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Starches and proteins are two major types of biopolymer components in many foods. The interactions of protein with starches greatly influence the matrix structure and properties of starch-based food systems. In this study, the physical-chemical properties and the effect of the commercial whey protein concentrate in the texture and rheological properties of jackfruit starch gels were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, using a 4 × 4 complete factorial scheme, with four levels of starch (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and four levels of protein (0, 2, 4 and 6%). In higher concentrations of starch the addition of proteins delayed the beginning of gelatinization, led to an increase in G' and G″ and decrease in the tan (δ) values, characterizing the gel as strong, e.g., the gel network became more structured. However, in the treatment with 6% starch the addition of protein led to a decrease in gel strength. For gels with 9% starch the increase in protein concentration, led a slight increase in the hardness and cohesiveness, characterizing a more rigid and cohesive gel. Overall, gels with 3 and 6% of starch showed characteristic behavior of a weak gel and with 9 and 12% of strong gel. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05793-1.

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BACKGROUND: The incidence of esophageal cancer is high in some regions and the surgical treatment requires reference centers, with high volume, to make surgery feasible. AIMS: To evaluate patients undergoing minimally invasive esophagectomy by thoracoscopy in prone position for the treatment of esophageal cancer and to recognize the experience acquired over time in our service after the introduction of this technique. METHODS: From January 2012 to August 2021, all patients who underwent the minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer were retrospectively analyzed. In order to assess the factors associated with the predefined outcomes as fistula, pneumonia, and intrahospital death, we performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, accounting for age as an important factor. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were studied, with mean age of 59.5 years. The main histological type was squamous cell carcinoma (81.8%). The incidence of postoperative pneumonia and fistula was 38% and 33.3%, respectively. Eight patients died during this period. The patient's age, T and N stages, the year the procedure was performed, and postoperative pneumonia development were factors that influenced postoperative death. There was a 24% reduction in the chance of mortality each year, associated with the learning curve of our service. CONCLUSIONS: The present study presented the importance of the team's experience and the concentration of the treatment of patients with esophageal cancer in reference centers, allowing to significantly improve the postoperative outcomes.

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Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection with a high mortality rate. Septic shock is a subset of sepsis with manifest circulatory dysfunction (use of vasopressors and persistent elevation of lactic acid) . As stated in literature, in addition to the use of empiric antibiotics and control of the infectious focus, intravenous fluid therapy is an essential intervention to promote hemodynamic stabilization. However, the literature also describes harmful outcomes related to fluid overload. Hemodynamic management in critically ill patients has traditionally focused on maintaining adequate cardiac output and arterial blood pressure by relying on fluid administration and/or vasopressor/inotropic support. However, organ perfusion is affected by other important factors, such as venous pressure, which can be overlooked. The evaluation of lung congestion with point of care ultrasound (POCUS), as a signal of extravascular fluid, and, more recently, a venous excess Doppler ultrasound (VExUS) grading system, are parameters for the assessment of the fluid status of the patient and organ congestion. Our main hypothesis is that adding a modified lung ultrasound score to the VExUS protocol could provide higher sensitivity and earlier identification of fluid overload, guiding the clinician in the decision of fluid administration in patients with sepsis.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The incidence of esophageal cancer is high in some regions and the surgical treatment requires reference centers, with high volume, to make surgery feasible. AIMS: To evaluate patients undergoing minimally invasive esophagectomy by thoracoscopy in prone position for the treatment of esophageal cancer and to recognize the experience acquired over time in our service after the introduction of this technique. METHODS: From January 2012 to August 2021, all patients who underwent the minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer were retrospectively analyzed. In order to assess the factors associated with the predefined outcomes as fistula, pneumonia, and intrahospital death, we performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, accounting for age as an important factor. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were studied, with mean age of 59.5 years. The main histological type was squamous cell carcinoma (81.8%). The incidence of postoperative pneumonia and fistula was 38% and 33.3%, respectively. Eight patients died during this period. The patient's age, T and N stages, the year the procedure was performed, and postoperative pneumonia development were factors that influenced postoperative death. There was a 24% reduction in the chance of mortality each year, associated with the learning curve of our service. CONCLUSIONS: The present study presented the importance of the team's experience and the concentration of the treatment of patients with esophageal cancer in reference centers, allowing to significantly improve the postoperative outcomes.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A incidência do câncer de esôfago é elevada em algumas regiões e o tratamento cirúrgico requer centros de referência com alto volume para viabilizar a cirurgia. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os pacientes submetidos à esofagectomia minimamente invasiva, por toracoscopia na posição prona, para o tratamento do câncer de esôfago e conhecer a experiência adquirida ao longo do tempo em nosso serviço após a introdução desta técnica. MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 2012 a agosto de 2021, foram analisados retrospectivamente todos os pacientes submetidos à esofagectomia minimamente invasiva para câncer de esôfago. Para avaliar os fatores associados aos desfechos predefinidos de fístula, pneumonia e óbito intra-hospitalar, realizamos análises de regressão logística univariada e multivariada considerando a idade como fator importante. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 66 pacientes, com idade média de 59,5 anos. O tipo histológico mais frequente foi carcinoma espinocelular (81,8%). A incidência de pneumonia pós-operatória e fístula foi de 38% e 33,3%, respectivamente. Oito pacientes morreram durante este período. A idade do paciente, os estágios T e N, o ano da realização do procedimento e o desenvolvimento de pneumonia pós-operatória foram fatores que influenciaram o óbito. Houve uma redução de 24% na chance de mortalidade, ano a ano, associada à curva de aprendizado do nosso serviço. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo mostrou a importância da experiência da equipe e da concentração do tratamento de pacientes com câncer de esôfago em centros de referência, possibilitando melhorar significativamente o resultado pós-operatório.

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OBJECTIVE: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and two rearing systems (cage and floor), on blood parameters and digestive and reproductive organ development of brown laying hens. METHODS: A total of 400 Hisex Brown laying hens between 30 and 45 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design and a 2×4 factorial arrangement, with main effects including two rearing systems (cage and floor) and levels of CP (140, 150, 160, and 180 g/kg), in a total of eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each with initial body weight of 1,877 g (laying hen in cage) and 1,866 g (laying hens in floor). The parameters evaluated were plasma total protein, albumin, uric acid, total cholesterol, relative weights of oviduct, abdominal fat, liver, gizzard, crest and dewlap, length of small intestine and oviduct. RESULTS: The blood parameters were similar in birds reared in cage and floor systems. The birds reared on the floor showed greater small intestine and oviduct weight (%) and lower liver and pancreas weight (%). A significant interaction was observed between factors for the relative gizzard, crest and dewlap weight, serum protein, uric acid, and total cholesterol (p<0.05). The diets with 140 g/kg CP resulted in lower serum protein and lower cholesterol in birds reared in floor system, while birds reared in cage system showed no effect of CP on both parameters. Birds reared in cage and fed with 140 and 150 g/kg CP presented lower uric acid. The group of birds reared in floor system fed 180 g/kg had greater uric acid. CONCLUSION: The dietary protein level can be reduced up to 140 g/kg for Hisex Brown hens (30 to 45 weeks of age) without an important effect on metabolic profile and organ development in both rearing systems.

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BACKGROUND: The Pain Medication Questionnaire (PMQ) assesses the risk of opioid abuse in people with non-oncological chronic pain. METHODS: This is a methodological study conducted at a hemotherapy centre in Recife, Pernambuco state, Brazil. A Cross-cultural adaptation was carried out by a committee of nine specialists, and we applied the PMQ to a pre-final sample of 40 individuals with sickle cell anemia, in addition to a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean agreement indexes for PMQ equivalences were the following: semantic (0.996), idiomatic (0.970), experiential (0.991), conceptual (0.953), language clarity (0.991), practical relevance (0.906), and theoretical relevance (0.945). Assessment of the PMQ showed that 50% of participants obtained a score equivalent to medium risk of opioid abuse. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the adapted PMQ instrument was 0.705, ranging from 0.641 to 0.736 among its items. CONCLUSION: The cross-cultural adaptation of the Pain Medication Questionnaire was satisfactory and easy to apply in the Brazilian population. It is clinically relevant, contributing professional practice and enlightening patients with sickle cell anemia on their behavioral dynamics with respect to opioid consumption. It will also contribute to teaching and research, because it is a useful tool for investigating the risk of abusive behavior in people with chronic pain.

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BACKGROUND: A minimum future liver remnant (FLR) of 30% is required to avoid post hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF). Portal vein occlusion (PVO) is the main strategy to induce hypertrophy of the FLR, but some patients will not reach sufficient FLR hypertrophy to enable resection. Recently ALPPS has emerged as a "Salvage Procedure" for PVO failure. The aim of this study was to report the short term outcomes of ALPPS following PVO failure. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients enrolled within the international ALPPS Registry between October 2012 and November 2015 (NCT01924741) was performed. Patients with documented PVO failure were included. The outcomes reported included feasibility, FLR growth rate and safety of ALPPS. Complications were recorded as per Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: From 510 patients enrolled in the Registry there were 22 patients with previous PVO failure. Two patients were excluded due to missing data and twenty patients were analysed. All of them completed the proposed ALPPS with a medium FLR increase of 88% (23-115%) between two stages and no 90-day mortality. CONCLUSION: In experienced centers, ALPPS following PVO failure is feasible and safe. The FLR hypertrophy was similar to other ALPPS series. ALPPS is a potential rescue strategy after PVO failure.

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Congenital heart diseases are not commonly diagnosed in wild animals. It is not surprising that few reports exist in the literature, so that prevalence of these anomalies is unknown in wild species. We report a case of a ventricular septal defect documented in a free-ranging crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). This animal presented with rapid, labored breathing, and on physical examination, pulmonary crackles and a holosystolic murmur were auscultated. The echocardiogram with Doppler showed discontinuity of the dorsal section of the ventricular septum, which allowed a turbulent systolic flow to move from the left to the right ventricle. The postmortem examination confirmed the absence of a dorsal connection between the septum and the atrioventricular junction, and pronounced left ventricular myocardial dilation was observed on histopathology. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect in a crab-eating fox.

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Dentre as diferentes e recentes formas de intervenções não-farmacológicas para pacientes com demência realizadas no Brasil, não foram encontrados estudos que investigaram o efeito de um protocolo de caratê em pacientes com este quadro clínico, mais especificamente em idosos com diagnóstico de demência mista, doença de Alzheimer associada com demência vascular. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos de um treinamento de caratê nas funções cognitivas e funcionais de um idoso com demência mista. Método: O participante, clinicamente diagnosticado com demência mista, passou por uma anamnese, seguida de avaliação cognitiva e funcional, antes e depois de um treinamento de quatro meses. O treinamento de caratê foi adaptado e sistematizado, visando fortalecimento muscular, flexibilidade, técnicas de posturas, ataque (socos e chutes), bloqueios (defesas) e katas (luta imaginária com váriosoponentes), três vezes por semana, com duração de uma hora sessão em dias não consecutivos. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados foram manutenção das funções cognitivas e melhora no equilíbrio estático e dinâmico. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o treinamento adaptado e sistematizado do caratê contribui para melhora de equilíbrio estático e dinâmico e manutenção do status cognitivo. Podendo contribuir assim para uma nova alternativa de intervenção não-farmacológica em idosos com demência mista.

Among the different forms and recent non-pharmacological interventions for dementia patients already performed in Brazil, there are no studies that have investigated the effect of a protocol of karate in patients with this clinical conditions, more specifically in the elderly with a diagnosisof mixed dementia, Alzheimer?s disease associated with vascular dementia. Objective: Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the effects of a karate training in cognitive and functional with an elderly mixed dementia. Method: The participant, clinically diagnosed with mixed dementia, underwent a anamnesis, followed by cognitive and functional assessment, pre and post training four months. The karate training was adapted and systematized, in order to muscle strengthening, flexibility, posture techniques, attack (punches and kicks), blocks (defenses) and kata (imaginary fightwith multiple opponents), three times per week, lasting an hour session on nonconsecutive days. Results: The findings were maintaining cognitive function and improvement in static and dynamic balance. Conclusion: It was concluded that training adapted and systematized karate contributes toimproved static and dynamic balance and maintenance of cognitive status. May, thus contribute to a new alternative non-pharmacological intervention in elderly patients with mixed dementia.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Liver resection is the only curative therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. However, recurrence occurs in the majority of the cases. Hilar lymph node metastases occur with a high frequency but the methodology for its detection and the impact on the outcome of patients undergoing hepatectomy is still unknown. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-six patients submitted to partial liver resection and systematic lymphadenectomy were studied prospectively. Lymph nodes considered negative by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were analyzed by serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti-human pancytokeratin antibody AE1/AE3. Recurrence-free and overall survivals were compared among LN groups. RESULTS: The mean number of dissected lymph nodes were 6.3 per patient. H&E showed microscopic involvement of LN in 2 patients and 3 patients had metastases identified only by IHC. The median follow-up was 39.3 months. Sixteen patients (61.5%) recurred after liver resection and although no statistical difference in survival was demonstrated there was a trend towards shorter recurrence-free survival among microscopic positive LN. CONCLUSIONS: Microscopic LN metastases may have impact in the outcome of patients submitted to curative hepatectomy. A better definition of micrometastases to LN is warranted, as though the potential benefit of hilar lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy selection by hilar lymph node status.

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CONTEXT: Hepatectomy is the treatment of choice for colorectal liver metastases, and several studies have shown good results, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 40% to 57%. Several clinical and pathological predictive factors for survival after liver resection have been studied. Involvement of the hepatic hilum lymph nodes, the incidence of which varies from 2% to 10%, indicates a poor long-term prognosis. RESULTS: Despite variable results, some authors have reported a not-insignificant improvement in survival rate in liver-metastasis patients with hilar lymph node involvement who undergo combined liver resection and lymphadenectomy. Due to the low rates of morbidity and mortality for liver-resection surgery, several specialized centers perform liver resections combined with lymphadenectomies in selected cases. It should be noted that the therapeutic value of systemic lymphadenectomy is not yet entirely understood, and only controlled studies comparing groups with and without lymphadenectomy can fully resolve the issue. CONCLUSION: In any case, hilar lymph node dissection has been shown to be a useful tool for improving the accuracy of extra hepatic disease staging, regardless of its impact on survival.

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CONTEXT: Hepatectomy is the treatment of choice for colorectal liver metastases, and several studies have shown good results, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 40 percent to 57 percent. Several clinical and pathological predictive factors for survival after liver resection have been studied. Involvement of the hepatic hilum lymph nodes, the incidence of which varies from 2 percent to 10 percent, indicates a poor long-term prognosis. RESULTS: Despite variable results, some authors have reported a not-insignificant improvement in survival rate in liver-metastasis patients with hilar lymph node involvement who undergo combined liver resection and lymphadenectomy. Due to the low rates of morbidity and mortality for liver-resection surgery, several specialized centers perform liver resections combined with lymphadenectomies in selected cases. It should be noted that the therapeutic value of systemic lymphadenectomy is not yet entirely understood, and only controlled studies comparing groups with and without lymphadenectomy can fully resolve the issue. CONCLUSION: In any case, hilar lymph node dissection has been shown to be a useful tool for improving the accuracy of extra hepatic disease staging, regardless of its impact on survival.

CONTEXTO: A hepatectomia é o tratamento de eleição para metástases hepáticas de câncer colorretal e diversos estudos têm demonstrado bons resultados, com índices de sobrevida em 5 anos entre 40 por cento e 57 por cento. Vários fatores clínico-patológicos preditivos de sobrevida após a ressecção hepática têm sido estudados e o envolvimento linfonodal do hilo hepático, que varia entre 2 por cento e 10 por cento, confere a este grupo prognóstico reservado a longo prazo. RESULTADOS: Embora com resultados variáveis, alguns autores têm relatado sobrevida não desprezível em pacientes com metástases hepáticas associada à doença linfonodal hilar submetidos a hepatectomia conjuntamente à linfadenectomia. Muitos centros especializados, embasados nos baixos índices de morbimortalidade da hepatectomia, realizam a ressecção hepática associada à linfadenectomia em casos selecionados. Cumpre ressaltar que o valor terapêutico da linfadenectomia sistemática ainda não é inteiramente conhecido e somente estudos controlados, comparando grupos com e sem linfadenectomia, poderão dirimir estas questões. CONCLUSÃO: De qualquer forma, a dissecção linfonodal hilar demonstrou ser uma ferramenta que torna mais preciso o estadiamento da doença extra-hepática, independente do impacto deste procedimento na sobrevida.

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BACKGROUND: Leprosy is an infectious disease that can lead to functional and physical disability. It is a major public health problem in some regions, requiring knowledge of its epidemiological variations so that strategies for disease control can be subsidized. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological profile of the city of Teresina from 2001 to 2008. METHODS: Data on leprosy in the city of Teresina from 2001 to 2008, which were present on the official database of the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the City Health Foundation, were analyzed. RESULTS: The data show an average detection rate of new cases of 96.21 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Among those younger than 15, there was a peak of 40 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2003. Grade 2 disability evaluated at diagnosis ranged from 5 to 7% and at discharge from 2.77 to 0.14%. Prevalence is high, varying from 8 to 11 cases per 10,000 inhabitants. Regarding clinical form, there is a predominance of forms I with 30% of the cases and D with 28% of the cases at the end of the series; and in relation to operational classification, the average is 62% of paucibacillary cases and 37.86% of multibacillary cases. Among the reported cases, there is a slight predominance of females at the end of the series. CONCLUSION: Leprosy is hyperendemic in Teresina and it can lead people at working age to inactivity.

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FUNDAMENTOS: A hanseníase é uma doença infectocontagiosa que pode levar a incapacidade física e funcional. É um importante problema de saúde pública em algumas regiões, sendo necessário o conhecimento das variações epidemiológicas para subsidiar estratégias de controle da doença. OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico do município de Teresina de 2001-2008. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados dados de hanseníase de Teresina entre 2001-2008, presentes no banco de dados oficial do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, da Fundação Municipal de Saúde. RESULTADOS: Os dados revelam um coeficiente de detecção de casos novos com média de 96,21 casos por 100.000 hab. Entre os menores que 15 anos, houve um pico de 40 casos em 100.000 hab. em 2003. O grau de incapacidade II avaliado no momento do diagnóstico variou de 5 por cento-7 por cento e no momento da alta de 2,77 por cento- 0,14 por cento. A prevalência é alta, variando entre 8-11 casos em 10.000 hab. Em relação à forma clínica no final da série há uma predominância das formas I com 30 por cento dos casos e D com 28 por cento dos casos. Quanto à classificação operacional a média é de 62 por cento de casos paucibacilares e 37,86 por cento multibacilares. Entre os casos registrados há uma discreta predominância no sexo feminino no final da série. CONCLUSÃO: A hanseníase é hiperendêmica em Teresina e pode levar à inatividade pessoas em idade produtiva.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy is an infectious disease that can lead to functional and physical disability. It is a major public health problem in some regions, requiring knowledge of its epidemiological variations so that strategies for disease control can be subsidized. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological profile of the city of Teresina from 2001 to 2008. METHODS: Data on leprosy in the city of Teresina from 2001 to 2008, which were present on the official database of the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the City Health Foundation, were analyzed. RESULTS: The data show an average detection rate of new cases of 96.21 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Among those younger than 15, there was a peak of 40 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2003. Grade 2 disability evaluated at diagnosis ranged from 5 to 7 percent and at discharge from 2.77 to 0.14 percent. Prevalence is high, varying from 8 to 11 cases per 10,000 inhabitants. Regarding clinical form, there is a predominance of forms I with 30 percent of the cases and D with 28 percent of the cases at the end of the series; and in relation to operational classification, the average is 62 percent of paucibacillary cases and 37.86 percent of multibacillary cases. Among the reported cases, there is a slight predominance of females at the end of the series. CONCLUSION: Leprosy is hyperendemic in Teresina and it can lead people at working age to inactivity.

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Objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil citológico broncoalveoar de equinos de policiamento portadores assintomáticos deDoença Inflamatória de Vias Aéreas (DIVA). Utilizaram-se 17 equinos adultos, machos e fêmeas, com idade entre 11 e24 anos. Os animais que constituíram o grupo controle (oito) apresentaram-se normais ao exame físico, à endoscopia eà mensuração da diferença máxima de pressão intrapleural. No lavado broncoalveolar a contagem deveria ser de até 4%,0,7%, 3,3% para neutrófilos, eosinófilos e células epiteliais e entre 17,0 e 56,7%, 29 e 75,7%, 0,7 e 13,7% para linfócitos,macrófagos e mastócitos, respectivamente. O grupo considerado doente (nove animais) apresentou achados compatíveiscom afecções do trato respiratório posterior, pelo menos à endoscopia, além de uma contagem de neutrófilos maiorque 5% e menor que 25%. O quadro assintomático de doença inflamatória das vias aéreas caracterizou-se por infiltradoneutrofílico, discreta redução no número de macrófagos, aumento no número de macrófagos espumosos, discretoinfiltrado eosinofílico e aumento marcante no número de células epiteliais. Em face do caráter assintomático dessaenfermidade nos equinos de policiamento, a utilização do LBA como método de diagnóstico e acompanhamento éfundamental, pois permite reconhecer, tratar e determinar uma utilização mais racional desses animais, de modo amelhorar a qualidade de vida e prolongar a utilização dos mesmos em serviço.

The aim of this study was to characterize the cytology profile of bronchoalveolar lavage from police horses withasymptomatic Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD). Seventeen adult horses, males and females, with ages ranging from11 to 24 years old were utilized. The control group (eight horses) presented vital signs within the physiologic range,normal pulmonary percussion and auscultation, no abnormalities at respiratory endoscopy and at the measurement ofthe maximal intra-pleural pressure difference. The cell count of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) should be up to 4%, 0.7%,3.3% to neutrophil, eosinophil and epithelial cell, and ranging of 17.0 to 56.7%, 29 to 75.7%, 0.7 to 13.7% to lymphocytes,macrophages and mast cell, respectively. The diseased group (nine animals) presented findings compatible with lowerairway disease, at least during endoscopy and showed a neutrophil counts above 5% and below 25%. AsymptomaticIAD was characterized by neutrophilic infiltrate, discrete reduction in macrophage count with increased number offoamy macrophages and discrete eosinophilic infiltrate and marked increase in the number of epithelial cells. Due to theasymptomatic character of IAD in police horses, BAL is the preferred diagnostic and follow-up method since it allowsrecognition of the disease, evaluation of treatment and helps the implementation of a graded and rational work regimethat aims at improving welfare of those animals as well as extending their usage as patrolling horses.

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Os bioterápicos são considerados medicamentos homeopáticos por serem preparados de acordo com a farmacotécnica homeopática, submetidos à diluição e dinamização. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da administração de bioterápico ultradiluído sobre parâmetros biológicos de carrapatos Amblyomma cajennense, oito coelhos de três meses de idade, separados em dois grupos de quatro animais, constituindo os grupos tratado e controle, receberam o bioterápico na potência 30 DH (Decimal Hering) e soro fisiológico 30DH, respectivamente. Em seguida, os animais foram infestados experimentalmente com 10 casais de carrapatos A. cajennense e submetidos novamente aos referidos tratamentos. O bioterápico ultradiluído foi preparado a partir de carrapatos adultos machos e fêmeas de A. cajennense. Foram avaliados parâmetros biológicos relativos à postura e à eclosão larval de A. cajennense. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, não foram detectados efeitos significativos sobre os parâmetros biológicos de fêmeas A. cajennense alimentadas em coelhos tratados com o bioterápico, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Novos testes, envolvendo outras espécies hospedeiras e o acompanhamento de infestações subseqüentes, devem ser dedicados à avaliação do potencial terapêutico profilático dos bioterápicos ultradiluídos nas ectoparasitoses dos animais domésticos.

The biotherapics are considered homeopathic medicine because are produced in agreement to the homeopathic pharmacotechnic being diluted and dinamizated. To evaluate the effects of ultradiluted biotherapic on biologic parameters of Amblyomma cajennense ticks, 8 rabbits, about 3 months old, were divided into 2 groups of 4 animals each: treated and control groups which received biotherapic 30 DH potency (Hering’s decimal) and 30DH physiologic serum, respectively. Following, the animals were infested with 10 couples A. cajennense and treated again. The ultradiluted biotherapic was made with A. cajennense male and female adult ticks. Significant alterations were not observed on biological parameters of females A. cajennense fed on rabbits treated with the biotherapic, when compared to the control group. New tests, involving other host species and the attendance of subsequent infestations should be developed to evaluate the therapeutic / profilatic potential of the ultra-diluted biotherapics on infestation of the domestic animals.

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Nesta segunda parte, os autores revisaram as informações relativas à citologia broncoalveolar normal, bem como os padrões citopatológicos da hemorragia pulmonar induzida pelo exercício, da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, doença inflamatória das vias aéreas, dos efeitos da estabulação e das infecções virais.

Normal bronchoalveolar cytology as well the cytopathologic pattern for exercise-incluced pulmonary hemorrhage, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory airway disease, viral infection and also from indoors effects were revised from the authors in this second part.

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