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Abstract Introduction: Vestibular migraine is the most common cause of spontaneous episodic vertigo in adult patients and the second most common cause of vertigo in patients of all ages. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of oral medication type (propranolol, flunarizine, and amitriptyline) and botulinum toxin A application on vestibular symptoms, headache severity and attack frequency for vestibular migraine patients. Methods: Sixty patients with vestibular migraine were enrolled. Thirty patients received botulinum toxin A treatment (B+ group) in addition to the oral medication, whereas 30 patients received only oral medication (B− group). Headache severity was evaluated with Migraine Disability Assessment Scale and vertigo severity was evaluated with Dizziness Handicap Inventory scale. Vestibular migraine attack frequencies in the last three months were also evaluated. Results: There was a statistically significant decrement in mean Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale scores and vertigo attack frequencies after treatment for all patients, B+ and B− group patients (p < 0.001 for all). The mean Migraine Disability Assessment Scale score gains (p < 0.001) and vertigo attack frequency gains (p = 0.003) were significantly higher in the B+ patients than B− patients. Conclusions: Both B+ and B− group patients exhibited significant improvement in vestibular migraine attack frequencies, Dizziness Handicap Inventory score and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale score values. However, botulinum toxin A application had a more pronounced effect for Migraine Disability Assessment Scale score gain and vestibular migraine attack frequency values, but not for Dizziness Handicap Inventory score gain values. Thus, botulinum toxin A application should be considered for vestibular migraine patients whose headache severity degrees are more profound. The oral medication type (propranolol, flunarizine or amitriptyline) did not differ in influencing the vestibular migraine attack frequency, Dizziness Handicap Inventory score gain and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale score gain values.

Resumo Introdução: A migrânea vestibular é a causa mais comum de vertigem episódica espontânea em pacientes adultos e a segunda causa mais comum de vertigem em pacientes de todas as idades. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da aplicação dos tipos de medicamentos orais (propranolol, flunarizina e amitriptilina) e da toxina botulínica tipo A sobre os sintomas vestibulares, intensidade da cefaleia e frequência das crises em pacientes com migrânea vestibular. Método: Sessenta pacientes com migrânea vestibular foram incluídos. Trinta pacientes receberam tratamento com toxina botulínica tipo A e medicação oral (Grupo B+), enquanto 30 pacientes receberam apenas medicação oral (Grupo B-). A intensidade da cefaleia foi avaliada pelo migraine disability assessment scale e a gravidade da vertigem foi avaliada com o dizziness handicap inventory. A frequência das crises de migrânea vestibular nos últimos três meses também foi avaliada. Resultados: Houve um decréscimo estatisticamente significativo na média dos escores do dizziness handicap inventory e migraine disability assesment scale e na frequência das crises de vertigem após o tratamento em todos os pacientes, p < 0,001 para todos os pacientes dos grupos B+ e B−. Os ganhos médios no escore do migraine disability assesment scale (p < 0,001) e na frequência das crises de vertigem (p = 0,003) foram significantemente maiores nos pacientes B+ do que nos pacientes B−. Conclusões: Os pacientes de ambos os grupos B+ e B− exibiram melhoria significativa na frequência das crises de migrânea vestibular e nos valores dos escores do dizziness handicap inventory e do migraine disability assesment scale. No entanto, a aplicação da toxina botulínica tipo A teve um efeito mais pronunciado para os valores de ganho no escore do migraine disability assesment scale e na frequência das crises de migrânea vestibular, mas não para os valores de ganho no escore do dizziness handicap inventory. Portanto, a aplicação de toxina botulínica tipo A deve ser considerada para pacientes com migrânea vestibular, cujos graus de intensidade da cefaleia são mais marcantes. O tipo de medicação oral (propranolol, flunarizina ou amitriptilina) não diferiu em relação à frequência das crises de migrânea vestibular e aos valores de ganho dos escores do dizziness handicap inventory e do migraine disability assesment scale.

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Abstract Introductıon: Deep neck infections are a group of diseases with serious complications and mortality, which can occur as a result of common diseases in the community and which have surgical and medical treatment options. Objectives: Patients ages, genders, complaints, physical examination findings, hospitalization complaints, history of antibiotic use before the application, additional diseases, radiological tests and analysis of examinations, type of treatment method, antibiotic agents selected in treatment, bacterial culture results, duration of hospitalization, complications, mortality rates were systematically recorded. In the study, anaerobic bacterial factors, which are difficult to produce in routine, were produced by considering special transport conditions and culture media. Methods: A total of 74 patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Mersin, between 01.07.2016 and 01.07.2017 for deep neck infection were evaluated prospectively. The study included 37 female and 37 male patients. The ages of the patients ranged from 1 to 69 and the mean age was 31 years. Results: According to the analysis of the obtained data, there was a statistically significant relationship between the patients with additional diseases and the treatment modalities of the patients (p = 0.017). The surgical treatment rate was increased in this group of patients. In patients with a history of antibiotic use, it was found that patients in the pediatric group were in hospital longer in terms of length of stay compared to adults (p = 0.036). In adult patients who underwent surgery, the absorptive long axis was found to be longer in mm than in patients receiving isolated medical treatment (p = 0.008). Conclusions: Deep neck infections is a disease group that seriously concerns public health, with significant mortality and morbidity. Ensuring airway safety of patients should be the first intervention. Abscesses located lateral to the tonsil capsule may not drain adequately without concomitant tonsillectomy.

Resumo Introdução: As infecções cervicais profundas constituem um grupo de doenças com graves complicações e mortalidade, que podem ocorrer como resultado de doenças comuns na comunidade e que têm opções de tratamento médico e cirúrgico. Objetivo: Detectar bactérias anaeróbias e comparar a eficácia do tratamento médico-cirúrgico em diferentes faixas etárias. Método: Foram sistematicamente registrados idade dos pacientes, sexo, queixas, achados do exame físico, queixas na hospitalização, histórico de uso de antibióticos, doenças adicionais, exames radiológicos e análise dos exames, tipo de tratamento, agentes antibióticos selecionados no tratamento, resultados de cultura bacteriana, duração da hospitalização, complicações e taxas de mortalidade. No estudo, culturas bacterianas anaeróbias, difíceis de obter rotineiramente, mesmo considerando-se condições especiais de transporte e meios, foram obtidas. Foram avaliados prospectivamente 74 pacientes internados no Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia da Universidade de Mersin, entre 01.07.2016 e 07.07.2017, devido a infecção cervical profunda. O estudo incluiu 37 pacientes do sexo feminino e 37 do masculino. A idade dos pacientes variou de 1 a 69 anos e a média foi de 31. Resultados: De acordo com a análise dos dados obtidos, houve uma relação estatisticamente significante entre os pacientes com doenças adicionais e as modalidades de tratamento dos pacientes (p = 0,017). A taxa de tratamento cirúrgico foi maior nesse grupo de pacientes. Em pacientes com histórico de uso de antibióticos, verificou-se que aqueles do grupo pediátrico permaneceram mais tempo hospitalizados em comparação aos adultos (p = 0,036). Nos pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia, verificou-se que o eixo longo absortivo era mais longo em mm do que nos pacientes que receberam tratamento médico isolado (p = 0,008). Conclusão: As infecções cervicais profundas constituem um grupo de doenças que são preocupantes na saúde pública, com sua mortalidade e morbidade. Garantir a segurança das vias aéreas dos pacientes deve ser a primeira intervenção. Os abscessos localizados lateralmente à cápsula tonsilar podem não apresentar drenagem sem a tonsilectomia.

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INTRODUCTION: Vestibular migraine is the most common cause of spontaneous episodic vertigo in adult patients and the second most common cause of vertigo in patients of all ages. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of oral medication type (propranolol, flunarizine, and amitriptyline) and botulinum toxin A application on vestibular symptoms, headache severity and attack frequency for vestibular migraine patients. METHODS: Sixty patients with vestibular migraine were enrolled. Thirty patients received botulinum toxin A treatment (B+ group) in addition to the oral medication, whereas 30 patients received only oral medication (B- group). Headache severity was evaluated with Migraine Disability Assessment Scale and vertigo severity was evaluated with Dizziness Handicap Inventory scale. Vestibular migraine attack frequencies in the last three months were also evaluated. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrement in mean Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale scores and vertigo attack frequencies after treatment for all patients, B+ and B- group patients (p<0.001 for all). The mean Migraine Disability Assessment Scale score gains (p<0.001) and vertigo attack frequency gains (p= 0.003) were significantly higher in the B+ patients than B- patients. CONCLUSIONS: Both B+ and B- group patients exhibited significant improvement in vestibular migraine attack frequencies, Dizziness Handicap Inventory score and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale score values. However, botulinum toxin A application had a more pronounced effect for Migraine Disability Assessment Scale score gain and vestibular migraine attack frequency values, but not for Dizziness Handicap Inventory score gain values. Thus, botulinum toxin A application should be considered for vestibular migraine patients whose headache severity degrees are more profound. The oral medication type (propranolol, flunarizine or amitriptyline) did not differ in influencing the vestibular migraine attack frequency, Dizziness Handicap Inventory score gain and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale score gain values.

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INTRODUCTiON: Deep neck infections are a group of diseases with serious complications and mortality, which can occur as a result of common diseases in the community and which have surgical and medical treatment options. OBJECTIVES: Patients ages, genders, complaints, physical examination findings, hospitalization complaints, history of antibiotic use before the application, additional diseases, radiological tests and analysis of examinations, type of treatment method, antibiotic agents selected in treatment, bacterial culture results, duration of hospitalization, complications, mortality rates were systematically recorded. In the study, anaerobic bacterial factors, which are difficult to produce in routine, were produced by considering special transport conditions and culture media. METHODS: A total of 74 patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Mersin, between 01.07.2016 and 01.07.2017 for deep neck infection were evaluated prospectively. The study included 37 female and 37 male patients. The ages of the patients ranged from 1 to 69 and the mean age was 31 years. RESULTS: According to the analysis of the obtained data, there was a statistically significant relationship between the patients with additional diseases and the treatment modalities of the patients (p = 0.017). The surgical treatment rate was increased in this group of patients. In patients with a history of antibiotic use, it was found that patients in the pediatric group were in hospital longer in terms of length of stay compared to adults (p = 0.036). In adult patients who underwent surgery, the absorptive long axis was found to be longer in mm than in patients receiving isolated medical treatment (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Deep neck infections is a disease group that seriously concerns public health, with significant mortality and morbidity. Ensuring airway safety of patients should be the first intervention. Abscesses located lateral to the tonsil capsule may not drain adequately without concomitant tonsillectomy.

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INTRODUCTION: The effect of the quantity of olfactory neuroepithelium in the middle turbinate on the postoperative olfactory function for middle turbinate concha bullosa patients has not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the olfactory structures in the middle turbinate by immunohistochemical analysis of the olfactory marker protein and to correlate the immunostaining results with the olfaction test results for patients with middle turbinate concha bullosa. METHODS: Surgical materials of 18 middle turbinate concha bullosa patients who had undergone lateral marsupialization surgery were immunostained with olfactory marker protein antibodies. Smell diskettes olfaction test was applied to all of the study group patients both preoperatively and three months postoperatively. A visual analog scale was used to quantify the sense of nasal obstruction. RESULTS: It was observed that the postoperative smell scores and the nasal obstruction visual analog scale values were significantly improved as compared to the preoperative values (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the smell score gain and the visual analog scale gain values (r = 0.682). Results also indicated no significant correlation between the olfactory marker protein staining scores and the smell scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This first paper demonstrated that the quantity of the olfactory mucosa in the middle turbinate was not a determining factor for the postoperative smell function degree for middle turbinate concha bullosa patients. The underlying cause of the olfactory deficit for middle turbinate concha bullosa patients seems to be obstruction related rather than the middle turbinate's olfactory mucosa containing status.

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Introduction There has been a sudden idiopathic hearing loss case presented after methylphenidate treatment in a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective This study was performed to reveal the probable ototoxic side effects of methylphenidate use in patients with ADHD. Methods Thirty pediatric patients with ADHD were included in the study. Pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination scores, waves I, III, V absolute latencies and waves I-III, I-V, III-V interpeak latencies at the 80 dB nHL intensity after click stimulus auditory brainstem response (ABR) results were compared before and 3 months after methylphenidate treatment. Results There were no statistically significant difference between pretreatment and posttreatment pure tone and speech audiometry findings and ABR results (p > 0.05 for all parameters). Conclusion Methylphenidate can be regarded as a safe drug regarding ototoxic side effects. Additional studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up may be needed.

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Abstract Introduction There has been a sudden idiopathic hearing loss case presented after methylphenidate treatment in a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective This study was performed to reveal the probable ototoxic side effects of methylphenidate use in patients with ADHD. Methods Thirty pediatric patients with ADHD were included in the study. Pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination scores, waves I, III, V absolute latencies and waves IIII, I-V, III-V interpeak latencies at the 80 dB nHL intensity after click stimulus auditory brainstem response (ABR) results were compared before and 3 months after methylphenidate treatment. Results There were no statistically significant difference between pretreatment and posttreatment pure tone and speech audiometry findings and ABR results (p > 0.05 for all parameters). Conclusion Methylphenidate can be regarded as a safe drug regarding ototoxic side effects. Additional studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up may be needed.

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Introduction Tinnitus is a perception of sound in the absence of an external source and it is a distressing issue. Yoga is a system of mind-body practices with the goal of uniting the body, mind and soul. It has been shown to reduce anxiety and stress, as well as improving the quality of life. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of yoga in patients suffering from chronic subjective tinnitus. Methods Twelve subjects previously diagnosed with chronic subjective tinnitus were selected for the study. The patients were asked to attend to yoga classes once a week and to practice yoga at home using a worksheet for 3 months. Each yoga class consisted of body exercises (asana), breathing (pranayama) and meditation (shavasana and yoga nidra). Tinnitus scores before and after the yoga classes were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Results Among the 12 patients, there were 4 men and 8 women and their mean age was 52.5 years. The median duration of tinnitus among the group was 5.4 years. There were statistically significant differences in the stress ( p = 0.01), handicap ( p = 0.004) and severity ( p = 0.007) questionnaires scores. Conclusion This study indicated that yoga practices may reduce life stress and symptoms of subjective tinnitus.

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Abstract Introduction Tinnitus is a perception of sound in the absence of an external source and it is a distressing issue. Yoga is a system of mind-body practices with the goal of uniting the body,mind and soul. It has been shown to reduce anxiety and stress, as well as improving the quality of life. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of yoga in patients suffering from chronic subjective tinnitus. Methods Twelve subjects previously diagnosed with chronic subjective tinnitus were selected for the study. The patients were asked to attend to yoga classes once a week and to practice yoga at home using a worksheet for 3 months. Each yoga class consisted of body exercises (asana), breathing (pranayama) and meditation (shavasana and yoga nidra). Tinnitus scores before and after the yoga classes were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Results Among the 12 patients, there were 4 men and 8 women and their mean age was 52.5 years. The median duration of tinnitus among the group was 5.4 years. There were statistically significant differences in the stress (p = 0.01), handicap (p = 0.004) and severity (p = 0.007) questionnaires scores. Conclusion This study indicated that yoga practices may reduce life stress and symptoms of subjective tinnitus.

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Introduction Auditory neuropathy/dyssynchrony (AN/AD) comprises a spectrum of pathology affecting the auditory pathways anywhere from the inner hair cells to the brainstem. It is characterized by an absent or atypical auditory brainstem response (ABR) with preservation of the cochlear microphonics and/or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). Objective Retrospective analysis of patients with AN/AD. Methods Fifteen patients with AN/AD were included in this study and their records were retrospectively investigated. Results Possible etiology of AN/AD was neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in three patients, family history of hearing loss in three patients, consanguineous marriage in two patients, head trauma in two patients, mental motor retardation in one patient, cerebrovascular disease in one patient, and there was no apparent cause in three patients. Conclusion Otolaryngologists should keep in mind the diagnosis of AN/AD especially in patients complaining of difficulty in hearing and speech and audiological evidence of disassociation between pure tone and speech audiometry. ABR and OAE testing is recommended in these patients for AN/AD diagnosis. .

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Introduction Dermoids frequently called "hairy polyps" and their nature have not been completely clarified. Objectives To discuss the unusual presentation, symptoms, incidence, histology, and perioperative management of hairy polyps in the light of a case and current literature. Resumed Report A 3-year-old boy presented with intermittent respiratory distress since birth. Oropharyngeal examination revealed a nasopharyngeal mass originating from the supratonsillar fossa. The mass was so mobile that it moved between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx during swallowing. The radiologic and pathologic examinations confirmed the mass as a hairy polyp. Conclusion In a pediatric age group with airway obstruction, hairy polyps of the oropharyngeal region must also be included in the differential diagnosis.

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Introduction Auditory neuropathy/dyssynchrony (AN/AD) comprises a spectrum of pathology affecting the auditory pathways anywhere from the inner hair cells to the brainstem. It is characterized by an absent or atypical auditory brainstem response (ABR) with preservation of the cochlear microphonics and/or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). Objective Retrospective analysis of patients with AN/AD. Methods Fifteen patients with AN/AD were included in this study and their records were retrospectively investigated. Results Possible etiology of AN/AD was neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in three patients, family history of hearing loss in three patients, consanguineous marriage in two patients, head trauma in two patients, mental motor retardation in one patient, cerebrovascular disease in one patient, and there was no apparent cause in three patients. Conclusion Otolaryngologists should keep in mind the diagnosis of AN/AD especially in patients complaining of difficulty in hearing and speech and audiological evidence of disassociation between pure tone and speech audiometry. ABR and OAE testing is recommended in these patients for AN/AD diagnosis.

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Introduction Dermoids frequently called "hairy polyps" and their nature have not been completely clarified. Objectives To discuss the unusual presentation, symptoms, incidence, histology, and perioperative management of hairy polyps in the light of a case and current literature. Resumed Report A 3-year-old boy presented with intermittent respiratory distress since birth. Oropharyngeal examination revealed a nasopharyngeal mass originating from the supratonsillar fossa. The mass was so mobile that it moved between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx during swallowing. The radiologic and pathologic examinations confirmed the mass as a hairy polyp. Conclusion In a pediatric age group with airway obstruction, hairy polyps of the oropharyngeal region must also be included in the differential diagnosis. .

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