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Environmental enrichment (EE) is known to improve memory and cognition and modulate the impact of aversive stimuli in animals, promoting the development of resilience to stressful situations. Likewise, it is known that EE can modulate synaptic plasticity as is the case of long-term potentiation (LTP). These findings have been described initially in ex vivo preparations, suggesting that the effects of EE are the result of an early modification of the synaptic excitability and transmission. In this regard, it is known that metaplasticity refers to the persistent modification, by previous activity, in the ability to induce synaptic plasticity. Our previous studies have shown that prior training in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) prevents the subsequent induction of LTP in the projection from the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (Bla) to the insular cortex (IC) in vivo. In addition, we have shown that CTA extinction allows the induction but not the maintenance of IC-LTP of the Bla-IC pathway. Recently, we also showed that prior exposure to environmental enrichment for three weeks reduces the strength of CTA, restoring the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the IC. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of brief exposure to an enriched environment on the strength of aversive memory, as well as on the in vivo IC-LTP. To do so, adult rats were exposed for seven days to an EE, either before CTA training or LTP induction in the Bla-IC pathway. Our results demonstrate that a seven-day exposure to an enriched environment attenuates the aversive response to a strong CTA and allows the induction but not the maintenance of LTP in the insular cortex. These findings provide evidence that metaplastic regulation in a neocortical region takes part in the mechanisms through which brief exposure to enriched environments attenuates an aversive response.

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It has been shown that exposure to an enriched environment (EE) can modulate the physiological impact of aversive stimuli in animals, promoting adaptive attitudes, as well as the development of resilience to stressful situations. These changes are known to be related to increased levels of some trophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has been considered a regulatory protein for synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Our previous studies have demonstrated that in the insular cortex (IC), a brain region of the temporal lobe implicated in the acquisition, consolidation, and retention of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) task, BDNF can reverse the CTA memory deficit caused by a protein synthesis inhibitor. Likewise, our research group have also shown that BDNF is required for the maintenance of CTA long-term memory. Here we evaluate the effects of the exposure to an enriched environment on the CTA memory strength, using a weak and strong version of this paradigm. The exposure to an EE for 21 days was able to attenuate the strong-CTA response through the restoration of BDNF levels in the IC of adult rats. These results provide evidence that environmental enrichment is capable of reducing the strength of an aversive memory trace, restoring the BDNF levels in a neocortical region of the adult brain.

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This paper explores culturally-related concerns that arose during a multi-year study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) along the U.S.-Mexico border and describes adaptations made to better connect the research process to study participants. The purpose of this exploration is two-fold: (1) to offer suggestions for culturally sensitive borderland mental health research; and (2) to enhance dialog focused on culture, mental health research and the U.S.-Mexico border. Systematic coding of the written record of weekly research team meetings identified six recurring cultural concerns: emotionally charged and poorly understood terminology; differing meanings of ethnicity and acculturation; quality of life-regional variation and uncertainty; overlap of research and care; hopeful but hesitant; and fatalism. We conclude that diligence in the initial planning phase of a study is only part of the challenge in doing culturally sensitive research. Equally important is an ongoing process of evaluation to make explicit cultural concerns that arise during research, as well as a readiness to implement culturally sensitive research adaptations.

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Introducción: el método clínico es un proceder científico y sistematizado que el médico ha empleado desde sus inicios y continúa vigente, es el arma primordial para el ejercicio de su profesión, considerado como un sistema de pensamiento lógico, ordenado y científico con la finalidad de establecer un diagnóstico e instaurar un tratamiento. Objetivo: comprobar el dominio y aplicación del método clínico de los estudiantes de tercer año de la carrera de Medicina en Moa, durante la rotación de Propedéutica, durante el curso escolar 2015-2016. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional, con una muestra integrada por 52 estudiantes, los que constituyeron el 100% de la población estudiada. Se consideraron los resultados por los estudiantes en los exámenes prácticos de la asignatura de Propedéutica. Resultados: El 36,5% obtuvo resultados insatisfactorios en los exámenes, con un índice de calidad del 42,4%; el 65,3% presentó dificultades en el interrogatorio, el 57,6% en el examen físico y el 50,0% de los profesores valoró de regular la interrelación entre: interrogatorio, examen físico, resumen sindromológico y complementarios, considerando que el local de los exámenes tenía buena privacidad en el 85,7%, higiene en el 78,5% e iluminación en el 71,4%. Conclusiones: se demostró que existen dificultades en los estudiantes de tercer año de la carrera de medicina para desarrollar habilidades que reflejen dominio y aplicación del método clínico.

Introduction: the clinical method is a systematized and scientific practice; the doctor has ever used it up to nowadays. This method is of high importance, since it denotes a system of logical, well-ordered and scientific thought to make a diagnosis and give the treatment. Objective: to check the mastery and application of the clinical method of the students of third year of the career of Medicine in Moa, in the Propaedeutic cycle in 2015-2016 school year. Method: an observational descriptive study was carried out, with a sample of 52 students who represented the 100% of the population. The students´ results achieved in the practical exams of the Propaedeutic subject were considered. Results: insufficient results were obtained in the exam in 36.5% of the students, with an index of quality of 42.4%, 65.3% presented difficulties in the medical interview, 57.6% in the physical exam and. The interrelation among medical interview, physical exam, syndromological summary and complementary were assessed as medium by 50.0% of the professors, considering that the place where the exams were developed had good privacy in 85.7%, hygiene in 78.5% and illumination in 71.4%. Conclusions: the study demonstrated that there were difficulties in the students of third year of the medicine career, to develop abilities that show knowledge and use of the clinical method.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar ações de cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente com risco de suicídio internado em uma Unidade de Internação Psiquiátrica do Sul do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo. Os dados foram coletados entre outubro de 2013 e março de 2014, por meio de entrevistas com 20 profissionais de enfermagem na referida Unidade. Na análise das entrevistas, observou-se que os cuidados de enfermagem a pacientes com risco de suicídio são centrados basicamente na formação de vínculos, no estabelecimento de contrato terapêutico com o paciente e na organização das rotinas assistenciais da equipe. Formação de vínculos e estabelecimento de contrato terapêutico fazem parte do cuidado mais singular, exercido tanto por técnicos como por enfermeiros, no sentido de conhecer melhor as experiências de vida dos pacientes e ajudá-los a lidar com o risco de suicídio. Em relação à organização das rotinas, cabe ao enfermeiro esse processo, de forma a oportunizar que o vínculo e o contrato terapêutico se efetivem no cotidiano da internação. Conclui-se que a assistência aos pacientes com risco de suicídio possui especificidades. Ressalta-se que os dados obtidos possibilitaram a construção de um protocolo institucional para avaliação do risco de suicídio, que está sendo utilizado pela equipe de enfermagem da Unidade de Internação estudada.

This study aimed to identify actions of nursing care to patients at risk of suicide hospitalized in a Psychiatric Internment Unit of the South of Brazil. This is a qualitative, descriptive study. Data were collected between October 2013 and March 2014, through interviews with 20 nursing professionals at the Unit. In the analysis of the interviews, it was observed that the nursing care for patients at risk of suicide is basically centered on the formation of bonds, the establishment of therapeutic contract with the patient and the organization of the staff's care routines. Linking and establishing a therapeutic contract are part of the more unique care, carried out by both technicians and nurses, in order to better understand patients' life experiences and to help them in dealing with the risk of suicide. Regarding the organization of routines, the nurse is responsible for this process, so that the bond and the therapeutic contract become effective in the daily hospitalization. It is concluded that assistance to patients at risk of suicide has specificities. It should be emphasized that the data obtained allowed the construction of an institutional protocol for the evaluation of suicide risk, which is being used by the nursing team of the hospitalization unit studied

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar acciones de cuidado de enfermería al paciente con riesgo al suicidio ingresado en una Unidad de Internación Psiquiátrica del sur de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo. Los datos fueron recolectados entre octubre de 2013 y marzo de 2014, por medio de entrevistas con 20 profesionales de enfermería en la referida Unidad. En el análisis de las entrevistas, se observó que los cuidados de enfermería a pacientes con riesgo al suicidio son centrados básicamente en la formación de vínculos, en el establecimiento de contrato terapéutico con el paciente y en la organización de las rutinas asistenciales del equipo. Formación de vínculos y establecimiento de contrato terapéutico hacen parte del cuidado más singular, ejercido tanto por técnicos como por enfermeros, en el sentido de conocer mejor las experiencias de vida de los pacientes y ayudarlos a lidiar con el riesgo al suicidio. Con relación a la organización de las rutinas, cabe al enfermero este proceso, a fin de llevar a cabo que el vínculo y el contrato terapéutico se efectúen en el cotidiano de la internación. Se concluye que la asistencia a los pacientes con riesgo al suicidio posee especificidades. Se destaca que los datos obtenidos posibilitaron la construcción de un protocolo institucional para evaluación del riesgo al suicidio, que está siendo utilizado por el equipo de enfermería de la Unidad de Internación estudiada..

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Introducción: el método clínico es un proceder científico y sistematizado que el médico ha empleado desde sus inicios y continúa vigente, es el arma primordial para el ejercicio de su profesión, considerado como un sistema de pensamiento lógico, ordenado y científico con la finalidad de establecer un diagnóstico e instaurar un tratamiento.Objetivo: comprobar el dominio y aplicación del método clínico de los estudiantes de tercer año de la carrera de Medicina en Moa, durante la rotación de Propedéutica, durante el curso escolar 2015-2016.Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional, con una muestra integrada por 52 estudiantes, los que constituyeron el 100 por ciento de la población estudiada. Se consideraron los resultados por los estudiantes en los exámenes prácticos de la asignatura de Propedéutica. Resultados: El 36,5 por ciento obtuvo resultados insatisfactorios en los exámenes, con un índice de calidad del 42,4 por ciento; el 65,3 por ciento presentó dificultades en el interrogatorio, el 57,6 por ciento en el examen físico y el 50,0 por ciento de los profesores valoró de regular la interrelación entre: interrogatorio, examen físico, resumen sindromológico y complementarios, considerando que el local de los exámenes tenía buena privacidad en el 85,7 por ciento, higiene en el 78,5 por ciento e iluminación en el 71,4 por ciento.Conclusiones: se demostró que existen dificultades en los estudiantes de tercer año de la carrera de medicina para desarrollar habilidades que reflejen dominio y aplicación del método clínico.(AU)

Introduction: the clinical method is a systematized and scientific practice; the doctor has ever used it up to nowadays. This method is of high importance, since it denotes a system of logical, well-ordered and scientific thought to make a diagnosis and give the treatment.Objective: to check the mastery and application of the clinical method of the students of third year of the career of Medicine in Moa, in the Propaedeutic cycle in 2015-2016 school year.Method: an observational descriptive study was carried out, with a sample of 52 students who represented the 100 percent of the population. The students´ results achieved in the practical exams of the Propaedeutic subject were considered. Results: insufficient results were obtained in the exam in 36.5 percent of the students, with an index of quality of 42.4 percent, 65.3 percent presented difficulties in the medical interview, 57.6 percent in the physical exam and. The interrelation among medical interview, physical exam, syndromological summary and complementary were assessed as medium by 50.0 percent of the professors, considering that the place where the exams were developed had good privacy in 85.7 percent, hygiene in 78.5 percent and illumination in 71.4 percent.Conclusions: the study demonstrated that there were difficulties in the students of third year of the medicine career, to develop abilities that show knowledge and use of the clinical method.(AU)

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ABSTRACT. Background: Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome with multiple etiological factors. Evaluation of delirium in different settings, especially the Emergency Department (ED) pertaining to different regions of the world with patients from different cultural and educational backgrounds is needed. Objective: To determine the prevalence of delirium and its association with education in an ED in Brazil during a 6-month period. Methods: Patients aged >18 years were randomly selected from ED admissions. The instruments Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) scale, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Wechsler Logical Memory (WLM) and Charlson comorbidity score were applied to evaluate delirium, cognitive status, and comorbidities. Results: The prevalence of delirium was10.7%. Delirium patients had significantly lower education, MMSE and WLM (immediate and delayed) scores, with 97.4% presenting episodic memory impairment. Patients with delirium had more history of neurological disorders. Three logistic regression models evaluating the association of variables with delirium were developed. Age and MMSE were retained in the first model, WLM scores in the second, and education in the third. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study estimating the prevalence of delirium in a Brazilian ED. Lower education was associated with the occurrence of delirium.

RESUMO Introdução: Delirium é uma síndrome neuropsiquiátrica, com fatores etiológicos múltiplos. A avaliação de delirium em diferentes ambientes, especialmente no Serviço de Emergência (SE) de diferentes regiões do mundo e com diferentes características culturais e educacionais é necessária. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de delirium e associação com educação em um SE no Brasil, durante seis meses. Métodos: Foram randomizados aleatoriamente no SE os pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos. Escala Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), o teste de Memória Lógica de Wechsler (MLW), e o escore de comorbidade de Charlson foram aplicados para avaliar delirium, status cognitivo, e comorbidades. Resultados: A prevalência de delirium foi 10,7%. Os pacientes com delirium apresentaram significativamente menor escolaridade, escores mais baixos no MEEM e MLW (imediato e tardio), sendo que 97,4% apresentava comprometimento de memória episódica. Pacientes com delirium apresentaram mais história de transtorno neurológico prévio. Três modelos de regressão logística para delirium foram realizados. No primeiro, idade e MEEM foram mantidos no modelo final. No segundo, MLW imediato e tardio; e no terceiro, apenas educação. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro estudo brasileiro, de acordo com nosso melhor conhecimento, a estimar a prevalência de delirium em serviço de emergência. Nível educacional mais baixo foi associado com ocorrência de delirium.

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BACKGROUND: Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome with multiple etiological factors. Evaluation of delirium in different settings, especially the Emergency Department (ED) pertaining to different regions of the world with patients from different cultural and educational backgrounds is needed. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of delirium and its association with education in an ED in Brazil during a 6-month period. Methods: Patients aged >18 years were randomly selected from ED admissions. The instruments Confusion Assessment. METHOD: (CAM) scale, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Wechsler Logical Memory (WLM) and Charlson comorbidity score were applied to evaluate delirium, cognitive status, and comorbidities. RESULTS: The prevalence of delirium was10.7%. Delirium patients had significantly lower education, MMSE and WLM (immediate and delayed) scores, with 97.4% presenting episodic memory impairment. Patients with delirium had more history of neurological disorders. Three logistic regression models evaluating the association of variables with delirium were developed. Age and MMSE were retained in the first model, WLM scores in the second, and education in the third. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study estimating the prevalence of delirium in a Brazilian ED. Lower education was associated with the occurrence of delirium.

INTRODUÇÃO: Delirium é uma síndrome neuropsiquiátrica, com fatores etiológicos múltiplos. A avaliação de delirium em diferentes ambientes, especialmente no Serviço de Emergência (SE) de diferentes regiões do mundo e com diferentes características culturais e educacionais é necessária. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de delirium e associação com educação em um SE no Brasil, durante seis meses. MÉTODOS: Foram randomizados aleatoriamente no SE os pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos. Escala Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), o teste de Memória Lógica de Wechsler (MLW), e o escore de comorbidade de Charlson foram aplicados para avaliar delirium, status cognitivo, e comorbidades. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de delirium foi 10,7%. Os pacientes com delirium apresentaram significativamente menor escolaridade, escores mais baixos no MEEM e MLW (imediato e tardio), sendo que 97,4% apresentava comprometimento de memória episódica. Pacientes com delirium apresentaram mais história de transtorno neurológico prévio. Três modelos de regressão logística para delirium foram realizados. No primeiro, idade e MEEM foram mantidos no modelo final. No segundo, MLW imediato e tardio; e no terceiro, apenas educação. CONCLUSÃO: Este é o primeiro estudo brasileiro, de acordo com nosso melhor conhecimento, a estimar a prevalência de delirium em serviço de emergência. Nível educacional mais baixo foi associado com ocorrência de delirium.

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Sulfated and pyruvylated galactans were isolated from three tropical species of the Bryopsidales, Penicillus capitatus, Udotea flabellum, and Halimeda opuntia. They represent the only important sulfated polysaccharides present in the cell walls of these highly calcified seaweeds of the suborder Halimedineae. Their structural features were studied by chemical analyses and NMR spectroscopy. Their backbone comprises 3-, 6-, and 3,6-linkages, constituted by major amounts of 3-linked 4,6-O-(1'-carboxy)ethylidene-d-galactopyranose units in part sulfated on C-2. Sulfation on C-2 was not found in galactans from other seaweeds of this order. In addition, a complex sulfation pattern, comprising also 4-, 6-, and 4,6-disulfated galactose units was found. A fraction from P. capitatus, F1, showed a moderate anticoagulant activity, evaluated by general coagulation tests and also kinetics of fibrin formation was assayed. Besides, preliminary results suggest that one of the possible mechanisms involved is direct thrombin inhibition.

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OBJECTIVES: To verify food consumption patterns and presence of risk anthropometric parameters in schizophrenic patients, trying to assess some modifiable cardiovascular risk. METHOD: Twenty-five schizophrenic outpatients, attended at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, and 25 healthy controls matched by sex, age and body mass index (BMI) were included. Demographic (age, sex and socioeconomic status), anthropometric (weight, height and waist circumference), clinical (antipsychotics) and dietary consumption data (food frequency questionnaire) were obtained. RESULTS: There was a 40% frequency of overweight and 40% of obesity as verified by BMI, and 80% of increased risk of metabolic complications as measured by waist circumference. Most of the patients (68%) used atypical antipsychotics and no association was found between the distribution of the nutritional status according to BMI and type of antipsychotic used. There was a higher intake of total calories, calories and protein per kilogram of body weight, percentage of carbohydrates, and lower intake of omega-6, phytosterols, vitamin A and α-tocopherol by cases. Cholesterol and sodium intake did not differ between groups (365 ± 152 mg of cholesterol in cases and 313 ± 146 mg in controls; (3499 ± 1695 mg sodium by cases and 2874 ± 800 by controls). CONCLUSION: In this sample of schizophrenic patients there was a higher intake of calories and lower consumption of α-tocoferol and phitosterols, compared to controls. There was also elevated sodium, and cholesterol intake, and high frequency of overweight and central obesity.

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Introdução: O Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) trabalha com o desenvolvimento de autonomia e responsabilização do usuário no seu tratamento. Levantamentos epidemiológicos mostraram que há relação entre Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e transtornos psiquiátricos, sendo a obesidade um desafio para usuários e trabalhadores da saúde mental. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o estado nutricional e os hábitos alimentares de usuários de um CAPS em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal desenvolvido com 40 usuários. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pela classificação do IMC e circunferência da cintura, e os hábitos alimentares foram avaliados com um questionário publicado no Guia Alimentar da População Brasileira e um questionário com perguntas referentes ao tipo de transtorno mental, comorbidades e estilo de vida. A análise foi descritiva em frequência e percentuais. Resultados: A patologia mais frequente foi a esquizofrenia (65,9%). A obesidade apresentou maior prevalência (45%) e a circunferência da cintura apresentou valores acima do recomendado. Foi verificada grande alteração nos hábitos alimentares dos usuários. De acordo com o questionário proposto, 85,4% dos usuários precisam melhorar a alimentação, pois foi observado baixo consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes e grande consumo de açúcares, gorduras e produtos industrializados. Conclusão: Grande parte dos pacientes psiquiátricos apresentou excesso de peso e valor de circunferência da cintura elevada, além de hábitos alimentares pouco saudáveis, importantes fatores de risco para doenças crônicas.

Introduction: The Psychosocial Care Center (PSCC) works towards developing the user’s autonomy and accountability in the treatment. Epidemiological surveys have shown that there is a correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and psychiatric disorders, and obesity in particular poses a challenge for users and mental health workers. Thus, the objective of the study is to assess the nutritional status and dietary habits of the users of a PSCC from Porto Alegre, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with 40 users. Nutritional assessment was performed according to the classification of BMI and waist circumference. For the evaluation of eating habits, we used a questionnaire published on the Food. Guide of the Brazilian Population as well as questions regarding the type of mental disorder, comorbidity, and lifestyle. The analysis was descriptive of frequency and percentages. Results: The most frequent pathology was schizophrenia (65.9%). Obesity was more prevalent (45%) and waist circumference showed values above the recommended. A major change was seen in the dietary habits of users. According to the proposed questionnaire, 85.4% of users need to improve their eating habits since we observed low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and high intake of sugars, fats, and processed products. Conclusion: The majority of psychiatric patients presented with excess weight and high values of waist circumference, as well as poor dietary habits, which are all major risk factors for chronic diseases.

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Objective: To evaluate sperm concentration, morphology and motility of Brazilian semen donors from 1992 to 2003, in the city of São Paulo. Methods: Retrospective study analyzing 182 donor semen samples from 1992 to 2003. The first and the second donated sample were analyzed for each donor. Donor average age was 30.8 years. Means with standard errors, medians with minimum and maximum values, and interquartile ranges were calculated for age, sperm concentration, semen volume, oval morphology and motility. The relation between each characteristic of the semen samples and the year of donation, as well as donor age and season of the year were studied by linear and multiple regression analysis. Results: Linear regression analysis showed that the sperm concentration (R2 = 19.1%, R2 = 20.2%, p < 0.0001 respectively) and the oval morphology (R2 = 13%; R2 = 13.5%; p < 0.0001, respectively) decreased significantly, even when the first or the second sperm collection is considered. The ejaculated volume showed slight increase during the period for both samples (R2 = 2.2%, p = 0.048; R-sq = 2.4%. p = 0.038, respectively). All characteristics did not depend on the donors' age or season of the year when the samples were obtained. Conclusions: There was a decrease in spermatic concentration and percentage of oval sperm of semen donors samples from 1992 to 2003, in the city of São Paulo.

Objetivo: Avaliar as características seminais dos doadores de sêmen na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 1992 a 2003. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva das amostras seminais de 182 doadores de um único Banco de Sêmen, na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 1992 to 2003, que tinham a idade média de 30,8 anos. Foram analisadas a primeira e a segunda amostra de cada doador. Médias com desvios padrões, medianas com valores máximos e mínimos e intervalo interquartil foram calculados para idade, volume seminal, concentração, motilidade e morfologia espermática. As relações entre cada característica das amostras seminais e o ano da doação foram estudadas por análise de regressão linear simples. Modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram aplicados para examinar a relação do ano de doação com cada característica seminal, controlando para potencias fatores de confusão, como idade dos doadores e estação do ano em que a coleta foi realizada. Resultados: Análise de regressão linear mostrou que a concentração espermática (R2 = 19,1%, R2 = 20,2%, p < 0,0001, respectivamente) e a morfologia oval dos espermatozoides (R2 = 13%; R2 = 13,5%; p < 0,0001, respectivamente) diminuíram significativamente, na primeira e na segunda coleta seminal. O volume do ejaculado mostrou um discreto, porém significativo, aumento nas duas coletas (R2 = 2,2%, p = 0,048; R- sq = 2,4%, p = 0,038, respectivamente). Todas as alterações não se correlacionaram com a idade do doador nem com a estação do ano em que as coletas de sêmen foram realizadas. Conclusões: Houve diminuição na concentração espermática e na percentagem de espermatozoides nas amostras seminais dos doadores de sêmen, no período de 1992 a 2003, na cidade de São Paulo.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sperm concentration, morphology and motility of Brazilian semen donors from 1992 to 2003, in the city of São Paulo. METHODS: Retrospective study analyzing 182 donor semen samples from 1992 to 2003. The first and the second donated sample were analyzed for each donor. Donor average age was 30.8 years. Means with standard errors, medians with minimum and maximum values, and interquartile ranges were calculated for age, sperm concentration, semen volume, oval morphology and motility. The relation between each characteristic of the semen samples and the year of donation, as well as donor age and season of the year were studied by linear and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis showed that the sperm concentration (R2 = 19.1%, R2 = 20.2%, p < 0.0001 respectively) and the oval morphology (R2 = 13%; R2 = 13.5%; p < 0.0001, respectively) decreased significantly, even when the first or the second sperm collection is considered. The ejaculated volume showed slight increase during the period for both samples (R2 = 2.2%, p = 0.048; R-sq = 2.4%. p = 0.038, respectively). All characteristics did not depend on the donors' age or season of the year when the samples were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: There was a decrease in spermatic concentration and percentage of oval sperm of semen donors samples from 1992 to 2003, in the city of São Paulo.

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Foi realizado um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 1.951 indivíduos de 14 anos e mais, com o objetivo deinvestigar a associação entre cuidados alimentares e variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e outros hábitos relacionados à saúde em Canoas-RS. Desses, 45 por cento referiram consumo de gorduras sem restrições, 61 por cento de doces, 64 por cento de carnes e 81 por cento de farinhas/massas. Ao consumo de carnes sem restrições, associaram-se: sexo masculino; escolaridade entre cinco e oitoanos; idade ≤59 anos; consumo de gorduras e farinhas/massas sem restrições; e não uso de homeopatia. Ao consumo de gorduras sem restrições, associaram-se: sexo masculino; escolaridade ≤8 anos; idade ≤59 anos; auto-percepção de vida não-saudável; tabagismo; uso de álcool, não uso de chás e medicamentos; consumo de carnes, doces e farinhas/massas semrestrições; não realização de exames preventivos. Ao consumo de doces sem restrições, associaram-se: idade ≤59 anos; autopercepção de vida não-saudável; consumo de gorduras e farinhas/massas sem restrições. Ao consumo de farinhas/massassem restrições, associaram-se: sexo masculino, idade ≤59 anos; consumo de carnes, gorduras e doces sem restrições. As associações evidenciadas entre ausência de cuidados alimentares e outros hábitos relacionados ao uso de álcool e tabaco, fatores de risco para doenças crônico-degenerativas, apontam para a necessidade da implementação de políticas intersetoriaisde promoção da saúde.

A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 1,951 individuals aged >14 years old to investigate the association between concerns about eating habits and eating habits and demographic, socio-economic, and other health-related habits in residents of Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul. Individuals reported unrestricted consumption of fats (45 percent), meat (64 percent), sweets (61 percent), and flours/pastas (81 percent). The variables associated with unrestricted consumption of meat were: male sex; five to eight years of schooling; people with unrestricted consumption of fats and flours/pastas; and no homeopathic treatment. The variables associated with unrestricted consumption of fats were: male sex; individuals with 8 years of schooling or less; self-perception of their unhealthy lifestyle; smoking; alcohol consumption, no tea drinking and nonuse of medication; unrestricted consumption of meats, sweets and flours/pastas, and absence of preventive exams. The factors associated with unrestricted consumption of sweets were self-perception of their unhealthy lifestyle; and unrestricted consumption of fats and flours/pastas. The variables associated with unrestricted consumption of flours/pastas were: male sex; and unrestricted intake of fats, meats and sweets. Regarding the age group, unrestricted consumption for all variables was associated mainly with people aged less than 59 years old. Theassociations between eating habits and other risk factors for chronic diseases, like those related to alcohol and tobacco,point out the need for the plementation of health promotion inter-organizational policies.

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Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional de escolares da rede publica municipal de Gravataí, segundo sexo, faixa etária, maturidade sexual, localização da escola e percepção da imagem corporal. Metodologia: foi realizado estudo transversal, com amostra representativa de 1.131 alunos de 1ª a 8ª série, sendo utilizados três instrumentos: ficha antropométrica; Body Shape Questionnaire e classificação de Tanner. O desfecho foi categorizado segundo o índice de massa corporal (IMC). A análise dos dados foi realizada com regressão logística ordinal multivariada. Resultados: encontravam-se com adequação do estado nutricional 64,3 por cento; e 31,1 por cento apresentaram sobrepeso/obesidade, 6,4 por cento desnutrição e 8,2 por cento risco para baixo peso. Considerando-se exclusivamente os 476 jovens de 5ª a 8ª série, os estudantes das escolas rurais apresentaram 3,3 vezes chance de sobrepeso/obesidade do que os residentes na área urbana. Os jovens que referiram preocupação com sua imagem corporal tiveram três vezes mais chance de desnutrição/risco nutricional e 11 vezes mais sobrepeso/obesidade. Conclusão: a alta prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade demanda maior atenção das áreas da saúde e educação, em especial entre os jovens das escolas rurais.

Objective: to evaluate the nutritional state of students from local public schools of Gravatai, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, according to sex, age, sexual maturity, school location and body image perception. Methodology: atransversal study was undertaken, with representative sampling of 1,131 students from the 1st to 8th grades, with the use of three instruments: anthropometric card; Body Shape Questionnaire and Tanner classification. The outcome was categorized according to the Body Mass Index (BMI). Data analysis was performed with multivariate ordinal logistic regression. Results: suitability of the nutritional state was found in 64.3 percent of students; 31.1 percent were overweight/obese, 6.4 percent had malnutrition and 8.2 percent were at risk of being underweight. Considering separately the 476 young people from the 5th to the 8th grade, students from rural schools were 3.3 times more overweight/obese than those from the urban area. Youngsters concerned about their body image had three times more chances of having alnutrition/nutritional risk and were 11 times more overweight/obese. Conclusion: the high prevalence of overweight/obesity demands greater concern by health and education areas, especially with students at rural schools.

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Objetivo: descrever a imagem corporal segundo sexo, cor da pele auto- referida, estado nutricional, faixa etária e maturidade sexual, de escolares de 5ª a 8ª série do ensino público de Gravataí-RS, em 2005. Metodologia: estudo transversal com uma amostra representativa de 1.442 escolares. A imagem corporal foi avaliada com o Body Shape Questionnaire. As associações entre o desfecho e os fatores em estudo foram testadas com o teste do qui-quadrado. Resultado: entre os escolares, 75,1 por cento não estavam preocupados com sua imagem corporal. As meninas mostraram-se mais preocupadas do queos meninos (p<0,000) e, entre os jovens auto-referidos como brancos, encontrou-se mais preocupação com a imagem (p:0,004). Os escolares obesos e os com sobrepeso (p<0,000) e os na fase pós-puberal (p<0,030) apresentaram também maior insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Conclusão: é importante que a escola e os profissionais de saúde dirijam sua atenção para adolescentes pertencentes aos grupos com maior insatisfação corporal, criando oportunidades que enfatizem a importância de escolhas saudáveis de vida.

Objective: to describe body image according to gender, self-reported skin color, nutritional status, age group, and sexual maturity of students from the 5th to the 8th grade of public schools from Gravatai, State of Rio Grande do Sul,Brazil in 2005. Methodology: cross-sectional study including a representative sample of 1,442 students. Body image was assessed using the Body Shape Questionnaire. The associations between the outcome and the factors studied were tested using the chi-square test. Result: among students, 75.1percent were not concerned about their body image. Girls were more concerned than boys (p<0.000) and, among teenagers who self-reported being white, we found a higher level of concern about body image (p=0.004). Obese and overweight students (p<0.000) and those in the postpubertal age (p<0.030) also showed higher lack of satisfaction with their body image. Conclusion: school and health professionals should focus their attention on adolescents belonging to those groups showing higher lack of satisfaction, offering opportunities that emphasize the relevance of making healthy choices for their lives.

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Trata este projeto da pesquisa de intervenção ao atendimento aos surdos no serviço da área da saúde.Este projeto será efetuado na Unidade Básica de Saúde citada acima que se localiza na cidade de Porto Alegre com roteiro com perguntas fechadas e abertas para um profissional de cada área e também a usuários surdos, será desenvolvido nos meses de maio a agosto de 2009.Na minha experiência de trabalho na Unidade Básica de Saúde Rubem Berta, pude notar os sentimentos dos surdos quando lhes é explicado às possíveis razões que impedem atenção mais qualificada aos usuários surdos por parte dos profissionais de saúde daquela unidade.Ainda temos uma longa caminhada na sociedade, com seu papel participativo e seus direitos constitucionais que caracterizam o ser humano .

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O trabalho aborda a reflexão sobre a postura profissional do cuidador e dos relacionamentos entre colegas. Visa a promoção de relações de trabalho mais humanizadas, possibilitando o apoio e a promoção da saúde emocional dos cuidadores.

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Introdução: nos últimos 20 anos tem-se observado importante melhora nos índices de mortalidade de pacientes atendidos em centros de tratamento de queimados. Objetivo: analisar dados epidemiológicos de pacientes atendidos em centro regional de tratamento de queimados. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo sobre 956 pacientes atendidos entre janeiro e dezembro de 2006 na Unidade de Queimados do Hospital Pronto Socorro de PortoAlegre. Foram analisados dados demográficos, agente etiológico, extensão da queimadura, tempo de internação hospitalar e mortalidade. Resultados: dos 956 pacientes atendidos no ano de 2006, 201 necessitaram de internação hospitalar. Destes, 24 evoluíram para o óbito, com um índice de mortalidade de 11,94.

Introduction: Over the past 20 years, there has been remarkable improvement in the chances of survival of patients treated in burn centers.Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of severely burned patients treated at a regional burns unit. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 956 patients with acute burn injuries admitted from January to December of 2006 in the Burns Unit of Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre. Details of demographics, mechanism of burn, extent of burn, length of hospital stay, and mortality rate were recorded. Results: Of 956 burn patients evaluated in this 1-year period, 201 patients were admitted at the burn unit. From this group, 24 patients died from their injuries, yielding a mortality rate of 11,94.

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O piso de chão batido é utilizado na maioria das granjas avícolas brasileiras devido ao baixo custo em relação à construção de pisos concretados. A presença de matéria orgânica na superfície do solo dificulta sua desinfecção, devido à redução da ação antimicrobiana dos desinfetantes, sendo que os testes realizados in vitro para verificar a eficácia dos desinfetantes não contemplam as condições adversas encontradas em granjas avícolas. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a contaminação por coliformes totais e fecais através do número mais provável (NMP) no piso de chão batido de uma granja avícola e definir o volume de solução desinfetante necessário para saturar uma determinada área conforme a composição físico-hídrica do solo. Foi detectada a presença de coliformes totais e fecais na profundidade de 0,5cm, com população média de 1100NMP g-1 e 460NMP g-1, respectivamente. O volume de solução desinfetante adequado para saturar 1m² a uma profundidade de 1cm em um piso de chão batido composto por solo argiloso, com baixa porosidade e boa compactação, foi de um litro.

The floor soil ground is used in most of the Brazilian poultry farms due to the high cost of the construction of concreted floors. The presence of organic matter on the surface of the soil hinders its disinfection, due to the reduction of the antimicrobial action of disinfectants and the tests accomplished in vitro to verify the effectiveness of the disinfectants do not contemplate the adverse conditions found at poultry farms. Thus, the present work intended to determinate the volume of disinfectant solution required to be used on m² floor and the counting of total and fecal coliforms in floor soil ground. Presence of total and faecal coliforms was detected in the depth of 0.5cm with 1100NMP g-1 e 460NMP g-1, respective. The volume of disinfectant solution defined to saturate 1m² to 1cm of depth was of one liter.