RESUMEN
One of the most remarkable techniques recently introduced into the field of bioprocess engineering is machine learning. Bioprocess engineering has drawn much attention due to its vast application in different domains like biopharmaceuticals, fossil fuel alternatives, environmental remediation, and food and beverage industry, etc. However, due to their unpredictable mechanisms, they are very often challenging to optimize. Furthermore, biological systems are extremely complicated; hence, machine learning algorithms could potentially be utilized to improve and build new biotechnological processes. Gaining insight into the fundamental mathematical understanding of commonly used machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine, Principal Component Analysis, Partial Least Squares and Reinforcement Learning, the present study aims to discuss various case studies related to the application of machine learning in bioprocess engineering. Recent advancements as well as challenges posed in this area along with their potential solutions are also presented.
Asunto(s)
Aprendizaje Automático , Biotecnología/métodos , Bioingeniería/métodos , AlgoritmosRESUMEN
Human interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins inhibit the fusion of a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses, both when expressed in target cells and when present in infected cells. Upon expression in infected cells, IFITMs incorporate into progeny virions and reduce their infectivity by a poorly understood mechanism. Since only a few envelope glycoproteins (Envs) are present on HIV-1 particles, and Env clustering has been proposed to be essential for optimal infectivity, we asked if IFITM protein incorporation modulates HIV-1 Env clustering. The incorporation of two members of the IFITM family, IFITM1 and IFITM3, into HIV-1 pseudoviruses correlated with a marked reduction of infectivity. Super-resolution imaging of Env distribution on single HIV-1 pseudoviruses did not reveal significant effects of IFITMs on Env clustering. However, IFITM3 reduced the Env processing and incorporation into virions relative to the control and IFITM1-containing viruses. These results show that, in addition to interfering with the Env function, IFITM3 restricts HIV-1 Env cleavage and incorporation into virions. The lack of notable effect of IFITMs on Env clustering supports alternative restriction mechanisms, such as modification of the properties of the viral membrane.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Diferenciación , VIH-1 , Proteínas de la Membrana , Internalización del Virus , Humanos , Genes env , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , VIH-1/patogenicidad , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciación/metabolismoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: The mutations in the TP53 gene are the most frequent (50-60% of human cancer) genetic alterations in cancer cells, indicating the critical role of wild-type p53 in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis upon oncogenic stress. Most missense mutations are clustered in the DNA-binding core domain, disrupting DNA binding ability. However, some mutations like Y220C occur outside the DNA binding domain and are associated with p53 structure destabilization. Overall, the results of these mutations are single amino acid substitutions in p53 and the production of dysfunctional p53 protein in large amounts, consequently allowing the escape of apoptosis and rapid progression of tumor growth. Thus, therapeutic targeting of mutant p53 in tumors to restore its wild-type tumor suppression activity has immense potential for translational cancer research. Various molecules have been discovered with modern scientific techniques to reactivate mutant p53 by reverting structural changes and/or DNA binding ability. These compounds include small molecules, various peptides, and phytochemicals. TP53 protein is long thought of as a potential target; however, its translation for therapeutic purposes is still in its infancy. The study comprehensively analyzed the therapeutic potential of small phytochemicals from Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) with drug-likeness and capability to reactivate mutant p53 (Y220C) through molecular docking simulation. The docking study and the stable molecular dynamic simulations revealed juglalin (- 8.6 kcal/mol), retinol (- 9.14 kcal/mol), and 3-nitrofluoranthene (- 8.43 kcal/mol) significantly bind to the mutated site suggesting the possibility of drug designing against the Y220C mutp53. The study supports these compounds for further animal based in vivo and in vitro research to validate their efficacy. METHODS: For the purposes of drug repurposing, recently in-silico methods have presented with opportunity to rule out many compounds which have less probability to act as a drug based on their structural moiety and interaction with the target macromolecule. The study here utilizes molecular docking via Autodock 4.2.6 and molecular dynamics using Schrodinger 2021 to find potential therapeutic options which are capable to reactive the mutated TP53 protein.
Asunto(s)
Foeniculum , Neoplasias , Animales , Humanos , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/química , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Foeniculum/genética , Foeniculum/metabolismo , Genes p53 , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patología , Mutación , ADNRESUMEN
Non-small cell lung cancer is the most prevalent lung cancer, and almost three-fourths of patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage directly. In this stage, chemotherapy gives only a 15% 5-year survival rate. As people have varied symptoms and reactions to a specific cancer type, treatment for the tumor is likely to fall short, complicating cancer therapy. Immunotherapy is a breakthrough treatment involving drugs targeting novel immune checkpoint inhibitors like CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, along with combination therapies. In addition, the utility of engineered CAR-T and CAR-NK cells can be an effective strategy to promote the immune response against tumors. The concept of personalized cancer vaccines with the discovery of neoantigens loaded on dendritic cell vectors can also be an effective approach to cure cancer. Advances in genetic engineering tools like CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing of T cells to enhance their effector function is another ray of hope. This review aims to provide an overview of recent developments in cancer immunotherapy, which can be used in first- and second-line treatments in the clinical space. Further, the intervention of artificial intelligence to detect cancer tumors at an initial stage with the help of machine learning techniques is also explored.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/terapia , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Inteligencia Artificial , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Linfocitos TRESUMEN
The development of new fluorescent molecules for the recognition of specific G-quadruplex DNA structures has attracted wide attention due to their diverse roles in drug design, sensing, and cellular probing. In this work, we report the discovery of a red-emissive styryl quinolinium-based molecular rotor (compound 1), which recognizes human telomeric G-quadruplex with a distinct preference over DNA duplexes. Optical spectroscopy (UV-vis and circular dichroism)-based experiments indicated discernible interaction of compound 1 with the human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex with features of stacking interactions. Fluorescence-based Job's plot revealed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry between compound 1 and the human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex, and subsequent titration experiments showed micromolar affinities (Ka = 0.51 × 106 M-1). Molecular docking experiments showed interactions of compound 1 in the grooves of the quadruplex. Finally, we provide the application of compound 1 as a reporter molecule in the fluorescence displacement experiments, which showed its ability to act as a fluorescent probe compatible with ligands having aromatic cores.
Asunto(s)
G-Cuádruplex , Dicroismo Circular , ADN/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Humanos , Ligandos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , TelómeroRESUMEN
DNA-protein interactions are ubiquitous in cellular processes. Impeding unwanted nucleic acid interactions and protein recognition have therapeutic implications. Therefore, new chemical scaffolds and studies related to their structural basis of nucleic acid recognition are essential for developing high-affinity DNA binders. In this study, we have employed a fragment-based strategy to design and synthesize benzimidazole-guanidinium hybrid compounds and study the individual fragment's role in imparting selectivity and specificity in DNA recognition. The fragments were extensively studied using thermal denaturation, circular dichroism, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, and molecular docking techniques. The results indicate an interdependent role of the benzimidazole core, polar ends, and the DNA composition in imparting sequence-selective binding of the benzimidazole-guanidinium hybrid compounds in the DNA minor groove. Circular dichroism and molecular docking studies indicated minor groove binding analogous to classical minor groove binders such as DAPI and Hoechst 33258. Thermal denaturation studies indicated that the best binder (compound 8) gave similar thermal stabilization to B-DNA as given by DAPI.
Asunto(s)
Bisbenzimidazol , ADN Forma B , Bencimidazoles/química , Bencimidazoles/metabolismo , Dicroismo Circular , ADN/química , Guanidina/química , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Conformación de Ácido NucleicoRESUMEN
The question of the origin of coronavirus spread like wildfire ever since it wreaked havoc among humankind, and ever since the scientific community has worked tirelessly to trace the history of the virus. In this review, we have tried to compile relevant literature pertaining to the different theories of origin of SARS-CoV-2, hopefully without any bias, and we strongly support the zoonotic origin of the infamous SARS-CoV-2 in bats and its transfer to human beings through the most probable evolutionary hosts, pangolins and minks. We also support the contemporary 'Circulation Model' that simply mirrors the concept of evolution to explain the origin of the virus which, the authors believe, is the most rational school of thought. The most recent variant of SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, has been taken as an example to clarify the concept. We recommend the community to refer to this model for further understanding and delving deep into this mystery of the origin of SARS-CoV-2.
RESUMEN
The unique functionality of Akkermansia muciniphila in gut microbiota indicates it to be an indispensable microbe for human welfare. The importance of A. muciniphila lies in its potential to convert mucin into beneficial by-products, regulate intestinal homeostasis and maintain gut barrier integrity. It is also known to competitively inhibit other mucin-degrading bacteria and improve metabolic functions and immunity responses in the host. It finds a pivotal perspective in various diseases and their treatment. It has future as a promising probiotic, disease biomarker and therapeutic agent for chronic diseases. Disease-associated dysbiosis of A. muciniphila in the gut microbiome makes it a potential candidate as a biomarker for some diseases and can provide future theranostics by suggesting ways of diagnosis for the patients and best treatment method based on the screening results. Manipulation of A. muciniphila in gut microbiome may help in developing a novel personalized therapeutic action and can be a suitable next generation medicine. However, the actual pathway governing A. muciniphila interaction with hosts remains to be investigated. Also, due to the limited availability of products containing A. muciniphila, it is not exploited to its full potential. The present review aims at highlighting the potential of A. muciniphila in mucin degradation, contribution towards the gut health and host immunity and management of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, and respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis and COVID-19.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Disbiosis/terapia , Verrucomicrobia/metabolismo , Mucinas/metabolismo , MocoRESUMEN
Garlic has been reported to inhibit protein glycation, a process that underlies several disease processes, including chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Biophysical, biochemical, and molecular docking investigations were conducted to assess anti-glycating, antioxidant, and protein structural protection activities of garlic. Results from spectral (UV and fluorescence) and circular dichroism (CD) analysis helped ascertain protein conformation and secondary structure protection against glycation to a significant extent. Further, garlic showed heat-induced protein denaturation inhibition activity (52.17%). It also inhibited glycation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation as well as lent human serum albumin (HSA) protein structural stability, as revealed by reduction in browning intensity (65.23%), decrease in protein aggregation index (67.77%), and overall reduction in cross amyloid structure formation (33.26%) compared with positive controls (100%). The significant antioxidant nature of garlic was revealed by FRAP assay (58.23%) and DPPH assay (66.18%). Using molecular docking analysis, some of the important garlic metabolites were investigated for their interactions with the HSA molecule. Molecular docking analysis showed quercetin, a phenolic compound present in garlic, appears to be the most promising inhibitor of glucose interaction with the HSA molecule. Our findings show that garlic can prevent oxidative stress and glycation-induced biomolecular damage and that it can potentially be used in the treatment of several health conditions, including diabetes and other inflammatory diseases.
Asunto(s)
Ajo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ajo/química , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Glicosilación , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento MolecularRESUMEN
Thioflavin T (ThT) is a commercially available fluorescent dye that is commonly used in biomedical research for over five decades. It was first reported as an extrinsic fluorescent probe for the detection of amyloid fibrils and related processes and it has also been used extensively for assessing protein binding in fluorescence-based assays. Although the nucleic acid binding of ThT was reported half of a century ago in the 1970s, it was not widely explored until the start of this decade. In recent years, Thioflavin T has become a major tool in the recognition of many types of non-canonical nucleic acid conformations including duplexes, triplexes, and G-quadruplexes. The propensity of ThT binding is more towards base aberrations, bulges, and mismatches highlighting its importance in serving as a diagnostic tool in a variety of ailments/disease conditions. In this review, we cover major advancements in nucleic acid detection/binding by ThT to a variety of nucleic acid structures.
Asunto(s)
Benzotiazoles/química , Benzotiazoles/metabolismo , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Ácidos Nucleicos/química , Ácidos Nucleicos/metabolismo , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes/metabolismo , G-Cuádruplex , Humanos , Conformación de Ácido NucleicoRESUMEN
Anions play crucial roles in the sustenance of life on earth in many ways. Selective detection of specific anions is important in developing new diagnostic tools and therapeutics. A pH-sensitive & selective benzimidazole-based fluorescent sensor has been developed for rapid detection of carbonate ions which can detect carbonate ions in low nanomolar concentrations. NMR based experiments indicate direct interaction of benzimidazole imino protons with the carbonate ions leading to 1:1 ligand carbonate ion complexation events. This is one of the first reports of benzimidazole sensing carbonate ions with high selectivity which may have implications in disease prevention and toxicity assessment.
RESUMEN
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are one of the most common structural motifs in approximately 80% of the marketed drugs. Of these, benzimidazoles analogues are known to elicit a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antifungal as well as chemosensor effect. Based on the benzimidazole core fused heterocyclic compounds, crescent-shaped bisbenzimidazoles were developed which provided an early breakthrough in the sequence-specific DNA recognition. Over the years, a number of functional variations in the bisbenzimidazole core have led to the emergence of their unique properties and established them as versatile ligands against several classes of pathogens. The present review provides an overview of diverse pharmacological activities of the bisbenzimidazole analogues in the past decade with a brief account of its development through the years.
Asunto(s)
Bisbenzimidazol/farmacología , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Bisbenzimidazol/química , HumanosRESUMEN
G-quadruplexes are well-known DNA secondary structures which can be formed both within the DNA and the RNA sequences of the human genome. While many functions of G-quadruplex during cell regulatory events are still unknown, a number of reports have established their role in finding new cancer therapies. In this report, we provide a detailed account of Thioflavin T (ThT) interacting with a promoter gene (c-Myc) which has relevance in several types of human cancers. Using a variety of spectroscopic techniques, we have shown that the binding of ThT is selective to c-Myc G-quadruplex only, having poor interactions with the duplex DNA sequences. UV-Visible titration experiments show that binding involves stacking interactions which were further corroborated by CD experiments. Fluorescence studies showed that the binding of ThT to c-Myc G-quadruplex results in a large increase in the fluorescence emission spectrum of c-Myc G-quadruplex while the same to duplex DNAs was much poor. Binding of ThT to c-Myc G-quadruplex results in thermal stabilization of the quadruplex DNA by up to 7.4⯰C and Job plot experiments demonstrated the presence of 1:1 and 2:1 ligand to quadruplex complexes. Finally, the docking study suggested that ThT stacks with the guanine bases in one of the grooves which is in agreement with the CD studies. These results are expected to provide leads into the design of new ThT analogs and derivatives for enhancing the stability and selectivity of new G-quadruplex targeting ligands.
Asunto(s)
Benzotiazoles/metabolismo , ADN/química , G-Cuádruplex , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/genética , Análisis Espectral/métodos , Dicroismo Circular , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta , Telómero/metabolismo , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Silver myconanosomes prepared from Alternaria brassicae may exhibit potential antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity due to their inimitable character. The prepared myconanosomes were characterized by using differential light scattering, zeta potential, UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopic analyses. Mycologically produced AgNPs were found as spherical and irregular shaped measuring size range between 55.4 and 70.23 nm. The antimicrobicidal activity of these AgNPs against pathogenic microbes was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Results showed that AgNPs inhibit the growth of various bacteria and fungi, which may be due to the disruption of cell membranes, leakage of cytoplasm and DNA degradation. Cytotoxicity analysis of AgNPs on cell lines revealed its dose dependent effect. Moreover, significant increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species was characterized in AgNPs treated cells after 4 h of incubation. Thus, AgNPs may have a significant advantage over conventional antibiotics as microorganisms are acquiring resistance against the broad range of available antibiotics.
Asunto(s)
Alternaria/química , Antiinfecciosos , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hongos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/química , Plata , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Citotoxinas/química , Citotoxinas/farmacología , Humanos , Ratones , Tamaño de la Partícula , Plata/química , Plata/farmacología , Células THP-1RESUMEN
Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers help in identifying and determining the extent of genetic diversity in cultivars. Here, we describe their application in determining the genetic diversity of bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.). Universal ISSR primers are selected and their marker characteristics such as polymorphism information content, effective multiplex ratio and marker index have been evaluated. ISSR-PCR is then performed using universal ISSR primers to generate polymorphic bands. This information is used to determine the degree of genetic similarity among the bael varieties/accessions by cluster analysis using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). This technology is valuable for biodiversity conservation and for making an efficient choice of parents in breeding programs.
Asunto(s)
Aegle/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Variación Genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , CruzamientoRESUMEN
Myconanotechnology, a combination of mycology and nanotechnology that deals with the synthesis of nanoparticles using fungi or their metabolites, has great potential in the area of agriculture owing to the high surface-to-volume ratio and excellent biomedical, electronic, mechanical and physicochemical properties of these myconanoparticles. Extracellular mycosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus (KF934407) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed, which were produced by redox reaction. Furthermore, the extracellular synthesised AgNPs were characterised by ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry, differential light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy. The bactericidal and fungicidal actions of synthesised silver myconanoparticles (myco-AgNPs) were studied against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The formulated myco-AgNPs were spherical in shape, with a size in the range of 50nm and DLS at an intensity of 107.8nm. The myco-AgNPs showed effective antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Trichoderma spp. at high concentrations. In conclusion, AgNPs have a prolonged microbicidal effect as a result of continuous release of Ag+ at sufficient concentrations. Thus, A. flavus-based myco-AgNPs have the potential to be used as a non-toxic and cheap antimicrobial agent against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Aspergillus flavus/metabolismo , Nanopartículas del Metal , Plata/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Particulates of nanometers size have occupied a significant area in the field of medicinal and agricultural purposes due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and exceptional physicochemical, electronic and mechanical properties. Myconanotechnology, an interface between mycology and nanotechnology is budding nowadays for nanoparticle-fabrication using fungus or its metabolites. In the present study, we have isolated and characterized a novel phosphate solubilizing fungus B. tetramera KF934408 from rhizospheric soil. This phosphatase releasing fungus was subjected to extracellular synthesis of metal nanoparticles by redox reaction. RESULTS: Silver (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic analysis. The formulated AgNPs were irregular shaped with a size ranging between 54.78 nm to 73.49 nm whereas AuNPs were spherical or hexagonal, with a size of 58.4 and 261.73 nm, respectively. The nanoparticles were assessed for their antibacterial and antifungal efficacy. The results showed effective antimicrobial activity of AgNPs against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aeroginosa and Trichoderma sp. at higher concentrations, however, AuNPs possessed only moderate antibacterial efficacy while they found no antifungal activity. Cytotoxicity analysis of nanoparticles on J774 and THP1 α cell lines revealed the dose dependence in case of AgNPs, while AuNPs were non-toxic at both low and high doses. Furthermore, significant elevation of intracellular ROS was observed after 4 h of incubation with both the nanoparticles. The capping of fungal proteins on the particulates might be involved in the activities demonstrated by these inert metal nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the findings showed that the metal nanoparticles synthesized by fungus B. tetramera could be used as an antimicrobial agents as well as cost effective and nontoxic immunomodulatory delivery vehicle.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolasas/química , Saccharomycetales/enzimología , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Enterobacter aerogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Enterobacter aerogenes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Oro/química , Humanos , Factores Inmunológicos/biosíntesis , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Nanopartículas del Metal/ultraestructura , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Nanotecnología/métodos , Oxidación-Reducción , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fosfatos/química , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/agonistas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Saccharomycetales/química , Plata/química , Solubilidad , Trichoderma/efectos de los fármacos , Trichoderma/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
The need for identification of soil microbial community mainly depends on direct extraction of DNA from soil, a multifaceted environment that is a major pool for microbial genetic diversity. The soil DNA extraction procedures usually suffer from two major problems, namely, inappropriate rupturing of cells and contamination with humic substances. In the present study, five protocols for single type of rhizospheric soil were investigated and their comparison indicated that the inclusion of 120 mM phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for washing and mannitol in the lysis buffer allowed the processing of soil sample in minimal time with no specific equipment requirement. Furthermore, DNA purity and yield were also improved, which allowed the exploitation of genetic potential of soil microbes within soil sample thereby facilitating the amplification of metagenomic DNA. The effectiveness of methods was analyzed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA. The banding patterns revealed that both the abundance and the composition of indigenous microbial community depend on the DNA recovery method.
RESUMEN
Immune-mediated mechanisms have been found to play an important role in the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The outcomes of infection do not appear to be determined by viral strains. Instead, allelic variants in human genome are likely to affect the disease progression. Allelic variation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) participates in the elimination of HBV, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) helps in inhibition of Th1 effector mechanisms for host defense. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of host genetic factors in chronic HBV infection and gene promoter polymorphism or single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of IFN-γ+874 and IL-10 (-1082, -592, and -819) on disease progression and persistence. A total of 232 patients along with 76 healthy controls were included. Allele-specific primers for IFN-γ and restriction fragment length polymorphism for IL-10 were used. The study indicated that low IFN-γ expression probably impairs host immune response to HBV, rendering these subjects more prone to HBV infection. No significant differences were detected between the 2 groups in the distributions of IL-10 genotype at the -1082, -819, and -592 positions. Odds ratio indicated that heterozygosity of genotypes -819 CT and -592 AC was more strongly associated with liver chronicity. Significantly, AA homozygous genotype was dominant in chronic hepatitis B cases in IFN-γ+874 and IL-10 (-1082 and -592) and is associated with increased risk of persistent infection.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis B Crónica/genética , Interferón gamma/genética , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Hepatitis B Crónica/fisiopatología , Humanos , India , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The potential of genetically modified plants to meet the requirements of growing population is not being recognized at present. This is a consequence of concerns raised by the public and the critics about their applications and release into the environment. These include effect on human health and environment, biosafety, world trade monopolies, trustworthiness of public institutions, integrity of regulatory agencies, loss of individual choice, and ethics as well as skepticism about the real potential of the genetically modified plants, and so on. Such concerns are enormous and prevalent even today. However, it should be acknowledged that most of them are not specific for genetically modified plants, and the public should not forget that the conventionally bred plants consumed by them are also associated with similar risks where no information about the gene(s) transfer is available. Moreover, most of the concerns are hypothetical and lack scientific background. Though a few concerns are still to be disproved, it is viewed that, with proper management, these genetically modified plants have immense potential for the betterment of mankind. In the present paper, an overview of the raised concerns and wherever possible reasons assigned to explain their intensity or unsuitability are reviewed.