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This study aimed to assess the reliability of predictive models for sex estimation based on permanent canine size. A systematic literature review was performed by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). Six electronic databases were searched as the primary source of information. As a secondary source of information, a manual search was performed to identify additional relevant studies not captured in the initial search. After assessing the methodological quality and risk of bias with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools for Systematic Reviews, the data were subjected to statistical tests for a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy and Higgin's I2 statistic to evaluate the heterogeneity between the eligible studies. The systematic search resulted in 21 studies for qualitative synthesis, and 13 of them were selected for quantitative analysis. The analysis of 25 univariate predictive models showed an estimated sensitivity of 77.2 % and specificity of 67.1 %. Meta-regression analyses were performed for dental arch, the type of diameter and dental region outcomes for these univariate predictive models. Dental arch (p = 0.029) and the dental region of measurement (p = 0.001) were significant modifiers. The analysis of 25 multivariate predictive models showed an estimated sensitivity of 82.6 % and specificity of 70.1 %. There were significant methodological limitations and substantial heterogeneity among the included studies. Based on the results, there is insufficient high-quality scientific evidence to support the safe use of predictive models based on permanent canine measurements as the exclusive method for sex estimation in forensic settings.

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Identifying edentulous victims in forensic contexts poses a significant challenge. It has been reported that having a denture to reproduce and compare Palatal Rugae (PR) patterns is crucial for identifying edentulous individuals, yet there are no validated protocols for conducting this procedure. In this study, a new method was developed and validated for plaster molding of the internal surface of upper dentures, along with a protocol involving focus-stacked photographs and reference scales. Thirty-eight edentulous subjects participated in the study, obtaining plaster models of the patients (PM), and their dentures (AM) were standardized. The AM/PM model was highlighted and photographed with ten shots in different z-focuses for each model, using standard lighting and aligning the position of the PR perpendicular to the photographic axis using tubular spirit levels and modeling clay. The images were processed using the stacking technique and analyzed by three observers through the proposed protocol using Adobe® Photoshop®. The results were analyzed based on the intra-observer and inter-observer agreement levels, with a 95% confidence interval. This study demonstrated high-precision intra-observer and inter-observer agreement (k = 1) in the matching of Palatal Rugae (PR) and maxillary morphology obtained from participants and their dentures. The protocol is simple, cost-effective, and precise. It enables standardization of the technique for obtaining plaster models, and the exposure of PR and photographic protocol minimizes the presence of artifacts in the images, thereby reducing the likelihood of errors and promoting the reproducibility of both the recording technique and the comparison of the PR.

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The purpose of this study is to gain insights into the subsistence activities and nutrition of the Samnite and Peligni populations who lived in the Abruzzo region (Italy) during the Iron Age. The samples under investigation are from Opi Val Fondillo (AQ) and Sulmona S. Lucia (AQ), dating between the Vth and VIth centuries BCE. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes were utilized to characterize the diet of the inhabitants in this region. The study involved analyzing carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in 84 available samples and comparing them with isotopic values from animals found in the nearby sites of Loreto Aprutino, Gabii, and La Sassa's Cave. The results of this study revealed statistically significant differences between sexes in δ15N values. Additionally, significant statistical variations were observed when comparing different populations.

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Estimation of age-at-death represents a central focus in forensic human identification, as it is a key parameter used in the identification of unidentified bodies. In 1992, Lamendin et al. published a simple technique for estimating the age-at-death of adult skeletal remains based on two dental criteria: the gingival regression and the extent of dentine translucency. Although Lamendin's technique is widely used in forensic contexts and the evaluation of root translucency is a key element in the technique, the light conditions for measuring this parameter have not been adequately established. The aim of the present study is to analyse the influence of colour temperature and illuminance level of a LED light source when root translucency is evaluated to optimize the use of Lamendin's technique for age-at-death estimation. The results describe how light settings may affect the visual perception of root translucency by different examiners and, therefore, affect the accuracy of the age-at-death estimation methods and techniques based on this parameter.

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Veterinary forensics is becoming more important in our society as a result of the growing demand for investigations related to crimes against animals or investigations of criminal deaths caused by animals. A veterinarian may participate as an expert witness or may be required to give forensic assistance, by providing knowledge of the specialty to establish a complete picture of the involvement of an animal and allowing the Courts to reach a verdict. By applying diverse dental profiling techniques, not only can species, sex, age-at-death, and body size of an animal be estimated, but also data about their geographical origin (provenance) and the post-mortem interval. This review concentrates on the dental techniques that use the characteristics of teeth as a means of identification of freshly deceased and skeletonised animals. Furthermore, this highlights the information that can be extracted about the animal from the post-mortem dental profile.

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There is no doubt that the cultural and urban environments contributed to the animal-human interaction in the daily life of the ancient Roman world. The singularity of the circumstances of the burial of Pompeii and Herculaneum, together with literary sources and the extraordinary state of preservation of the archaeological and biological material found, has provided researchers with an opportunity, unique in its kind, to reconstruct the life and ways of living of its inhabitants. This study illustrates the main drivers and mechanisms for the distribution and transmission of zoonotic diseases in these ancient Roman populations, such as (i) the large number and role that different animal species played in the ancient Roman world; (ii) the environmental conditions for the survival of parasites, pathogens and vectors; (iii) the great variety and intensity of commercial activities and occupations that presented certain risks of infections; (iv) the absence of adequate safety controls during processing, distribution and preservation of foodstuffs in unsuitable environments and some culinary habits; (v) the inadequate mechanisms of the disposal of human waste and the biotic contamination of watercourses and reservoirs; and finally (vi) the use of animals related to religious and cultural practices.

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Variations in the number, size and shape of the foramina transversaria of cervical vertebrae can affect the anatomical course of vital blood vessels and nerves, with the risk for pathological conditions, like vertebrobasilar insufficiency. This can result in compression of the vertebral artery during neck movements, which is characterised by headache, migraine, difficulties in swallowing, problems with speech and sight, balance disturbances and hearing disorders, among others. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of the diverse anatomical variants of the foramen transversarium in 446 cervical vertebrae from the skeletal remains of 83 victims who died on the ancient beach of Herculaneum (Italy) during the eruption of Vesuvius Volcano in 79 CE. There were complete and incomplete double foramina transversaria in 20.6% of the vertebrae, and absence of foramen transversarium in an atlas (0.2%), a very rare condition in the literature. As the foramen transversarium is a key determinant for correct development of the vertebral artery, evaluations of variations in its number, size and shape provide useful information on the prevalence of these variations in the life and health conditions in the ancient population of Herculaneum.

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BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The permanent canine is the most widely used tooth for sex estimation because it is the tooth with the highest degree of sexual dimorphism; however, there are several factors that can limit the analysis (e.g., pathologies, postmortem loss). The aim of this work was to analyse the correlation between the dimensions of the canines and those of the premolars and molars, and evaluate the correspondence of real and predicted canine dimensions by applying the equations developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was composed of digital models of 80 adult individuals from Temuco, Chile. The buccolingual and mesiodistal diameters of the canine, premolar and molar dental crowns were measured and Pearson's linear regression analysis was performed in order to determine the correlation between the diameters. The equations obtained from the reference subsample were applied to a validation subsample to predict canine dimensions from the dimensions of the postcanine teeth. RESULTS: Four regression equations were obtained, all for prediction of the size of the lower canines, whose correlation coefficient ranged from 0.701 to 0.738. The regression equations developed with the reference sample were tested on the validation sample using a Student's t-test for paired samples and the intraclass correlation coefficient. The differences between actual dental size and that predicted by the equations were not significantly different, and concordance analysis showed a moderate degree (0.485-0.585). CONCLUSION: There is a limited correlation of canine dimensions with respect to premolars and molars. The correspondence between the actual and predicted canines dimensions is moderate.

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Cervical ribs constitute the most important variants among ribs, particularly because of their proximity to the brachial plexus nerve network and subclavian artery. Thus, cervical ribs may exert excessive pressure upon these structures, producing a variety of symptoms that may be considered as a neuro-vascular complex. Cervical ribs are not uncommon in the catalogue of anatomic abnormalities in modern medicine, but few cases have been reported from historic skeletal material. We conducted a review with the existent articles published in palaeopathological literature, the historical background with the most important milestones regarding the studies on cervical ribs, the embryological processes in their development, and their prevalence and principal clinical features. Finally, we described a case of a cervical rib that was observed in the skeletal remains of a young individual from the late medieval cemetery of Corfinio (12th-13th century CE, Italy).

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OBJECTIVES: The objective was to develop an odontometric technique for sex estimation based on dental measurements from adult individuals, and to evaluate its applicability and reliability for diagnosis of sex of nonadult skeletal remains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on the permanent dentition of 132 individuals (70 males, 62 females) from the identified human skeletal collection of the Certosa Cemetery (Bologna, Italy) of the University of Bologna. Binary logistic regression equations were developed based on dental measurements of the permanent teeth of the adult individuals, and these equations were subsequently applied to the permanent dentition of nonadult individuals to estimate their sex. RESULTS: These data show that the canine teeth of both the maxilla and mandible are the most sexually dimorphic teeth in adults, followed by the mandibular second molar, maxillary and mandibular second and first premolars, and mandibular first molar. These data provided correct assignment of sex in 80.4-94.9% of cases, which depended on the measurements used. Of the 26 nonadult individuals of the experimental sample, sex diagnosis was possible for 22, which represented an applicability rate of 84.6% of the individuals. Comparing the sex of these 22 nonadult individuals estimated by odontometrics with the known biological sex, correct assignment was obtained in 90.9% of cases. CONCLUSION: As a method of sex estimation, odontometric analysis of permanent dentition can be used successfully for nonadult human skeletal remains in both forensic and archeological contexts.

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The aim of this work was to study the sexual dimorphism of the occlusal surface of the maxillary postcanine dentition using geometric morphometric techniques. This study evaluated 139 individuals as part of five osteological collections from municipal cemeteries in the province of Granada (Spain). The landmarks and semilandmarks were analysed by principal components analysis, canonical variate analysis and discriminant analysis. Only the fourth maxillary premolar showed significant sexual dimorphism; however, cross-validation values for shape variables were 64.44% for males and 63.60% for females and 60.17% for males and 60.99% for females when both shape and size variables were considered. The third maxillary premolar and first and second maxillary molars did not show significant sexual dimorphism. The results show that maxillary postcanine dentition cannot assist in sex estimation, either only shape or shape and size.

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Sex estimation of skeletal remains is an essential step in the reconstruction of the biological profile of unknown individuals in medico-legal death investigations and archaeological contexts. However, the skeletons are often incomplete. When the pelvis is absent, the skull is widely considered to be the second-best indicator of sex. However, debate persists, and there is evidence that postcranial bones have more discriminatory power than the cranium. The present study was undertaken to determine the accuracy and reliability of a combination of skull and dental measurements for sex estimation in comparison with the cranial and dental methods separately, and to provide evidence as to whether the combination of these cranial measurements is more effective than postcranial bones alone for estimating sex when the pelvis is not available. The study sample comprised 70 individuals from the San José cemetery in Granada (Spain). Thirty cranial measurements and 44 dental measurements were examined using logistic regression analyses. These data showed that the combination of neurocranial and maxillary canine measurements provide the key dimensions as significant predictors of sex in this sample. For the pooled sexes, the overall correct sex allocation accuracies ranged from 76.0% to 92.3%. The present study shows that when using metric data, there is no evidence that the skull measures are better than those of the postcranial bones to estimate the sex. Only the combination of skull and maxillary canine measures provide similar sex discriminatory power to those of the postcranial skeleton.

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The aim was to compare anthropometric profiles, body composition, and somatotypes of female volleyball players grouped according to player status (National League Divisions) and function. The study assessed 62 volleyball players and 12 beach volleyball players (mean age, 23.58, s = 7.74 years). Anthropometric measures included height, body mass, body circumferences and diameters, adipose skinfold thickness. Data processing using a dietetic software package provided body mass index, fat mass percentage, arm muscular area, thigh muscular area, and somatotype. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 22. Division B volleyball players were taller than those in Division C (169.19, s = 6.68 cm vs. 165.40, s = 6.19 cm; P <0.05), but showed lower arm muscular area (34.77, s = 3.57 cm2 vs. 40.06, s = 7.27 cm2; p <0.05) and mesomorphy (3.40, s = 1.21 vs. 4.84, s = 2.10; P <0.05). For player functions, blockers were the tallest (172.38, s = 4.18 cm; P <0.05) and showed the highest ectomorphy (3.08, s = 1.02; P <0.05), setters showed the highest fat mass percentage (26.38 %, s = 2.99 %: P <0.05), and 'liberos' showed a more compact mesomorphy (5.46, s = 2.13) and low ectomorphy (1.58, s = 0.90). The anthropometric data showed few significant differences between the volleyball Divisions, suggesting that promotion up the Divisions is due to technical ability rather than physical qualities. The anthropometric profiles of the players varied according to their functions within their volleyball team.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los perfiles antropométricos, la composición corporal y los somatotipos de jugadoras de voleibol agrupadas según el estado de jugador (División de la Liga Nacional) y la función. El estudio evaluó 62 jugadoras de voleibol y 12 jugadoras de voleibol de playa (edad media, 23,58, s = 7,74 años). Las medidas antropométricas incluyeron altura, masa corporal, circunferencias y diámetros corporales, y grosor del pliegue cutáneo adiposo. Los datos se analizaron mediante un software proporcionando el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de masa grasa, el área muscular del brazo, el área muscular del muslo y el somatotipo. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS Statistics versión 22. Las jugadoras de voleibol de la División B eran más altas que las de la División C (169,19, s = 6,68 cm vs. 165,40, s = 6,19 cm; P <0,05), pero mostraron una zona muscular del brazo inferior (34,77, s = 3,57 cm2 vs. 40,06, s = 7,27 cm2; p <0,05) y mesomorfia (3,40, s = 1,21 vs. 4,84, s = 2,10; P <0,05). Para las funciones del jugador, las bloqueadoras fueron las más altas (172,38, s = 4,18 cm; p <0,05) y mostraron la ectomorfia más alta (3,08, s = 1,02; p <0,05), las colocadoras mostraron el mayor porcentaje de masa grasa (26,38 %, s = 2,99 %: p <0,05), y los "liberos" mostraron una mesomorfia más compacta (5,46, s = 2,13) y ectomorfia baja (1,58, s = 0,90). Los datos antropométricos mostraron pocas diferencias significativas entre las divisiones de voleibol, lo que sugiere que la promoción de las divisiones se debe a la capacidad técnica más que a las cualidades físicas. Los perfiles antropométricos de las jugadoras variaron según sus funciones dentro de su equipo de voleibol.

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Post mortem abnormal modification of bone are known as pseudopathologies. The geochemical characteristic of the burial soil and/or the presence of biological agents may produce marked changes in bone preservation. This could be the case for a young individual, E74, from Herculaneum, which was a Roman town near Naples completely destroyed by the volcanic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 CE. E74 is an incomplete skeleton of a male individual of 7-8 years of age. Its second and third cervical vertebrae, the eighth thoracic vertebra and the first lumbar vertebra show a septum dividing the vertebral foramen. This condition could be diagnosed as diastematomyelia that consists of the splitting of the spinal cord or cauda equina. In particular Type I malformations consist of two hemicords separated into two dural tubes by a bone septum. The gross anatomy and histological aspects of the vertebrae and their septa were investigated through macroscopic, microscopic, radiographic and chemical analyses. The results demonstrate that the vertebral septum is constituted by three layers of inorganic substances deposited at different times on a thin, probably organic, substrate (original meninges?). The central layer contain framboidal pyrite, that is a sedimentary mineral rarely found in ancient human skeletons. The septum splitting the vertebral canal of individual E74 is consequent to a taphonomic event and is not due to a pathological condition. Distinguishing between ante and post mortem alterations can be a challenging exercise even for the experienced paleopathologists and, as this case indicates, paleopathological diagnoses should be supported by detailed examinations.

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La especie extinta de tiburón Carcharocles megalodon (Clase: Chondrichthyes; Orden: Lamniformes) es considerado uno de los depredadores más grandes y más poderosos que ha poblado los mares templados de todo el mundo entre el Mioceno medio y el Plioceno (15,9-2,6 Ma). La reconstrucción de su historia evolutiva y ecología se basa principalmente en el estudio morfológico y métrico de los dientes, que representan la abrumadora mayoría de los restos fósiles de esta especie con esqueleto cartilaginoso hallados hasta hoy. En el presente artículo presentamos las características morfológicas y métricas de los dientes de Carcharocles megalodon que se conservan en el Museo Universitario de Chieti (Italia). La colección se compone de nueve dientes de la arcada superior, que pertenecerían a diferentes ejemplares de tamaño variable entre los 6,27-14,50 m y los 2.510-35.918 kg. de peso. Los dientes implementan el registro fósil existente de Carcharocles megalodon, de modo que los datos morfométricos recabados contribuirán a mejorar el conocimiento de los estudios filogenéticos y ecológicos de esta especie.

The extinct species of shark Carcharocles megalodon (Class: Chondrichthyes; Order: Lamniformes) is considered one of the largest and most powerful predators that populated the temperate seas around the world between the middle Miocene and the Pliocene periods (15.9-2.6 My). The reconstruction of its evolutionary history and ecology is based mainly on the morphological and metric studies of the teeth, which represent the overwhelming majority of the fossil remains of this cartilaginous skeleton species. In this article we present the morphological and metric characteristics of the teeth of Carcharocles megalodon that are housed in the University Museum of Chieti (Italy). In particular, the collection is composed of nine teeth of the upper arch, which belonged to different specimens of variable size and weight (total length range: 6.27-14.50 m; weight range: 2,510-35,918 kg). The teeth implement the existing fossil record of Carcharocles megalodon, so that the morphometric data collected will contribute to improve knowledge of the phylogenetic and ecological studies of this species.

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La paleopatología es la ciencia que estudia el origen y la evolución de las enfermedades del pasado. El interés por esta disciplina deriva del hecho de que la frecuencia y la distribución de las patologías que han afectado a las especies extintas se correlacionan con su ecología y etología. Esta suposición también es válida en el caso de Carcharocles megalodon, el tiburón más grande jamás existido, situado en lo alto de la cadena alimenticia y que vivió en los mares templados desde el Mioceno medio hasta el Plioceno (15,9-2,6 Ma). En el presente artículo presentamos las alteraciones patológicas de los dientes de Carcharocles megalodon que se conservan en el Museo Universitario de Chieti (Italia). La colección se compone de nueve dientes de la arcada superior, todos ellos con presencia de alteraciones patológicas correspondientes a defectos del desarrollo y traumas de la corona. Un diente en particular (espécimen #165), presenta una aposición anómala del esmalte sobre la superficie labial, que corresponde a una condición no descrita en la literatura. La colección del Museo Universitario de Chieti enriquece el registro paleopatológico relativamente pobre existente, contribuyendo a completar el conocimiento sobre la paleobiología de Carcharocles megalodon.

Paleopathology is the science that studies the origin and evolution of diseases. The interest in this discipline derives from the fact that the frequency and distribution of the pathologies that have affected the extinct species, correlate with their ecology and ethology. This assumption is also valid in the case of Carcharocles megalodon, the largest shark that ever existed, located at the top of the food chain and that lived in temperate seas from the middle Miocene to the Pliocene periods (15.9-2.6 My). In the present article we present the pathological alterations of the teeth of Carcharocles megalodon housed in the University Museum of Chieti (Italy). The collection consists of nine teeth of the upper arch, all of them with pathological alterations corresponding to developmental defects and crown trauma. A particular tooth (specimen #165) presents an anomalous apposition of the enamel on the labial surface, a condition not yet described in the literature. The collection of the University Museum of Chieti enriches the existing relatively poor paleopathological record, and could improve the knowledge of the paleobiology of Carcharocles megalodon.

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Estimating the sex of immature skeletal remains is important when reconstructing the biological profile of unknown individuals in anthropological practice. Teeth have a distinct importance as they are the most frequently recovered physical elements of an individual. They persist after death due to their hardness and resistance to postmortem insults. The aim of this study was to analyse the sexual dimorphism of the occlusal surface of the first deciduous molar using geometric morphometric techniques. This study evaluated 38 first maxillary deciduous molars (21 males, 17 females) and 30 first mandibular deciduous molars (15 males, 15 females) from the Granada osteological collection of identified subadults (Granada, Spain). The landmark and semilandmark coordinates were analysed by principal components analysis, canonical variate analysis and discriminant analysis. Only the first maxillary deciduous molar showed a significant sexual dimorphism, with cross-validation values for shape variables of 93.23% for males and 83.17% for females, and 100% for males and 87.50% for females when both shape and size variables were considered. Despite there being acceptable cross-validation classification for the first mandibular deciduous molar (82.35% for males and 92.31% for females for shape variables and 82.35% for males and 92.31% for females for shape and size variables), no significant differences indicating sexual dimorphism were identified. The results show that the first upper deciduous molar can assist in sex estimation, and that geometric morphometric analysis is a suitable technique to answer questions related to shape that cannot be observed with the naked eye.

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BACKGROUND: This study is based in an analysis of the skeletal remains of an adult male from the Teramo Sant'Anna archaeological site (7th-12th centuries of the Common Era, Teramo, Italy). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The individual shows distinct abnormalities that principally involve asymmetric hypoplasia and dysmorphogenesis of the facial skeleton. The combination of these findings and the absence of abnormalities of the spine strongly suggest diagnosis of the congenital malformation known as hemifacial microsomia. This very heterogeneous syndrome affects primarily aural, ocular, oral and mandibular development. Despite the lack of clinical information and the absence of soft tissue, it was possible to perform a differential diagnosis for this palaeopathological case. Mastication was probably altered considering that the mandible is extremely asymmetric and lacks true condyles. The temporomandibular joints are present, but the right one is hypoplastic and abnormal in shape. There is evidence of bilateral dislocation, and the facial muscles are hypertrophic. CONCLUSIONS: This case represents an important contribution to the palaeopathological literature because this is an uncommon condition that has not been widely documented in ancient skeletal remains.

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This study provides regression equations for estimation of age of infants from the dimensions of their developing deciduous teeth. The sample comprises 97 individuals of known sex and age (62 boys, 35 girls), aged between 2 days and 1,081 days. The age-estimation equations were obtained for the sexes combined, as well as for each sex separately, thus including "sex" as an independent variable. The values of the correlations and determination coefficients obtained for each regression equation indicate good fits for most of the equations obtained. The "sex" factor was statistically significant when included as an independent variable in seven of the regression equations. However, the "sex" factor provided an advantage for age estimation in only three of the equations, compared to those that did not include "sex" as a factor. These data suggest that the ages of infants can be accurately estimated from measurements of their developing deciduous teeth.

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This study details a severe case of Scheuermann's disease (SD) in a well-preserved skeleton of a juvenile male (designated TOR302), dated to 3rd-4th century CE, from the late Roman necropolis of Torrenueva (Granada, Spain). Individual TOR302 shows an evident kyphotic curve in the thoraco-lumbar spine, which is characterised by: (i) vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebra T2, thoracic segment T4-T9, and thoraco-lumbar segment T12-L2 wedged at >5°; (ii) slight anterior extensions of the epiphyseal ring; (iii) Schmorl's nodes on the superior and/or inferior plates; and (iv) a Cobb angle of 75°, derived from thoracic segments T4-T9. In addition, TOR302 shows other skeletal malformations as the secondary results of abnormal growth, due to altered biomechanical forces imposed by the spinal deformity, including: (i) lateral distortion of the spine that causes a slight secondary scoliotic curve; (ii) pelvic obliquity; and (iii) discrepancy in the length of the limbs. We argue that the secondary skeletal abnormalities allowed the individual to adapt to his spinal deformity meaning he was able to walk without the aid of a stick. Despite SD being a common modern clinical finding, few cases have been reported in ancient skeletal remains. This case therefore represents an important contribution to the palaeopathological literature.

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