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Red pitaya fruit has become a source of natural colorant, because it is rich in betalains, a pigment that imparts a red-purple color that interests the food and cosmetics industries. This fruit also possesses high nutritional value, with a range of bioactive compounds known to confer potential health benefits and prevent chronic diseases, such as diabetes, which makes it useful for use as pharmaceutical agents and dietary supplements. In order to improve its technological and biological effects, a concentration will be required. Thus, the microfiltration, followed by vacuum concentration, can be an interesting strategy for this purpose. This study aimed to explore tangential microfiltration to produce microfiltered material, which is an important step to obtain the microfiltered red-purple pitaya concentrate. Therefore, physicochemical and chemical characterization (including 1H NMR analysis) and biological properties (toxicity and diabetes) of this concentrate were assessed, using adult zebrafish as a model. The results show that microfiltration was carried out efficiently, with an average consumption of 95.75 ± 3.13 and 74.12 ± 3.58 kW h m-3, varying according to the material used ("unpeeled pitaya pulp" or "pitaya pulp with peel," respectively). The in vivo tests indicated non-toxicity and hypoglycemic effect of the concentrate, since the blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the zebrafish groups treated with this concentrate in comparison with that of control group. Thus, this study suggests the potential of microfiltered red-purple pitaya concentrate as a promising multifunctional food-derived colorant, exhibiting beneficial biological effects far beyond its attractive color. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose has attracted attention as a potential source of natural colorants because of its red-purple skin and flesh color. In addition, this fruit has a range of bioactive compounds, which make it a valuable resource for providing potential health benefits and preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes. In this paper, the microfiltered red-purple pitaya concentrate showed beneficial biological effects far beyond its attractive color. Thus, this product can be considered a promising multifunctional food-derived colorant to use in the food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetics industries.

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Herein, we demonstrate mechanically stable large-area thin films with a purely real refractive index (n) close to 1 in the optical range. At specific wavelengths, it can reach values as small as n = 1.02, the lowest reported for thin solid slabs. These are made of a random network of interwoven spherical silica shells, created by chemical vapour deposition of a thin layer of silica on the surface of randomly packed monodisperse polymer nanoparticles that form a film. Thermal processing of the composites results in highly porous silica-based transparent thin films. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by making novel photonic materials such as strong optical diffusers, built by integrating scattering centers within the ultralow n transparent films, or highly efficient light-emitting slabs, in which losses by total internal reflection are practically absent as a result of the almost null optical impedance at the film-air interface.

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We investigated the occurrence and the environmental risk of eight contaminants of emerging concern (CECs; acetaminophen, naproxen, diclofenac, methylparaben, 17ß-estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfamethazine) in three Brazilian water bodies, namely, the Monjolinho River Basin (São Paulo State), the Mogi Guaçu River (São Paulo State), and the Itapecuru River (Maranhão State) in three sampling campaigns. The CECs were only quantified in surface water samples collected at the Monjolinho River Basin. Acetaminophen, naproxen, and methylparaben were detected in the range of <200 to 575.9 ng L-1, <200 to 224.7 ng L-1, and <200 to 303.6 ng L-1, respectively. The detection frequencies of the three measured compounds were between 33% and 67%. The highest concentrations of CECs were associated with intense urbanization and untreated sewage discharge. Furthermore, CEC concentrations were significantly correlated with total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen levels, suggesting that domestic pollution from urban areas is an important source in the distribution of CECs in the Monjolinho River Basin. The environmental risk assessment indicated a high risk for acetaminophen (risk quotient [RQ] values between 2.1 and 5.8), a medium risk for naproxen (RQs between 0.6 and 0.7), and a low risk for methylparaben (RQs < 0.1) to the freshwater biota of the Monjolinho River Basin. Our findings show potential threats of CECs in Brazilian water bodies, especially in vulnerable areas, and reinforce the need for improvements in environmental regulations to include monitoring and control of these compounds in aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-12. © 2024 SETAC.

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Diuron and Irgarol are common antifouling biocides used in paints to prevent the attachment and growth of fouling organisms on ship hulls and other submerged structures. Concerns about their toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms have led to various restrictions on their use in antifouling paints worldwide. Previous studies have shown the widespread presence of these substances in port areas along the Brazilian coast, with a concentration primarily in the southern part of the country. In this study, we conducted six sampling campaigns over the course of 1 year to assess the presence and associated risks of Diuron and Irgarol in water collected from areas under the influence of the Maranhão Port Complex in the Brazilian Northeast. Our results revealed the absence of Irgarol in the study area, irrespective of the sampling season and site. In contrast, the mean concentrations of Diuron varied between 2.0 ng L-1 and 34.1 ng L-1 and were detected at least once at each sampling site. We conducted a risk assessment of Diuron levels in this area using the risk quotient (RQ) method. Our findings indicated that Diuron levels at all sampling sites during at least one campaign yielded an RQ greater than 1, with a maximum of 22.7, classifying the risk as "high" based on the proposed risk classification. This study underscores the continued concern regarding the presence of antifouling biocides in significant ports and marinas in Brazilian ports, despite international bans.

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Aluminum (Al) toxicity limits crop production worldwide. Although studies have identified genes associated with Al tolerance in crops, a large amount of data remains unexplored using other strategies. Here, we searched for single substitutions and InDels across differentially expressed genes (DEGs), linked DEGs to Al-tolerance QTLs reported in the literature for common maize, and investigated the alternative splicing regulated by Al3+ toxicity. We found 929 substitutions between DEGs in Al-tolerant and 464 in Al-sensitive inbred lines, of which 165 and 80 were non-synonymous, respectively. Only 12 NS variants had deleterious predicted effect on protein function in Al-tolerant and 13 in Al-sensitive. Moreover, 378 DEGs were mapped in Al-QTL regions for the Al-tolerant and 213 for the Al-sensitive. Furthermore, Al stress is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level in popcorn. Important genes identified, such as HDT1, SWEET4a, GSTs, SAD9, PIP2-2, CASP-like 5, and AGP, may benefit molecular assisted popcorn breeding or be useful in biotechnological approaches. These findings offer insights into the mechanisms of Al tolerance in popcorn and provide a 'hypothesis-free' strategy for identifying and prioritizing candidate genes that could be used to develop molecular markers or cultivars resilient to acidic soils.

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The objective of this simulation-based study was to assess how genes, environments, and genotype x environment (GxE) interaction affect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping efficiency. The simulation software performed 50 samplings of 300 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a F2, which were assessed in six environments. The RILs were genotyped for 977 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and phenotyped for grain yield. The average SNP density was 2 cM. We defined six QTLs and 190 minor genes. The trait heritability ranged from 30 to 80%. We fitted the single QTL model and the multiple QTL model on multiple phenotypes. The environment and complex GxE interaction effects led to a low correlation between the QTL heritability and power. The single- and across-environment analyses allowed all QTLs be declared, with an average power of 28 to 100%. In the across-environment analysis, five QTLs showed average power in the range 46 to 82%. Both models provided a good control of the false positive rate (6%, on average) and a precise localization of the QTLs (bias of 2 cM, on average). The QTL power in each environment has a high positive correlation with the range between QTL genotypes for the sum of the additive, environment, and GxE interaction effects (0.76 to 0.96). The uncertainty about the magnitude and sign of the environment and GxE interaction effects makes QTL mapping in multi-environment trials unpredictable. Unfortunately, this uncertainty has no solution because the geneticist has no control over the magnitude and sign of the environment and GxE interaction effects. However, the single- and across-environment analyses are efficient even under a low correlation between QTL heritability and power.

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Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), as multifunctional light sources, are finding utility in diverse applications ranging from biotechnology to light harvesting. However, the main challenge in realizing their full potential lies in achieving bright and efficient photon upconversion (UC). In this study, we present a novel approach to fabricate an array of gold nanoantennas arranged in a hexagonal lattice using a simple and inexpensive colloidal lithography technique, and demonstrate a significant enhancement of UC photoluminescence (UCPL) by up to 35-fold through plasmon-enhanced photoexcitation and emission. To elucidate the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for the observed UCPL enhancement, we provide a comprehensive theoretical and experimental characterization, including a detailed photophysical description and numerical simulations of the spatial electric field distribution. Our results shed light on the fundamental principles governing the enhanced UCNPs and pave the way for their potential applications in photonic devices.

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The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique pre-concentrates labile species of trace elements, giving time-integrated in situ information about their labile concentrations. All previous DGT approaches for simultaneous uptake of cations and anions have used the hazardous polyacrylamide reagent to immobilize the binding phase. The present work proposes a diffusive layer of agarose and a mixed binding layer of ZrO2 and Chelex 100 immobilized in an agarose hydrogel to simultaneously determine the labile concentration of cations (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd) and anions (V, As, Se, Mo and Sb) in aquatic systems. The use of both layers using agarose instead of carcinogenic polyacrylamide as the hydrogel significantly reduces the costs and simplifies the manufacturing process. The proposed device was evaluated through recovery tests, deployment curves and pH/ionic strength tests. The mixed binding layer was compared with commercially available DGT devices for in situ deployment in river water. The relationships between accumulated mass and time (24 h) was linear (r2 > 0.9) for all analytes. The diffusion coefficients obtained were consistent with the literature, ranging from 3.98 to 8.43 × 10-6 cm2 s-1. Except for Zn at pH 8.0, the obtained values of CDGT/Cbulk were within the range of 1.00 ± 0.2 for the studied range of pH and for most ionic strengths. However, at low ionic strength, the concentrations of Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, V and Mo were underestimated. The concentrations of trace elements determined in river water using the proposed devices agreed with the labile concentrations determined by using commercial devices.

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For popcorn, obtaining and identifying haploids are still challenging steps. We aimed to induce and screen haploids in popcorn using the Navajo phenotype, seedling vigor, and ploidy level. We used the Krasnodar Haploid Inducer (KHI) in crosses with 20 popcorn source germplasms and five maize controls. The field trial design was completely randomized, with three replications. We assessed the efficacy of induction and identification of haploids based on the haploidy induction rate (HIR) and false positive and negative rates (FPR and FNR). Additionally, we also measured the penetrance of the Navajo marker gene (R1-nj). All putative haploids classified by the R1-nj were germinated together with a diploid sample and evaluated for false positives and negatives based on vigor. Seedlings from 14 females were submitted to flow cytometry to determine the ploidy level. The HIR and penetrance were analyzed by fitting a generalized linear model with a logit link function. The HIR of the KHI, adjusted by cytometry, ranged from 0.0 to 1.2%, with a mean of 0.34%. The average FPR from screening based on the Navajo phenotype was 26.2% and 76.4% for vigor and ploidy, respectively. The FNR was zero. The penetrance of R1-nj ranged from 30.8 to 98.6%. The average number of seeds per ear in temperate germplasm (76) was lower than that obtained in tropical germplasm (98). There is an induction of haploids in germplasm of tropical and temperate origin. We recommend the selection of haploids associated with the Navajo phenotype with a direct method of confirming the ploidy level, such as flow cytometry. We also show that haploid screening based on Navajo phenotype and seedling vigor reduces misclassification. The origin and genetic background of the source germplasm influence the R1-nj penetrance. Because the known inducers are maize, developing doubled haploid technology for popcorn hybrid breeding requires overcoming unilateral cross-incompatibility.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Quantile Regression (QR) in Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) regarding the ability to detect QTLs (Quantitative Trait Locus) associated with phenotypic traits of interest, considering different population sizes. For this, simulated data was used, with traits of different levels of heritability (0.30 and 0.50), and controlled by 3 and 100 QTLs. Populations of 1,000 to 200 individuals were defined, with a random reduction of 100 individuals for each population. The power of detection of QTLs and the false positive rate were obtained by means of QR considering three different quantiles (0.10, 0.50 and 0.90) and also by means of the General Linear Model (GLM). In general, it was observed that the QR models showed greater power of detection of QTLs in all scenarios evaluated and a relatively low false positive rate in scenarios with a greater number of individuals. The models with the highest detection power of true QTLs at the extreme quantils (0.10 and 0.90) were the ones with the highest detection power of true QTLs. In contrast, the analysis based on the GLM detected few (scenarios with larger population size) or no QTLs in the evaluated scenarios. In the scenarios with low heritability, QR obtained a high detection power. Thus, it was verified that the use of QR in GWAS is effective, allowing the detection of QTLs associated with traits of interest even in scenarios with few genotyped and phenotyped individuals.

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Uptake and transformation of arsenic (As) by living organisms can alter its distribution and biogeochemical cycles in the environment. Although well known for its toxicity, several aspects of As accumulation and biological transformation by field species are still little explored. In this study, the bioaccumulation and speciation of As in phytoplankton and zooplankton from five soda lakes in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland were studied. Such lakes exhibited contrasting biogeochemical characteristics along an environmental gradient. Additionally, the influence of contrasting climatic events was assessed by collecting samples during an exceptional drought in 2017 and a flood in 2018. Total As (AsTot) content and speciation were determined using spectrometric techniques, while a suspect screening of organoarsenicals in plankton samples was carried out by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results showed that AsTot content ranged from 16.9 to 62.0 mg kg-1 during the dry period and from 2.4 to 12.3 mg kg-1 during the wet period. The bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors (BCF and BAF) in phytoplankton and zooplankton were found to be highly dependent on the lake typology, which is influenced by an ongoing evapoconcentration process in the region. Eutrophic and As-enriched lakes exhibited the lowest BCF and BAF values, possibly due to the formation of non-labile As complexes with organic matter or limited uptake of As by plankton caused by high salinity stress. The season played a decisive role in the results, as significantly higher BCF and BAF values were observed during the flooding event when the concentration of dissolved As in water was low. The diversity of As species was found to be dependent on the lake typology and on the resident biological community, cyanobacteria being responsible for a significant portion of As metabolism. Arsenosugars and their degradation products were detected in both phytoplankton and zooplankton, providing evidence for previously reported detoxification pathways. Although no biomagnification pattern was observed, the diet seemed to be an important exposure pathway for zooplankton.

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The current theoretical knowledge concerning the influence of epistasis on heterosis is based on a simplified multiplicative model. The objective of this study was to assess how epistasis affects the heterosis and combining ability analyses, assuming additive model, hundreds of genes, linkage disequilibrium (LD), dominance, and seven types of digenic epistasis. We developed the quantitative genetics theory for supporting the simulation of the individual genotypic values in nine populations, the selfed populations, the 36 interpopulation crosses, 180 doubled haploids (DHs), and their 16,110 crosses, assuming 400 genes on 10 chromosomes of 200 cM. Epistasis only affects population heterosis if there is LD. Only additive × additive and dominance × dominance epistasis can affect the components of the heterosis and combining ability analyses of populations. Epistasis can have a negative impact on the heterosis and combining ability analysis of populations, leading to wrong inferences regarding the identification of superior and most divergent populations. However, this depends on the type of epistasis, percentage of epistatic genes, and magnitude of their effects. Except for duplicate genes with cumulative effects and non-epistatic genic interaction, there was a decrease in the average heterosis by increasing the percentage of epistatic genes and the magnitude of their effects. The same results are generally true for the combining ability analysis of DHs. The combining ability analyses of subsets of 20 DHs showed no significant average impact of epistasis on the identification of the most divergent ones, regardless of the number of epistatic genes and magnitude of their effects. However, a negative effect on the assessment of the superior DHs can occur assuming 100% of epistatic genes, but depending on the epistasis type and the epistatic effect magnitude.

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Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), also known as spotted wing drosophila (SWD), is an important pest that damages various wild and cultivated soft fruits worldwide, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. In Brazil, it occurs mainly in the subtropical climates of the southern and southeastern regions. However, SWD has also been sporadically found in the central region of the country in the natural vegetation of the tropical Brazilian Savanna. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of SWD at the northern limit of its range in South America - the central region of Brazil - by monitoring an established drosophilid community in an orchard located in the Brazilian Federal District. We also investigated the current geographical distribution of this pest in Brazil and its potential geographical distribution using species distribution models under two different future shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios (2040 and 2060, optimist and pessimist). Twenty drosophilid species were detected among the 6,396 captured specimens, most of which are exotic in the Neotropical region. The fly community greatly fluctuated throughout the year, and the highest abundance of SWD (3.5% relative abundance and 1.38 flies/trap/day) was recorded in April during the rainy season. Potential distribution models indicate that suitable areas for SWD spread will decrease in the south and southeast but increase in the central region of Brazil. We recommend continuous SWD monitoring and improving bioclimatic forecast models for mitigating damage to local fruit production.

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Most theoretical studies on epistatic QTL mapping have shown that this procedure is powerful, efficient to control the false positive rate (FPR), and precise to localize QTLs. The objective of this simulation-based study was to show that mapping epistatic QTLs is not an almost-perfect process. We simulated 50 samples of 400 F2 plants/recombinant inbred lines, genotyped for 975 SNPs distributed in 10 chromosomes of 100 cM. The plants were phenotyped for grain yield, assuming 10 epistatic QTLs and 90 minor genes. Adopting basic procedures of r/qtl package, we maximized the power of detection for QTLs (56-74%, on average) but associated with a very high FPR (65%) and a low detection power for the epistatic pairs (7%). Increasing the average detection power for epistatic pairs (14%) highly increased the related FPR. Adopting a procedure to find the best balance between power and FPR, there was a significant decrease in the power of QTL detection (17-31%, on average), associated with a low average detection power for epistatic pairs (8%) and an average FPR of 31% for QTLs and 16% for epistatic pairs. The main reasons for these negative results are a simplified specification of the coefficients of epistatic effects, as theoretically proved, and the effects of minor genes since 2/3 of the FPR for QTLs were due to them. We hope that this study, including the partial derivation of the coefficients of epistatic effects, motivates investigations on how to increase the power of detection for epistatic pairs, effectively controlling the FPR.

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The occurrence of high arsenic concentrations (up to 3000 µg L-1) in water of soda lakes of the Pantanal wetland is a remarkable case of natural arsenic contamination in South America. However, little is known about arsenic speciation in this environment, particularly regarding speciation changes related to lake trophic status and seasonal variations. To fill this gap, arsenic speciation analysis was carried out in surface (SW) and subsurface (SSW) waters sampled in five soda lakes with different eutrophication status, in two dry and one wet season. As(V) was the dominant species in these waters, while As(III), DMA, MMA and likely complex organic species were present in lower amounts. The results allow to conclude that the arsenic speciation in SW and SSW varies seasonally according to the regional wet or dry periods and lake water levels. In eutrophic turbid and in oligotrophic vegetated soda lakes, arsenic speciation was also characterized by spatial differences between edge and center or between the SW and SSW. Cyanobacteria or macrophytes/algae are involved in arsenic biotransformation in soda lakes through its metabolic and detoxification processes. Significant variation in surface water arsenic speciation occurs as a result of seasonal primary production fluctuation or water arsenic concentration changes in the soda lakes, increasing organoarsenics in dry periods, whereas in flood periods, As(V) prevails. Spatial distribution of arsenic species is significantly impacted by biogeochemical conditions at the water/sediment interface in soda lakes.

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MAIN CONCLUSION: Inbred line 11-133 of popcorn showed the lowest apoplast Al and total Al concentrations and Al-lumogallion complex, associated with a more efficient antioxidant system, mainly due to glutathione metabolism. Popcorn (Zea mays L. var. everta) is largely intended for human consumption. About 40% of the world's arable soils are acidic. In soils acidic, aluminum (Al) ionizes producing the trivalent cation, which is highly toxic to plants. Hence, this work aimed to: (1) evaluate the Al toxicity sites and its effect on the structure of the root tips, (2) quantify Al concentrations in the apoplast and symplast of the roots, and (3) to elucidate the modulation on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and metabolites of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in two popcorn inbred lines (ILs) 11-133 and 11-60, classified as tolerant and sensitive to this metal, respectively. Aluminum toxicity did not affect the shoot growth; however, there was a yellowing of the oldest leaf blade only in 11-60. The better performance of 11-133 is related to lower apoplastic and total Al concentrations and Al accumulation in the root associated with a lower fluorescence of Al-lumogallion complex at the root tip, indicating the presence of mechanisms of chelation with this metal. Consequently, this IL showed less change in root morphoanatomy and lower reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content, which are associated with a more efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic system, mainly due to the higher content of the glutathione metabolite and the higher activities of superoxide dismutase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. Thus, these findings illustrated above indicate how internal mechanisms of detoxification respond to Al in popcorn, which can be used as tolerance biomarkers.

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Transparent coatings made of rare-earth doped nanocrystals, also known as nanophosphors, feature efficient photoluminescence and excellent thermal and optical stability. Herein, we demonstrate that the optical antennas prepared by colloidal lithography render thin nanophosphor films with a brighter emission. In particular, we fabricate gold nanostructures in the proximity of GdVO4:Eu3+ nanophosphors by metal evaporation using a mask made of a monolayer of polymer beads arranged in a triangular lattice. Optical modes supported by the antennas can be controlled by tuning the diameter of the polymer spheres in the colloidal mask, which determines the shape of the gold nanostructure, as confirmed by numerical simulations. Confocal microscopy reveals that metallic antennas induce brighter photoluminescence at specific spatial regions of the nanophosphor film at targeted frequencies as a result of the coupling between gold nanostructures and nanophosphors. Patterning of nanophosphor thin layers with arrays of metallic antennas offers an inexpensive nanophotonic solution to develop bright emitting coatings of interest for color conversion, labeling, or anti-counterfeiting.

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Methylmercury (MeHg) is highly toxic to the human brain. Although much is known about MeHg neurotoxic effects, less is known about how chronic MeHg affects hippocampal amino acids and other neurochemical markers in adult mice. In this study, we evaluated the MeHg effects on systemic lipids and inflammation, hippocampal oxidative stress, amino acid levels, neuroinflammation, and behavior in adult male mice. Challenged mice received MeHg in drinking water (2 mg/L) for 30 days. We assessed weight gain, total plasma cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), endotoxin, and TNF levels. Hippocampal myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), amino acid levels, and cytokine transcripts were evaluated. Mice underwent open field, object recognition, Y, and Barnes maze tests. MeHg-intoxicated mice had higher weight gain and increased the TG and TC plasma levels. Elevated circulating TNF and LPS confirmed systemic inflammation. Higher levels of MPO and MDA and a reduction in IL-4 transcripts were found in the hippocampus. MeHg-intoxication led to increased GABA and glycine, reduced hippocampal taurine levels, delayed acquisition in the Barnes maze, and poor locomotor activity. No significant changes were found in AChE activity and object recognition. Altogether, our findings highlight chronic MeHg-induced effects that may have long-term mental health consequences in prolonged exposed human populations.

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BACKGROUND: The influence of linkage disequilibrium (LD), epistasis, and inbreeding on genotypic variance continues to be an important area of investigation in genetics and evolution. Although the current knowledge about biological pathways and gene networks indicates that epistasis is important in determining quantitative traits, the empirical evidence for a range of species and traits is that the genotypic variance is most additive. This has been confirmed by some recent theoretical studies. However, because these investigations assumed linkage equilibrium, considered only additive effects, or used simplified assumptions for two- and higher-order epistatic effects, the objective of this investigation was to provide additional information about the impact of LD and epistasis on genetic variances in noninbred and inbred populations, using a simulated dataset. RESULTS: In general, the most important component of the genotypic variance was additive variance. Because of positive LD values, after 10 generations of random crosses there was generally a decrease in all genetic variances and covariances, especially the nonepistatic variances. Thus, the epistatic variance/genotypic variance ratio is inversely proportional to the LD level. Increasing inbreeding increased the magnitude of the additive, additive x additive, additive x dominance, and dominance x additive variances, and decreased the dominance and dominance x dominance variances. Except for duplicate epistasis with 100% interacting genes, the epistatic variance/genotypic variance ratio was proportional to the inbreeding level. In general, the additive x additive variance was the most important component of the epistatic variance. Concerning the genetic covariances, in general, they showed lower magnitudes relative to the genetic variances and positive and negative signs. The epistatic variance/genotypic variance ratio was maximized under duplicate and dominant epistasis and minimized assuming recessive and complementary epistasis. Increasing the percentage of epistatic genes from 30 to 100% increased the epistatic variance/genotypic variance ratio by a rate of 1.3 to 12.6, especially in inbred populations. The epistatic variance/genotypic variance ratio was maximized in the noninbred and inbred populations with intermediate LD and an average allelic frequency of the dominant genes of 0.3 and in the noninbred and inbred populations with low LD and an average allelic frequency of 0.5. CONCLUSIONS: Additive variance is in general the most important component of genotypic variance. LD and inbreeding have a significant effect on the magnitude of the genetic variances and covariances. In general, the additive x additive variance is the most important component of epistatic variance. The maximization of the epistatic variance/genotypic variance ratio depends on the LD level, degree of inbreeding, epistasis type, percentage of interacting genes, and average allelic frequency.

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Objetivos: descrever o perfil epidemiológico de gestantes e puérperas com Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 no Amazonas. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal que extraiu dados de gestantes e puérperas residentes no estado do Amazonas que foram notificadas no Sistema de Informação da Vi-gilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe) e tiveram diagnóstico confirmado de SRAG por COVID-19 de 16 de fevereiro de 2020 a 31 de dezembro de 2021. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e características clínicas como internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, uso de suporte ventilatório, uso de terapia antiviral e desfechos. Os dados foram analisados e apresentados em frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados e Discussão: duran-te o período pesquisado, o Amazonas registrou 828 casos de SRAG por COVID-19 em gestantes e puérperas. Des-tes, 58 casos permaneciam em andamento, sem desfecho. A maioria das mulheres tinha idade entre 20 e 34 anos, cor parda, ensino médio, residiam em zona urbana e estavam no terceiro trimestre da gestação no momento do diagnóstico. Em relação às manifestações clínicas, houve predominância de tosse, desconforto respiratório, febre e dispneia. As comorbidades mais frequentes foram asma, doença cardiovascular crônica, diabetes mellitus e obe-sidade. Em relação aos dados clínicos, 19,7% das gestantes e puérperas foram internadas em UTI. Destas, 70,6% utilizaram ventilação mecânica invasiva, 80,2% fizeram uso de terapia antiviral e 79 (10,3%) evoluíram para óbito. Conclusão: o estudo permitiu a caracterização do perfil epidemiológico de gestantes e puérperas com SRAG por COVID-19 no Amazonas e demonstrou taxa elevada de óbito no período estudado, sobretudo na capital. Esse perfil pode ter relação com os determinantes sociais da saúde e as dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde podem ter papel fundamental na assistência. Com isso, o atendimento às gestantes e puérperas com SRAG por COVID-19 deve ser prioridade nos serviços de saúde, principalmente nos casos em que as pacientes possuem comorbidades (AU)

Objectives: To describe the epidemiological profile of pregnant and postpartum women with severe acute res-piratory syndrome (SARS) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) in Amazonas. Methods: This quantitative, cross-sectional study extracted data from pregnant and postpartum women residing in the state of Amazonas who were notified in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Gripe) and had a confirmed diagnosis of SARS during corona virus disease (COVID-19) from February 16, 2020, to December 31, 2021. Sociodemographic data and clinical characteristics, such as admission to the intensive care unit, use of ventilatory support, use of antiviral therapy, and outcomes were collected. Data were analyzed and presented with relative frequencies. Results and Discussion: During the study period, Amazonas recorded 828 cases of SARS caused by SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant and postpartum women. Of these, 58 patients remained in progress with no outcomes. Most women were aged between 20 and 34 years, educated to high school level, lived in urban areas, and were in the third trimester of pregnancy at the time of diagnosis. Predominant clinical manifes-tation was cough, respiratory distress, fever, and dyspnea. The most frequent comorbidities were asthma, chronic cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. 19.7% of pregnant and postpartum women were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Of these, 70.6% needed invasive mechanical ventilation, 80.2% antiviral therapy, and 79 patients (10.3%) died. Conclusion: This study characterized the epidemiological profile of pregnant and postpartum women with SARS caused by SARS-CoV-2 in Amazonas and showed a high death rate during the study period, especially in the capital (AU)

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