syndromic controls. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations were followed. Three reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, assessed the methodological quality (Joanna Briggs Institute) and graded the certainty of evidence through the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results were summarized through meta-analyses using a random-effects model. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021266997). RESULTS: Of the 1382 records identified, six cross-sectional studies were included. Individuals with Down syndrome had a higher prevalence and were more likely to have tooth wear than individuals without Down syndrome (44% × 15%; OR = 4.43; 95% CI 3.17-6.18; p < 0.00001; I2 = 8%). Also, the severity of tooth wear was higher in the Down syndrome group (n = 275) compared with the controls (n = 294). The certainty of evidence analysis was very low. CONCLUSIONS: Based on very low certainty of the evidence, patients with Down syndrome had a higher prevalence and likelihood and severity of tooth wear when compared to those without Down syndrome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Screening early tooth wear lesions should be carefully done in the Down syndrome population since its occurrence is remarkable compared to the general population.

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Bats belong to the order Chiroptera and are composed of 18 families, 202 genera, and 1420 species. Cosmopolitans, they have a high diversity of trophic and behavioral guilds, several ecosystem services, and intraspecific associations with ectoparasites. In Brazil, 68 species of Streblidae have already been recorded, although knowledge about the bat fauna and their ectoparasites is still low. Thus, the objective was to present a list of bat species, and to relate parasites with hosts, for two extractive reserves in the state of Acre, western Brazilian Amazon. The collections took place in ten nights, five in each RESEX, both carried out in August 2019. At each point, 10 mist nets (9 m × 2.5 m) were used, remaining open for 6 h. The captured bats were stored in cotton bags and had their data collected. Subsequently, the search for ectoparasites was carried out throughout the individual's body and extracted with brushes moistened with 96% ethyl alcohol and fine-tipped tweezers. Species of flies were identified to the lowest taxonomic level through specific bibliography. Thirty-three bats from six trophic guilds and 46 ectoparasitic dipterans were sampled, all from the Streblidae family. The most abundant bat family was Phyllostomidae, a recurring result in several studies carried out in the neotropical region. This is related to the selectivity of the mist net in bat sampling, in addition to a close correlation between Phyllostomidae bats and ectoparasitic flies of the Streblidae family.

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AIMS: To verify whether oral health teams influence the oral health status, ventilator-associated pneumonia incidence and mortality rate of patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bibliographic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Embase, Livivo, Open Grey, Academic Google, and Cochrane databases. The assessment of the methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies and a random-effects meta-analysis to summarize relative risk data for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and mortality were performed. An analysis of the certainty of the evidence was performed for the main outcomes analyzed. RESULTS: Records of 518 studies were analyzed by reading titles and abstracts. Five studies were included according to eligibility criteria. The meta-analysis showed that ICU patients undergoing dental care by an oral health team had a lower incidence of VAP (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 014-0.76) but did not lower mortality rates (OR = 0.46 95% CI: 0.16-1.32). The certainty of the evidence was considered very low. CONCLUSION: Dental care provided by oral health teams in a hospital environment did not influence oral health status or mortality, although it contributed to a reduction in VAP of patients admitted to the ICU.

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OBJECTIVES: To test 8 models of linear surface roughness assessment in characterizing surface profile description and to correlate these models with equivalent areal parameters over sound human enamel in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty enamel blocks were randomly selected. The roughness data (2D-Rp; Rv; Rz; Rc; Rt; Ra; Rq; Rsk; Rku/3D-Sp; Sv; Sz; Sa; Sq; Ssk; Sku) was obtained in duplicate in a non-contact 3D optical profilometer. The models were composed by 1 single vertical trace (model 1) until 8 traces (model 8 composed by three vertical traces, three horizontal traces, and two diagonal). RESULTS: The addition of linear sampling traces to the enamel blocks did not result in Rp, Rv, Rz, Rc, Rt, Ra, Rq, Rsk, and Rku value changes (low power-from 5 to 72%). Significant Spearman's correlation coefficients were obtained in most correlation analysis (Rp ↔ Sp; Rv ↔ Sv; Rz ↔ Sz; Ra ↔ Sa; Rq ↔ Sq; and Rku ↔ Sku). CONCLUSIONS: A single vertical trace in the middle of the sample was representative of the overall enamel surface roughness (Rp, Rv, Rz, Rc, Rt, Ra, Rq, Rsk, and Rku) models. The majority of the assessed models in the correlation evaluation presented significant and positive association. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings highlight the applicable model for roughness analysis over human enamel recommended for research and in situ trials assessments.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the in-vitro effect of single applications of CPP-ACP pastes and different fluoridated solutions on the prevention of dental caries around orthodontic brackets. Material and Methods: Tooth/bracket sets (n=65) were immersed in artificial saliva (1h at 37ºC) and randomly subjected to single applications (100µL; 1min) of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP emulsion), CPP-ACP with fluoride (CPP-ACPF emulsion), solutions of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) or sodium fluoride (NaF), or no treatment (CG). Multispecies biofilm (5 x 105 CFU/mL) was formed in the presence of 2% sucrose. After 24 h, the pH and the concentration of total soluble fluoride (TSF) were analyzed by culture medium. The presence of active white spot lesions (WSL) evaluated by macroscopic examination and the percent surface mineral loss (%SML) were analyzed. Also, the topography of enamel was detected by analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data was assessed by chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05). Results: Fluoride-containing compounds led to a smaller pH reduction than did CPP-ACP and CG (p<0.05). There was difference in TSF between the groups (p<0.05), denoted as TiF4> NaF > CPP-ACPF > CPP-ACP > CG. Regarding the presence of WSL and %SML, the NaF group obtained lower values (p<0.05), while TiF4 and CPP-ACPF were similar (p>0.05). SEM demonstrated that fluoride-free groups had a larger surface dissolution. Conclusion: Fluoridated groups including solutions and CPP-ACPF were more effective than CPP-ACP in reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets after a single application.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar in-vitro o efeito de uma aplicação única de cremes dentais de CPP-ACP e diferentes soluções fluoretadas na prevenção da cárie dentária ao redor de braquetes ortodônticos Material e Métodos: O conjunto dentes/braquetes (n=65) foi imerso em saliva artificial (1h em 37°C) randomizado e submetido a tratamento único (100µL; 1 min) de emulsão de fosfopeptídeo de caseína-fosfato de cálcio amorfo (CPP-ACP) e CPP-ACP associado ao flúor (CPP-ACPF); soluções de tetrafluoreto de titânio (TiF4) e fluoreto de sódio (NaF); e ausência de tratamento (GC). Biofilmes multiespécie (5 x 105 CFU/mL) foram formados na presença de sacarose a 2%. Após 24h, o pH e a concentração de fluoreto solúvel total (FST) foram analisados pelo meio de cultura. Foram avaliadas a presença de lesões de mancha branca (LMB), por meio da análise de macroscopia visual, e a porcentagem de perda de dureza (%PD). Também foi verificada a topografia do esmalte, usando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados foram analisados pelos testes Qui-quadrado, Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05). Resultados: Os compostos contendo flúor levaram a uma redução do pH menor do que o CPP-ACP e GC (p<0,05). Houve diferença no FST entre os grupos (p <0,05), sendo TiF4> NaF > CPP-ACPF > CPP-ACP > GC. Quanto à presença de LMB e à %PD, o grupo NaF obteve os menores valores (p<0,05), enquanto TiF4 e CPP-ACPF foram semelhantes (p> 0,05). A MEV demonstrou que os grupos sem flúor tiveram uma dissolução superficial maior. Conclusão: Os grupos fluoretados, incluindo soluções e CPP-ACPF, foram mais eficazes do que o CPP-ACP sem flúor na redução da desmineralização do esmalte ao redor dos braquetes ortodônticos após uma única aplicação.