RESUMEN
High abdominal wall surgery may require general anesthesia but, in patients with high risk of difficult airway and respiratory complications, local or regional anesthesia is the choice whenever possible. Spinal anesthesia usually used (both isobaric and hyperbaric) could compromise the respiratory function due to blockade of the T6 metamere or higher. Hypobaric spinal anesthesia (HSA) at low doses (3.6 cc of 0.1% hypobaric bupivacaine plus 0.2 cc of 0.005% fentanyl) achieves sufficient analgesia with minimal motor blockade. We present the case of a patient with a large supraumbilical hernia with high risk of difficult airway and respiratory complications, who went through HSA. The patient did not report pain or dyspnea during the surgical procedure thus, HSA at low doses is an option to be taken into account in high abdominal wall surgery despite not having been described for this use.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia Raquidea/métodos , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Bupivacaína/administración & dosificación , Hernia Ventral/cirugía , Manejo de la Vía Aérea/métodos , Fentanilo/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the study is to perform an analysis on the incidence, predictive variables, and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients in the Resuscitation and Special Care Unit (RSCU) of a regional hospital. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted that included all patients admitted from 1 January 2012 to 1 January 2015 (1,115 patients). The follow-up was until 15 July 2015. A descriptive statistical analysis of clinical-epidemiological and analytical variables was carried out. An analysis was then performed AKI in RSCU and mortality, as well as the agreement between the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of Kidney Function, and End-stage Kidney Disease)/AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network)/KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) criteria (kappa index). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to select the variables associated with the presentation of AKI in RSCU and a univariate (Kaplan-Meier) and multivariate survival analysis (Cox regression). The statistical analysis was carried out using the statistical package SPSS 21. RESULTS: During admission to RSCU, 486 patients presented with AKI (43.6%), of which 21% were in stage I, 13.8% in stage II, and in stage III 8.7%. A high level of agreement was observed between the RIFLE/AKIN/KDIGO criteria. The variables that were related to the presence of AKI, are male (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.02-2.30), to high Charlson comorbidity index (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09-1.26), carriers of chronic kidney disease (OR: 5.99; 95% CI: 4.58-8.18), admission due to surgery (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.24-2.30), and shock (OR: 4.70; 95% CI: 3.34-6.61). The probability of survival during admission in RSCU decreases in patients with AKI (HR: 5.44; 95% CI: 1.70-17.39), and as the individual severity index of Liaño increases (HR: 10.29; 95% CI: 3.34-31.76). The probability of survival at the end of follow-up after hospital discharge decreases in patients with AKI (HR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.14-2.61), as the individual severity index of Liaño increases (HR: 9,6; 95% CI: 5.07-18.20), the Charlson comorbidity index>6 (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03-1.15), low serum albumin<2.5mg/dL (HR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.13-2.53), age by year>70 years (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04), males (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.06-1.79) and carriers of previous chronic kidney disease (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-2.38). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the presentation of an episode of AKI was an independent factor associated both with mortality during admission to RSCU, and later after hospital discharge. It is necessary to know the risk factors of this complication in order to adopt preventive measures.