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Wild and farmed animals are key elements of natural and managed ecosystems that deliver functions such as pollination, pest control and nutrient cycling within the broader roles they play in contributing to biodiversity and to every category of ecosystem services. They are subjected to global changes with a profound impact on the natural range and viability of animal species, the emergence and spatial distribution of pathogens, land use, ecosystem services and farming sustainability. We urgently need to improve our understanding of how animal populations can respond adaptively and therefore sustainably to these new selective pressures. In this context, we explored the common points between animal production science and animal ecology to identify promising avenues of synergy between communities through the transfer of concepts and/or methodologies, focusing on seven concepts that link both disciplines. Animal adaptability, animal diversity (both within and between species), selection, animal management, animal monitoring, agroecology and viability risks were identified as key concepts that should serve the cross-fertilization of both fields to improve ecosystem resilience and farming sustainability. The need for breaking down interdisciplinary barriers is illustrated by two representative examples: i) the circulation and reassortment of pathogens between wild and domestic animals and ii) the role of animals in nutrient cycles, i.e. recycling nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon through, for example, contribution to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Our synthesis identifies the need for knowledge integration techniques supported by programmes and policy tools that reverse the fragmentation of animal research toward a unification into a single Animal Research Kinship, OneARK, which sets new objectives for future science policy. At the interface of animal ecology and animal production science, our article promotes an effective application of the agroecology concept to animals and the use of functional diversity to increase resilience in both wild and farmed systems. It also promotes the use of novel monitoring technologies to quantify animal welfare and factors affecting fitness. These measures are needed to evaluate viability risk, predict and potentially increase animal adaptability and improve the management of wild and farmed systems, thereby responding to an increasing demand of society for the development of a sustainable management of systems.

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To improve the health and welfare of pedigree dogs, national kennel clubs (KCs) are key players in the governance and regulation of dog breeding. In a survey conducted to investigate differences between KCs in breeding policies and management of pedigree dogs, a questionnaire was completed by 15 KCs from 11 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom) and four non-European countries (Australia, Mexico, Uruguay and the USA). The most important concerns reported by KCs were exaggerated morphological features and inherited disorders. A wide variety of information, tools and strategies was used to address these issues, with implementation differing across countries and breeds. KCs reported progress in the collection and provision of information related to canine health and welfare. Implementation of advanced breeding tools, such as genetic evaluation and online advisory mating tools, and balanced breeding strategies, endorsed by clubs and breeders, remain challenging and require further development.

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Introducción: existe poca información sobre el abuso de las Urgencias Pediátricas. El objetivo principal es determinar el perfil de los padres hiperfrecuentadores en un hospital de media complejidad y estimar el grado de preocupación de los padres según respuestas a una encuesta telefónica. Pacientes y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y unicéntrico. Se realiza un análisis retrospectivo de los informes de alta en niños ≤ 14 años con ≥ 10 consultas en Urgencias Pediátricas en el periodo desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2015. A través de entrevista telefónica, se preguntó a los padres si acudirían o no a Urgencias ante 25 supuestos clínicos. Análisis de datos mediante SPSS(R) v22.0. Resultados: 21 niños realizaron ≥ 10 consultas, que suponen 246 episodios (1,17% del total de Urgencias). Edad mediana de 1,5 años; 52,2% varones. La relación entre el número de consultas en el centro de salud frente a Urgencias Pediátricas fue < 1 en el 38%. Solo nueve de 246 (3,65%) precisaron ingreso. Solo en 74 (30,1%) fue necesaria una atención que no hubiera podido ser solucionada en Atención Primaria. Se observa una relación entre los motivos de consulta y los antecedentes personales. Conclusiones: determinar qué pacientes son hiperfrecuentadores es una tarea fácil. Contactar con los padres de estos niños y ofrecer consultas de educación sanitaria constituye una opción plausible y eficiente, que contaría con aceptación por parte de la población, mejoraría la calidad percibida y podría ahorrar costes al Sistema Nacional de Salud. Este tipo de consultas informativas constituyen parte de un proyecto que se implementará en nuestro hospital en 2017 (AU)

Introduction: there is little information regarding the abuse of consultations in the Pediatric Emergency Departments (PED). The aims of the study are to determine the characteristics of frequent users in a public general hospital, and to estimate the concerns of parents guided by responses to a telephone survey. Patients and methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional, unicentric and local study was conducted from January to December 2015. All children ≤ 14 years visiting Pediatric Emergency Departments ≥ 10 times were included. Through a telephone interview, parents were asked whether or not they would go to the Emergency Room for 25 supposed clinical cases. SPSS v22.0(R) was used for statistical analysis. Results: 21 children (52.2% males) visited PED ≥ 10 times, involving 246 clinical cases (1.17% of total emergencies). Median age was 1.5 years. The ratio of the number of visits at Primary Care vs. PED' was < 1 in 38%. Admission was required only in 9 of 246 (3.65%) children. Visits that could not be solved at Primary Care were observed only in 74 cases (30.1%). Reasons for a pediatric visit and personal history were related. Conclusions: to determine which patients are frequent users is an easy task. To contact the parents of these children and to provide health education could be a feasible and efficient chance, which would be accepted by the population, it also would improve the perceived quality and could save costs to the National Health System. This kind of visits promoting health education are part of a project which will be implemented in our hospital in 2017 (AU)

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Introducción: la faringoamigdalitis aguda (FAA) es una de las enfermedades más comunes en la infancia. El manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico es sencillo y, desde 2011, está consensuado. El objetivo principal es analizar la adecuación al consenso en un hospital de media complejidad, donde trabaja uno de los autores de dicho documento de consenso. Pacientes y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, unicéntrico y de ámbito local. Se realiza un análisis retrospectivo de los informes de alta y pruebas complementarias en todos los niños ≤ 14 años diagnosticados de FAA en Urgencias Pediátricas. Periodo: del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2015. Resultados: se analizan 176 FAA (el 52,3%, niñas). La valoración clínica se realiza siempre mediante la escala de McIsaac. El 46,5% recibieron antibióticos antes de la realización de una técnica de detección rápida de antígeno estreptocócico o cultivo, en todos ellos. El 100% de los antibióticos y dosis prescritas se ajustaron al consenso. Los intervalos de dosis y la duración del tratamiento fueron adecuados en > 85% de los casos. Las prescripciones inadecuadas fueron pautadas por solo dos de los 17 pediatras del hospital. Conclusiones: la adecuación es superior a lo descrito en otras series. El uso apropiado de antibióticos puede mejorar mediante la formación continuada y regular por parte de pediatras especializados en enfermedades infecciosas. Además, se sugiere que los tratamientos inadecuados se analicen según prescriptor, para seleccionar qué facultativos deben recibir una formación específica. Es prioritario adecuar la prescripción de antimicrobianos en la FAA a la evidencia científica en nuestro país (AU)

Introduction: acute tonsillopharyngitis (ATP) is one of the most common childhood diseases. The diagnosis and therapeutic management is simple. Further, a consensus document exists in Spain since 2011. The aim of this study is to analyze the appropriateness to consensus in a general hospital, where an author of the consensus document is working. Patients and methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional, single-center and local study was conducted from January to December 2015. All children ≤ 14 years diagnosed as ATP in the Pediatric Emergency room were included. Clinical records and complementary tools were retrospectively studied. Results: a total of 176 ATP were analyzed (52.3% girls). Clinical assessment was always performed by McIsaac score. After conducting culture or a rapid antigen-detection test, 46.5% of children received antibiotics. Selection of antimicrobials and prescribed doses were 100% adjusted to consensus. Dose ranges and duration of treatment were >85% appropriated. Only two of 17 pediatricians working on the hospital were responsible of inappropriate prescriptions. Conclusions: appropriateness is higher than reported in other studies. Rational use of antibiotics could be improved through continuous and regular training by experts in pediatric infectious diseases. In addition, it is suggested to analyze inappropriate prescribers to select pediatricians that should receive specific training. In Spain, it is of primordial importance to adapt the prescribing of antibiotics to the scientific evidence (AU)

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A pedigree analysis was performed on eight French dairy cattle breeds to assess their change in genetic variability since a first analysis completed in 1996. The Holstein, Normande and Montbéliarde breeds are selected internationally with over hundreds of thousands cows registered in the performance recording system. Three breeds are internationally selected but with limited numbers of cows in France (Brown Swiss, French Simmental and French Red Pied). The last two remaining breeds (Abondance and Tarentaise) are raised at regional level. The effective numbers of ancestors of cows born between 2004 and 2007 varied between 15 (Abondance and Tarentaise) and 51 (French Red Pied). The effective population sizes (classical approach) varied between 53 (Abondance) and 197 (French Red Pied). This article also compares the genetic variability of the ex situ (collections of the French National Cryobank) and in situ populations. The results were commented in regard to the recent history of gene flows in the different breeds as well as the existence of more or less stringent bottlenecks. Our results showed that whatever the size of the breeds, their genetic diversity impoverished quite rapidly since 1996 and they all could be considered as quite poor from a genetic diversity point of view. It shows the need for setting up cryobanks as gene reservoirs as well as sustainable breeding programmes that include loss of genetic diversity as an integrated control parameter.

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BACKGROUND: During the last decades, there has been an acceleration of the loss of domestic animal biodiversity. For conservation purposes, the genetic diversity of the H'Mong cattle, an indigenous local breed was studied. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the SRY gene and mtDNA D-Loop sequence were analysed to clarify the origin of the breed. The genetic diversity was assessed through genetic data with twenty-five FAO microsatellites, and morphometric data with five body measurements from 408 animals sampled from eight districts of the Ha Giang province. RESULTS: The SRY genes were all of the zebu type. Among the 27 mtDNA haplotypes, 12 haplotypes were of the taurine type and the remaining 15 of the zebu type. This indicates female taurine introgression in the zebu H'Mong. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.616 to 0.673 and from 0.681 to 0.729 respectively according to district, with low genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.0076). Multivariate analysis on morphometric and genetic data shows a separation of districts into two groups following a south-west/north-east cline and admixture analysis confirmed the two clusters, but no differentiation of taurine introgression between clusters was observed. A possible admixture with the Yellow cattle breed from a neighbouring province was suggested through genetic data and householder interviews. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we demonstrate the interest of fine-scale sampling for the study of genetic structure of local breeds. Such a study allows avoiding erroneous conservation policies and on the contrary, proposes measures for conserving and limiting crossbreeding between the H'Mong and the Yellow cattle breeds.

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BACKGROUND: Chickens represent an important animal genetic resource and the conservation of local breeds is an issue for the preservation of this resource. The genetic diversity of a breed is mainly evaluated through its nuclear diversity. However, nuclear genetic diversity does not provide the same information as mitochondrial genetic diversity. For the species Gallus gallus, at least 8 maternal lineages have been identified. While breeds distributed westward from the Indian subcontinent usually share haplotypes from 1 to 2 haplogroups, Southeast Asian breeds exhibit all the haplogroups. The Vietnamese Ha Giang (HG) chicken has been shown to exhibit a very high nuclear diversity but also important rates of admixture with wild relatives. Its geographical position, within one of the chicken domestication centres ranging from Thailand to the Chinese Yunnan province, increases the probability of observing a very high genetic diversity for maternal lineages, and in a way, improving our understanding of the chicken domestication process. RESULTS: A total of 106 sequences from Vietnamese HG chickens were first compared to the sequences of published Chinese breeds. The 25 haplotypes observed in the Vietnamese HG population belonged to six previously published haplogroups which are: A, B, C, D, F and G. On average, breeds from the Chinese Yunnan province carried haplotypes from 4.3 haplogroups. For the HG population, haplogroup diversity is found at both the province and the village level (0.69).The AMOVA results show that genetic diversity occurred within the breeds rather than between breeds or provinces. Regarding the global structure of the mtDNA diversity per population, a characteristic of the HG population was the occurrence of similar pattern distribution as compared to G. gallus spadiceus. However, there was no geographical evidence of gene flow between wild and domestic populations as observed when microsatellites were used. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to other chicken populations, the HG chicken population showed very high genetic diversity at both the nuclear and mitochondrial levels. Due to its past and recent history, this population accumulates a specific and rich gene pool highlighting its interest and the need for conservation.

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The water buffalo plays a key role in the socio-economy of South-East Asia as it is the main draught power for paddy rice cultivation. While in the Indian subcontinent the water buffalo is the riverine type, in South-East Asia the majority of buffaloes are of the swamp type. In the poor remote northern province of Ha Giang in Vietnam, improvement of the swamp buffalo breed may be one of the best ways to increase sustainability of farming systems. Therefore, analysis of the genetic structure of the province buffalo population is a prerequisite to any conservation or improvement project. A total of 1122 animals were described for 11 body and horn measurements for morphometric characterization. From this sample set, 744 animals were genotyped for 17 microsatellite markers. Also 17 animals from southern provinces of Vietnam were genotyped as a comparative sample. The results showed that genetic diversity as well as inbreeding value in the Ha Giang was high. The F(ST) values within the province and across Vietnam were low indicating that most of the population variation is explained by individual variability. Bayesian clustering analysis did not highlight the presence of subdivided populations. These results are useful for the implementation of a conservation and improvement strategy of the swamp buffalo in order to guarantee the householders' needs for sustainability of the farming system in the Ha Giang province.

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Pedigree information was analyzed in 7 small populations of sheep raised in France (Bleu du Maine, Charmoise, Cotentin, on-farm Romanov, Romanov ex situ in vivo, Roussin de la Hague, Solognote) to estimate their genetic variability. The pedigree information for each breed, estimated by the number of equivalent generations traced, ranged from rather poor (4.6) to very good (10.5) when compared with other studies. On the basis of probabilities of gene origin, the effective number of ancestors ranged from 17 (on-farm Romanov breed) to 59 (Bleu du Maine). On the basis of the rate of inbreeding, the realized effective size was found to range from 65 (Romanov breed ex situ) to 231 (Bleu du Maine). The average kinship coefficients between rams from which semen doses are available in the French National Cryobank and the active ram and ewe populations were also computed. Results found in each breed were analyzed by taking into consideration the demographic evolution of the breeds, their management practices, and the use of cryopreservation as a way to preserve genetic variability. It appeared quite clear that, in populations in which AI with frozen semen is seldom used, factors that mainly affect the genetic variability are the female-to-male ratio, which should be as small as possible, and the number of reproducing female offspring by males, which should be as balanced as possible. Finally, our work showed that all populations under study have fairly good genetic variability in comparison with other species, despite their scarce numbers.

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In the mountainous areas of Europe with a humid climate, dairy cattle production is a major agricultural activity, and the milk is often processed into cheese according to protected designation of origin (PDO) specifications. We analyzed the extent to which PDO specifications and/or a mountain environment influence the spatial distribution of estimated breeding values (EBVs) of cows and the herd-year effects (HYEs) for milk yield (kg/lactation) and protein and fat contents (g/kg), as well as lactation ranks and calving months. The study focused on the northern French Alps. A total of 37 023 lactations, recorded in 2006, in 1153 herds were analyzed. The cows belonged to the Montbéliarde (21 516 lactations), Abondance (10 346 lactations) and Tarentaise (5161 lactations) breeds. The two factors of variation considered were the status of the commune where the farm was located in relation to PDO (three categories: area with no PDO, area with a PDO with no milk yield limit, area with a PDO with a milk yield limit) and 'mountain' environment (four categories based on the European regulation: plain, piedmont, mountain and high mountain). In the Abondance breed, the average lactation rank increased with an increase in production constraints due to the PDO or to a mountain environment. In the Abondance and Tarentaise breeds, grouping of calving in winter was most marked in the 'PDO with a milk yield limit' and 'high-mountain' categories. In the Tarentaise breed, no significant effect on any trait and any variable was found in the 'PDO' or 'mountain' categories. In the other two breeds, the average EBV for milk yield decreased with an increase in the constraints due to PDO, with differences of 226 and 93 kg between extreme values in the Abondance and Montbéliarde breeds, respectively. The average HYE for milk yield was higher in the Abondance breed in the 'PDO with no milk yield limit' category than in the other categories (+740 and +1110 kg, respectively); HYE was not affected by the 'PDO' factor in the Montbéliarde breed or by the 'mountain' factor in either breed. Concerning the protein and fat contents, the effect of the 'PDO' and 'mountain' factors depended on the trait, the variable and the breed. The proportion of individual decisions (the farmer makes the decision) v. collective decisions (breed management) concerning herd dynamics in the face of existing constraints is discussed.

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Genetic relationships between 61 dog breeds were investigated, using a sampling of 1514 animals and a panel of 21 microsatellite markers. Based on the results from distance-based and Bayesian methods, breed constituted the main genetic structure, while groups including genetically close breeds showed a very weak structure. Depending on the method used, between 85.7% and 98.3% of dogs could be assigned to their breed, with large variations according to the breed. However, breed heterozygosity influenced assignment results differently according to the method used. Within-breed and between-breed diversity variations when breeds were removed were highly negatively correlated (r = -0.963, P < 0.0001), because of the genetic structure of the breed set.

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The genetic diversity of 61 dog breeds raised in France was investigated. Genealogical analyses were performed on the pedigree file of the French kennel club. A total of 1514 dogs were also genotyped using 21 microsatellite markers. For animals born from 2001 to 2005, the average coefficient of inbreeding ranged from 0.2% to 8.8% and the effective number of ancestors ranged from 9 to 209, according to the breed. The mean value of heterozygosity was 0.62 over all breeds (range 0.37-0.77). At the breed level, few correlations were found between genealogical and molecular parameters. Kinship coefficients and individual similarity estimators were, however, significantly correlated, with the best mean correlation being found for the Lynch & Ritland estimator (r = 0.43). According to both approaches, it was concluded that special efforts should be made to maintain diversity for three breeds, namely the Berger des Pyrénées, Braque Saint-Germain and Bull Terrier.

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UNLABELLED: Previous studies suggested that multiple domestication events in South and South-East Asia (Yunnan and surrounding areas) and India have led to the genesis of modern domestic chickens. Ha Giang province is a northern Vietnamese region, where local chickens, such as the H'mong breed, and wild junglefowl coexist. The assumption was made that hybridisation between wild junglefowl and Ha Giang chickens may have occurred and led to the high genetic diversity previously observed. The objectives of this study were i) to clarify the genetic structure of the chicken population within the Ha Giang province and ii) to give evidence of admixture with G. gallus. A large survey of the molecular polymorphism for 18 microsatellite markers was conducted on 1082 chickens from 30 communes of the Ha Giang province (HG chickens). This dataset was combined with a previous dataset of Asian breeds, commercial lines and samples of Red junglefowl from Thailand and Vietnam (Ha Noï). Measurements of genetic diversity were estimated both within-population and between populations, and a step-by-step Bayesian approach was performed on the global data set. RESULTS: The highest value for expected heterozygosity (> 0.60) was found in HG chickens and in the wild junglefowl populations from Thailand. HG chickens exhibited the highest allelic richness (mean A = 2.9). No significant genetic subdivisions of the chicken population within the Ha Giang province were found. As compared to other breeds, HG chickens clustered with wild populations. Furthermore, the neighbornet tree and the Bayesian clustering analysis showed that chickens from 4 communes were closely related to the wild ones and showed an admixture pattern. CONCLUSION: In the absence of any population structuring within the province, the H'mong chicken, identified from its black phenotype, shared a common gene pool with other chickens from the Ha Giang population. The large number of alleles shared exclusively between Ha Giang chickens and junglefowl, as well as the results of a Bayesian clustering analysis, suggest that gene flow has been taking place from junglefowl to Ha Giang chickens.

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French and Asian subsets of chicken breeds were first analysed using 22 microsatellites and then compared to the AVIANDIV European set using 14 loci. Positive correlations were observed between F(IT) or F(ST) and typological values or variance of markers using the multivariate analysis mcoa. The first axis of the multivariate representation separated Asian from European breeds, revealing breeds with Asian ancestor. Using all or 14 loci, correct assignation rate was always higher than 93%. The Weitzman index and the aggregate diversity D were calculated using 22 loci within French and Asian breeds. The French breed Coucou de Rennes and the Hua-Tung breed seemed to contribute the most to the global diversity of each subset. This approach on French-only breeds and then on French with AVIANDIV domestic breeds (14 loci) showed that the Marans breed contributed the most. The AVIANDIV framework could be useful to evaluate the genetic diversity of local breeds and to help in connecting national and regional conservation policies.

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Pedigree data of nine French dog breeds, namely Barbet (BAR), Basset fauve de Bretagne (BAF), Beauceron (BEN), Berger des Pyrénées (BRP), Bouledogue Français (BUF), Braque Saint-Germain (BQG), Dogue de Bordeaux (DOB), Epagneul Breton (EPB) and Montagne des Pyrénées (MOP), were analysed. The effective numbers of ancestors of dogs born from 1997 to 2001 were equal to 6.7 (BAR), 40.2 (BAF), 36.5 (BEN), 16.0 (BRP), 37.0 (BUF), 13.1 (BQG), 28.9 (DOB), 33.3 (EPB) and 34.0 (MOP). The expected contributions of the major ancestors were found to be highly unbalanced in the EPB and BRP. The average coefficient of inbreeding of dogs born from 1997 to 2001 with both parents known was equal to 12.4% (BAR), 3.9% (BAF), 5.4% (BEN), 7.2% (BRP), 3.3% (BUF), 6.0% (BQG), 4.1% (DOB), 4.5% (EPB) and 4.0% (MOP). These values were found to be significantly higher than the average coefficient of kinship between the male and the female parents of these animals, except in the BAR and BQG, revealing an usual practice of mating between related animals. The results are discussed in relation with the demographic situation and the use of each breed. The method used to class an endangered breed and the ways to preserve the genetic variability, when necessary, are evoked.

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