RESUMEN
Este estudo investigou o efeito de treinos sucessivos na emissão não treinada de comportamentos de ouvinte e falante após o treino do outro operante. Doze adultos universitários típicos foram divididos em dois grupos com base na ordem de exposição aos treinos e testes em três fases experimentais. Os participantes do Grupo Ouvinte-Falante passaram por treinos de ouvinte e testes de falante, e os demais foram submetidos a treinos e testes na ordem inversa. Os cinco estímulos utilizados por fase foram palavras inventadas e paisagens desconhecidas por eles. Os participantes do Grupo Falante-Ouvinte atingiram o critério de dependência funcional nas três fases experimentais. No outro grupo, apenas um integrante apresentou dependência funcional na primeira fase experimental, sendo observada melhora gradual no desempenho nos testes ao longo do experimento para os demais. Discutiu-se a eficácia dos treinos sucessivos na ocorrência de dependência funcional condicionalmente a aspectos do procedimento...(AU)
This study investigated the effect of successive training on the untrained emission of listener and speaker behaviors after the training of the other operant. Twelve typical undergraduates were divided into two groups based on order of training and testing in three experimental phases. The participants of the Listening-Speaker Group underwent listener training and speaker test; and the other participants were subjected to training and tests in the reverse order. The five stimuli used per phase were invented words and unknown landscapes. The participants of the Speaker-Listener Group reached the criterion of functional dependence in the three experimental phases. In the other group, only one participant presented functional dependence in the first experimental phase, with a gradual improvement in performance in the tests throughout the experiment for the remaining subjects. The efficacy of successive training in the occurrence of functional dependence associated to aspects of the procedure was discussed...(AU)
El presente estudio investigó el efecto de los entrenamientos sucesivos en la emisión no entrenada de las conductas del oyente y el hablante después del entrenamiento del otro operante. Se dividieron doce universitarios adultos típicos en dos grupos según el orden de entrenamiento y los test en tres fases experimentales. Los participantes del Grupo Oyente-Hablante pasaron por entrenamientos de oyentes y test de los hablantes; y los otros participantes se sometieron a entrenamientos y test en el orden inverso. Los cinco estímulos utilizados por fase fueron palabras inventadas y paisajes desconocidos por ellos. Los participantes del Grupo Hablante-Oyente alcanzaron el criterio de dependencia funcional en las tres fases. En el otro grupo, solo un participante presentó dependencia funcional en la primera fase, con una mejora gradual en el rendimiento en los test a lo largo del experimento para los demás. Se discutió la eficacia de los entrenamientos sucesivos en la aparición de dependencia funcional condicionalmente a aspectos del procedimiento...(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Conducta Verbal , Conducta , Adulto , Eficiencia , Métodos , Actividad Motora , Aptitud Física , EficaciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To compare tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) in the screening of LTBI among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in an endemic area for tuberculosis, to evaluate the need for repeating tests during anti-TNFα, therapy, and to check whether the results may be affected by immunosuppression. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 110 IBD patients and 64 controls was conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The TST was administered after the Quantiferon(®)-TB Gold In-tube test was performed. RESULTS: TST and IGRA agreement was poor regarding diagnosis (kappa: control = 0.318; UC = 0.202; and CD = - 0.093), anti-TNFα therapy (kappa: with anti-TNFα = 0.150; w/o anti-TNFα = - 0.123), and immunosuppressive therapy (IST) (kappa: with IS = - 0.088; w/o IS = 0.146). Indeterminate IGRA was reported in four CD patients on IST. Follow-up tests after anti-TNFα identified conversion in 8.62% using TST and 20.0% using IGRA. Considering IGRA as a criterion standard, TST showed low sensitivity (19.05%) and positive predictive value (PPV) (21.05%). LTBI detection remarkably improved when IGRA was added to TST (sensitivity of 80.95% and PPV of 53.13%). Results were particularly relevant among CD patients where rates started from zero to reach sensitivity and PPV of more than 60%. CONCLUSION: IGRA alone was more effective to detect LTBI than TST alone and had an overall remarkable added value as an add-on sequential test, particularly in CD patients. While cost-effectiveness of these strategies remains to be evaluated, IGRA appears to be justified in CD prior to and during anti-TNFα therapy, where tuberculosis is endemic.