RESUMEN
As climate change continues to displace greater numbers of people, transnational ties are important sources of social protection for climate migrants. Migrants assemble unique configurations of formal and informal social protections depending on the resources available within their sending and receiving communities. However, the specific constellations of social protections that climate migrants use following disaster and displacement remain underexamined. Authors conducted semistructured interviews with Puerto Ricans who migrated in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria (N = 41) and used qualitative content analysis to trace the assemblages of formal and informal social protections used to navigate the resettlement process. Results suggest that informal support from migrants' transnational ties was instrumental in successfully making use of formal sources of support, including federal emergency relief programs, to leave the island and resettle on the U.S. mainland. This reliance on informal social protections often strained participants' informal networks and raised questions of equity for people internally displaced by climate change. These findings highlight the need for a more equitable and effective linkage of climate migrants with public resources.
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Cambio Climático , Tormentas Ciclónicas , Humanos , Puerto Rico/etnología , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Migrantes/psicología , Investigación Cualitativa , Persona de Mediana Edad , Entrevistas como Asunto , Servicio Social/métodos , Apoyo Social , DesastresRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Millions of Venezuelans have left their country in search of safety and stability in the United States (U.S.) and Colombia, two countries where recent increases in anti-immigrant rhetoric and sentiment have occurred. The Perceived Negative Context of Reception Scale captures the degree to which immigrants report feeling that people from their country are unwanted/marginalized within their new receiving context. In the present study, we examine the psychometric properties of the Perceived Negative Context of Reception Scale with recent Venezuelan immigrant adolescents and adults in the U.S. and Colombia. METHOD: We conducted confirmatory factor analysis using data from the Colombia and Miami's Newest Arrivals (CAMINAR) Study, which collected data from Venezuelan adults in Bogotá, Colombia, and South Florida in October-November 2017, and the Venezolanos en Nuevos Entornos (VENE) Youth Project which surveyed Venezuelan youth living in Florida between November 2018 and July 2019. RESULTS: We found that the negative context of reception evidenced strong psychometric properties among immigrants in both the U.S. and in Colombia, among adolescents and adults, and among male and female respondents. We also found that negative context of reception scores was associated with elevated scores on criterion-related factors-that is, perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms-in ways that are theoretically coherent and support measure validity. CONCLUSION: We provide new evidence that the Perceived Negative Context of Reception scale is reliable and valid for use with Venezuelan immigrants in the U.S. and Colombia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Asunto(s)
Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Adolescente , Adulto , Colombia , Femenino , Florida , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
We identify subtypes of Venezuelan youth based on patterns of technology-based communication with friends in their receiving (US) and sending (Venezuela) countries and, in turn, examine the behavioral health characteristics among different "subtypes" of youth. Using data from 402 recently-arrived Venezuelan immigrant youth (ages 10-17), latent profile analysis and multinomial regression are employed to examine the relationships between technology-based communication and key outcomes. We identified a four-class solution: [#1] "Daily Contact in US, In Touch with Venezuela" (32%), [#2] "Daily Communication in Both Countries" (19%), [#3] "Weekly Contact: More Voice/Text Than Social Media" (35%), and [#4] "Infrequent Communication with US and Venezuela" (14%). Compared to Class #1, youth in Classes #2 and #3 report elevated depressive symptomatology and more permissive substance use views. Findings suggest that how youth navigate and maintain transnational connections varies substantially, and that technology-based communication is related to key post-migration outcomes.
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Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Adolescente , Niño , Comunicación , Hispánicos o Latinos , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In recent years, more than 5 million Venezuelans have left their once prosperous country, with several hundred thousand settling in the United States (US). At present, our understanding of the health risk behavior profiles of Venezuelan émigré youth, and their links with cultural stress, remains limited. OBJECTIVES: Drawing from a sample of recently-immigrated Venezuelan youth in the US, we aim to identify subtypes of youth according to their involvement in health risk behaviors (i.e., substance use, sexual risk behavior, violence) and assess the associations between class membership and key constructs related to cultural stress theory (i.e., negative context of reception, family communication/support). METHOD: Latent profile analysis and multinomial regression were performed using data from a community-based convenience sample of 402 recently-arrived Venezuelan immigrant youth (ages 10-17; 56% male). RESULTS: We identified five subtype classes: (1) "Abstainer" (36%), (2) "Alcohol Only" (24%), (3) "Alcohol/Tobacco" (24%), (4) "Aggression" (8%), and (5) "Multidimensional Risk" (8%). Compared to Class #1, youth in Classes #3 and #5 reported significantly higher levels of negative context of reception and lower levels of family functioning while controlling for demographic factors. Youth in Class #5 reported the lowest levels of family economic hardship and the longest duration in the US. CONCLUSION: It is vital that we support both Venezuelan youth who abstain from risk behavior and, at the same time, develop and implement programs that target the needs of those who are at elevated risk for serious consequences related to substance use, sexual risk behavior, and violence.
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Conducta del Adolescente , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Adolescente , Agresión , Niño , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Conductas de Riesgo para la Salud , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between preschool-aged children's exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multiple, intersecting domains of school readiness using a nationally representative sample. STUDY DESIGN: A sample of 15 402 preschool-aged children (3-5 years) in the US from the 3 most recent cohorts (2016-2018) of the National Survey of Children's Health were employed. Primary caregivers were asked survey questions about the adversities experienced by focal children. Four distinct domains of school readiness among the children were also derived from the survey: early learning skills, self-regulation, social-emotional development, and physical health and motor development. RESULTS: Although nearly one-half of children who had not been exposed to ACEs were on-track across all domains, only 1 in 5 children exposed to 3 or more ACEs were on-track across all domains. Follow-up analyses identified parenting stress and reduced positive parenting practices as significant mediators of this association. Multivariate results also indicated that, regardless of the school readiness domain examined, an accumulation of ACEs increased the rate of items on which a child needs support or is at-risk. CONCLUSIONS: An accumulation of ACEs among preschool-aged children elevates risk within and across school readiness domains. These findings highlight the urgent need to identify best practices to reduce ACE exposure, as well as improve school readiness during early childhood.
Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/psicología , Desarrollo Infantil , Estudiantes/psicología , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Since 2015, more than four million Venezuelans have fled their once prosperous nation, prompting an ever-intensifying refugee crisis. Recent research with Venezuelan parents suggests that many are exposed to elevated migration-related stress, experience behavioral health problems, and express profound concern for their children's post-migration wellbeing. We examine the relationships between stress, family functioning, and substance use risk with a cultural stress theoretical lens. Methods: Survey data were collected between November 2018 and June 2019 from 402 recently-arrived Venezuelan immigrant youth ages 10-17. Outcomes include perceived discrimination, negative context of reception, family support/communication, and substance use intentions and normative beliefs. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between variables. Results: Structural equation modeling results indicated that negative context of reception was associated with permissive substance use norms (via family communication; B = 0.070, p < .01) and intentions to use (via family support; B = 0.051, p < .01). Discrimination was not mediated by family functioning, rather it exerted a direct effect on substance use norms (ß = 0.20, p < .01) and intentions (ß = 0.33, p < .001). Discussion: We see clear evidence that negative context of reception and discrimination are related to substance use risk, both directly (in the case of discrimination) and indirectly (in the case of negative context of reception). Given the manifold stressors faced by Venezuelan immigrants both prior to migration and in the process of resettling in the US, it is critical that practitioners and policymakers support this rapidly-growing population.
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Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Migrantes , Adolescente , Niño , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Padres , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and behavioral, sociodemographic, and psychiatric/psychological correlates of homicidal ideation among a sample of children and adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: We employed descriptive and multivariate logit models of homicidal ideation using data from the 2012-2016 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. This study was conducted with data from emergency departments in the US, and we used a sample of (N = 17â041â346) children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 17 years. RESULTS: Pediatric homicidal ideation is rare with a prevalence estimate of 0.09%; however, its prevalence increases substantially from age 5 years to age 15 years when it peaks, and then declines through the end of adolescence. Conduct disorders conferred 1483% increased odds, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder conferred 616% increased odds, and other behavioral and emotional disorders increased a 2-fold to nearly 4-fold increased liability for homicidal ideation net the effects of sex, age, urban residence, insurance status, and zip code median household income. CONCLUSION: In the wake of homicide tragedies, it is often the case that numerous behavioral and clinical red flags were present in the developmental history of the perpetrator, but these were overlooked. Identifying children and adolescents who present with homicidal ideation is a crucial pediatric and public health matter that can inform prevention and behavioral interventions that forestall lethal violence.
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Homicidio/psicología , Procesos Mentales , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Bases de Datos Factuales , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Tiempo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: It is estimated that more than 4 million Venezuelans have left their country as a direct result of their nation's widespread social and economic challenges. Although recent research identifies Venezuela as one of the nations with the highest rates of harmful alcohol consumption in the Americas, no research has been conducted on alcohol use among Venezuelan youth in diaspora. METHODS: Data was collected between November 2018 and June 2019 from 373 Venezuelan immigrant youth ages 12-17 in the United States. The prevalence of past-month and lifetime alcohol use among Venezuelan youth is compared to that of other Hispanic and immigrant youth from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), and the Construyendo Oportunidades Para Adolecentes Latinos (COPAL) study using independent sample t tests. RESULTS: The prevalence of past-month and lifetime alcohol use was significantly higher among Venezuelan immigrant youth (15% and 52%, respectively) compared to other Hispanic (9% and 28%) and immigrant (4.5% and 28%) youth in the NSDUH, and youth ages 14-17 in the COPAL study (4.0% and 22%). Among Venezuelan youth reporting alcohol use initiation, 1.5% of youth ages 12-14 and 19% ages 15-17 report lifetime alcohol intoxication. DISCUSSION: Although preliminary, results indicate that a disconcerting proportion of Venezuelan crisis migrant youth in the US report lifetime alcohol initiation and past-month use. These findings suggest the importance of future research to examine the prevalence and correlates of alcohol use in this population using recruitment and sampling methods that will allow for population-level estimates.
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Conducta del Adolescente/etnología , Intoxicación Alcohólica/epidemiología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Consumo de Alcohol en Menores/etnología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Autoinforme , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Venezuela/etnologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To examine the trends associated with child and adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts and to compare these trends to those among the adult population. STUDY DESIGN: A nationally representative sample of administrative billing data was used for the analysis, which included descriptive statistics, trend data, and logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 874 872 (95% CI, 810 574-939 169) children and adolescents and 5 561 197 (95% CI, 5 271 426-5 850 968) adults admitted to an emergency department who experienced suicidal ideation or suicide attempts between 2010 and 2014, representing 1.20% of admissions for children (95% CI, 1.13-1.37) and adolescents and 1.09% of admissions for adults (95% CI, 1.05-1.13). Children and adolescents were more likely to be female (aOR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.71-1.78) and to have private insurance (aOR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.68-1.83) as compared with adults. Although the percentage of admissions increased for adults 25 and older (18.95%) the greatest increases were found among children and adolescents (5-11 years of age, 37.87%; 12-14 years of age, 82.03%; 15-17 years of age, 51.59%; and 18-24 years of age, 26.77%). There is a seasonal trend for children and adolescents such that higher rates are associated with the school year, which is not present for adults. CONCLUSION: Practitioners should be cognizant of the fact that suicidal ideation and suicide attempts for youth present differently than they do for the greater population and they should be vigilant in identifying risk factors, especially during seasons where risk of self-harm increases.
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Costos de la Atención en Salud , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Ideación Suicida , Intento de Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Central American immigrants to the United States are a growing population with rates of food insecurity that exceed national averages. We analyzed multiple years of data from the Center for System Peace and the Current Population Survey, Food Security Survey Module, from 1998 to 2015. We used ordered probit and probit regressions to quantify associations between premigration residence in a country exposed to armed conflict in Central America and the food insecurity of immigrants in the United States. The study sample included 5682 females and 5801 males between the ages of 19 and 69 years who were born in Central America and migrated to the United States. The mean age of individuals included in the study sample was 38.2 years for females (standard deviation, 11.0) and 36.8 years for males (standard deviation, 10.6). Premigration armed conflict was associated with a 10.7% point increase in postmigration food insecurity among females (95% confidence interval, 6.8-14.5), and a 9.5% point increase among males (95% confidence interval, 5.0-14.0).
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Conflictos Armados/estadística & datos numéricos , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Pobreza/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto , Anciano , América Central , Intervalos de Confianza , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Haitians immigrate to the United States for many reasons, including the opportunity to escape political violence. The extant literature on Haitian immigrant health focuses on post-migration, rather than pre-migration, environments and experiences. Objective: In this study, we analyze health outcomes data from a nationally representative sample of Haitian immigrants in the United States from 1996 to 2015. We estimate age-adjusted associations between pre-migration residence in Haiti during the repressive regimes and generalized terror of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, who ran Haiti from 1957 to 1986. METHODS: We used ordered probit regression models to quantify age-adjusted associations between the duration of pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime, and the distribution of post-migration health status among Haitian immigrants in the United States. Findings: Our study sample included 2,438 males and 2,800 females ages 15 and above. The mean age of males was 43.5 (standard deviation, 15.5) and the mean age of females was 44.7 (standard deviation, 16.6). Each additional decade of pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime is associated with a 2.9 percentage point decrease (95% confidence interval 0.6 to 5.3) in excellent post-migration health for males, and a 2.8 percentage point decrease (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 4.8) for females. Within the subsample of Haitian immigrants with any pre-migration residence in Haiti during the Duvalier regime, each additional decade since the regime is associated with a 3.3 percentage point increase (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.5) in excellent post-migration health for males, and a 2.3 percentage point increase (95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 4.1) for females. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we found statistically significant and negative associations between the Duvalier regime and the post-migration distribution of health status 10 to 57 years later. We found statistically significant and positive associations between the length of time since the Duvalier regime and post-migration health.
Asunto(s)
Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado de Salud , Política , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Haití/etnología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dinámica Poblacional , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: While many researchers document the immediate and localized health effects of armed conflicts on combatants are well documented in the literature, less is known about the effects of armed conflict on individuals who have subsequently migrated elsewhere. Objective: This study aims to estimate associations between pre-migration armed conflict in Central America and post-migration health in the United States. METHODS: We created a new dataset that combines information on armed conflicts in Central America and immigrant health in the United States. We used ordered probit regressions to estimate age-adjusted associations between pre-migration armed conflict and post-migration health. FINDINGS: The study sample of Central American immigrants included 15,563 females and 16,236 males between the ages 15 and 69. The mean age was 37.2 years (standard deviation, 11.6 years) for females and 35.5 years (standard deviation, 11.2 years) for males. After adjusting for age, pre-migration armed conflict was associated with a 8.6 percentage point decrease in excellent health for females (95% confidence interval, 6.0 to 11.1), and a 7.3 percentage point decrease for males (95% confidence interval, 4.0 to 10.7). Each decade of pre-migration armed conflict was associated a 2.9-percentage point decrease in excellent health for females (95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 3.8) and a 1.6-percentage point decrease for males (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 2.6). For those individuals exposed to armed conflict, each decade since the most recent armed conflict was associated with a 1.5 percentage point increase in excellent health for females (95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 2.5). For males, the average marginal effect of decades since last conflict was not statistically significant (95% confidence interval, -0.001 to 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-migration armed conflict in Central America is associated with decreases in excellent post-migration health in the United States. The effects of armed conflict are cumulative and fade over time for females.
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Conflictos Armados , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado de Salud , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Conflictos Armados/estadística & datos numéricos , América Central , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The civil war between the indigenous Mayans and other Guatemalans lasted for 36 years, killed civilians, decimated villages, and resulted in many refugees. The Guatemalan Peace Agreement of 1996 aimed to alleviate the ongoing conflict. Studies of peace agreements more typically evaluate local political outcomes while neglecting global health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Our research quantified associations between pre-migration exposure to the peace agreement in Guatemala and the post-migration health status of Guatemalan immigrants in the United States. METHODS: We used chi-square tests to compare the distribution of health status before and after peace. We used ordered probit regressions to estimate associations between peace in Guatemala and health in the United States, conditional on the observed distributions of age, age squared, age cubed, and linear time trends before and after peace. FINDINGS: The study sample included 4,115 female and 5,282 male Guatemalan immigrants between the ages of 15 and 85. The mean age was 38.8 years for females (standard deviation, 14.2) and 35.4 years for males (standard deviation, 12.6). Chi-square tests found statistically significant differences in the distribution of health status before and after the peace agreement, for females (P < .001) and males (P < .001). In unadjusted results, the peace agreement was associated with a 7.3 percentage point increase in excellent post-migration health for females (95% confidence interval, 4.9 to 9.8) and a 6.0 percentage point increase for males (95% confidence interval, 3.8 to 8.2). In adjusted results, we found that the peace agreement was associated with a 6.1 percentage point increase in excellent post-migration health for females (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 11.4) and a 5.5-percentage point increase for males (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 10.0). CONCLUSIONS: The peace agreement in Guatemala was associated with statistically significant improvements in the health status of Guatemalan immigrants to the United States.
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Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Estado de Salud , Política , Guerra , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Guatemala/etnología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To examine the prevalence of self-reported criminal and violent behavior, substance use disorders, and mental disorders among Mexican immigrants vis-à-vis the US born. METHODS: Study findings are based on national data collected between 2012 and 2013. Binomial logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between immigrant status and behavioral/psychiatric outcomes. RESULTS: Mexican immigrants report substantially lower levels of criminal and violent behaviors, substance use disorders, and mental disorders compared to US-born individuals. CONCLUSION: While some immigrants from Mexico have serious behavioral and psychiatric problems, Mexican immigrants in general experience such problems at far lower rates than US-born individuals.
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Conducta Criminal/etnología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/etnología , Americanos Mexicanos/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etnología , Violencia/etnología , Adulto , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/estadística & datos numéricos , México/etnología , Prevalencia , Autoinforme , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BackgroundLittle is known about the joint mental health effects of air pollution and tobacco smoking in low- and middle-income countries.AimsTo investigate the effects of exposure to ambient fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) and smoking and their combined (interactive) effects on depression.MethodMultilevel logistic regression analysis of baseline data of a prospective cohort study (n = 41 785). The 3-year average concentrations of PM2.5 were estimated using US National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellite data, and depression was diagnosed using a standardised questionnaire. Three-level logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations with depression.ResultsThe odds ratio (OR) for depression was 1.09 (95% C11.01-1.17) per 10 µg/m3 increase in ambient PM2.5, and the association remained after adjusting for potential confounding factors (adjusted OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19). Tobacco smoking (smoking status, frequency, duration and amount) was also significantly associated with depression. There appeared to be a synergistic interaction between ambient PM2.5 and smoking on depression in the additive model, but the interaction was not statistically significant in the multiplicative model.ConclusionsOur study suggests that exposure to ambient PM2.5 may increase the risk of depression, and smoking may enhance this effect.
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Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Depresión/inducido químicamente , Material Particulado/efectos adversos , Fumar/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , China/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Depresión/epidemiología , Femenino , Ghana/epidemiología , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Fumar/epidemiología , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To examine whether parental incarceration is significantly associated with a number of sleep and eating behaviors among offspring during early childhood. STUDY DESIGN: Data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study, an at-risk sample of parents and their offspring, were employed to test this possibility. Both maternal and paternal incarceration history were examined as predictors of whether children manifested high levels of the following 7 health behaviors: sleep problems, short sleep duration, salty snack consumption, starch consumption, sweets consumption, soda consumption, and fast food consumption. Logistic regression techniques were used to carry out the analyses. RESULTS: Both maternal and paternal incarceration significantly increased the odds of a number of risky sleep and eating behaviors during childhood. Ancillary analysis also revealed that the predicted probability of exhibiting multiple risky behaviors across the sleep and eating domains was twice as large among children whose parents had both been incarcerated, relative to children whose parents had not been incarcerated. CONCLUSIONS: Parental incarceration may have important implications for the sleep and eating behaviors of offspring. Both scholars and practitioners may, therefore, want to consider the possible negative repercussions of parental incarceration for the sleep and eating behaviors of children, and the potential for these high-risk health behaviors to compromise the health and well-being of children as they age.
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Conducta Alimentaria , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Padres , Prisioneros , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiología , Bebidas Gaseosas , Preescolar , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Comida Rápida , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Bocadillos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To examine illicit drug use and service utilization patterns of US-born and foreign-born Hispanics in the United States. METHODS: Hispanic respondents 18 years and older in the NESARC were categorized as being of Mexican (n = 3,556), Puerto Rican (n = 785), Cuban (n = 346), Central American (n = 513), or South American (n = 381) origin. We examined lifetime prevalence of drug use and substance abuse treatment utilization patterns for US-born and Hispanic immigrants across subgroups. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of drug use was greater among US-born Hispanics than Hispanic immigrants after controlling for age, gender, income, education, urbanicity, parental history of drug use problems and lifetime DSM-IV mood/anxiety disorders. Both US-born and immigrant Hispanic drug users were less likely than non-Hispanic white drug users to have utilized any form of substance abuse treatment (US-born AOR = 0.89, immigrant AOR = 0.64) and more likely to have utilized family or social services (US-born AOR = 1.17, immigrant AOR = 1.19). Compared to US-born Hispanic drug users, Hispanic immigrant drug users were less likely to have used any form of substance abuse treatment (AOR = 0.81) and were more likely to have utilized family or social services (AOR = 1.22). CONCLUSION: Strategies to increase engagement and retention of Hispanic drug users in substance abuse treatment include increasing access to linguistically and culturally competent programs that address unmet family and social needs. Further studies examining differences in drug use and service utilization patterns within Hispanic subgroups are needed.
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Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/psicología , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Drogas Ilícitas , Centros de Tratamiento de Abuso de Sustancias/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , América Central/etnología , Cuba/etnología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Puerto Rico/etnología , Servicio Social , América del Sur/etnología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Perceived discrimination is a major source of health-related stress. The purpose of this study was to model the heterogeneity of everyday-discrimination experiences among African American and Caribbean Blacks and to identify differences in the prevalence of mood and substance use outcomes, including generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder among the identified subgroups. METHOD: The study uses data from the National Survey of American Life obtained from a sample of African American and Caribbean Black respondents (N=4,462) between 18 and 65 years. RESULTS: We used latent profile analysis and multinomial regression analyses to identify and validate latent subgroups and test hypotheses, yielding 4 classes of perceived everyday discrimination: Low Discrimination, Disrespect and Condescension, General Discrimination, and Chronic Discrimination. Findings show significant differences exist between the Low Discrimination and General Discrimination classes for major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder. Moreover, we find significant differences exist between the Low Discrimination and Chronic Discrimination classes for the four disorders examined. Compared with the Chronic Discrimination class, members of the other classes were significantly less likely to meet criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol-use disorder, and illicit drug-use disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest elevated levels of discrimination increase risk for mood and substance-use disorders. Importantly, results suggest the prevalence of mood and substance-use disorders is a function of the type and frequency of discrimination that individuals experience.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Racismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Anciano , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Población Negra/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Racismo/psicología , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Indias Occidentales/etnología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine the direct and mediated relationships between religious coping, spirituality, social developmental factors, and violence among high-risk and gang-involved youth in a high-crime, Latin American country. METHODS: Using a community sample of 290 high-risk and gang-involved youth in San Salvador, El Salvador, structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationships between religious coping, spirituality, social developmental factors (e.g., antisocial bond and antisocial beliefs), and violence. RESULTS: Religious coping (ß = - 0.14, P < 0.05) and spirituality (ß = - 0.20, P < 0.01) were both significantly associated with antisocial bond. Antisocial bond, in turn, was directly associated with violence (ß = 0.70, P < 0.001) and was associated with antisocial beliefs (ß = 0.54, P < 0.001); however, the path from antisocial beliefs to violence was not statistically significant. No direct paths were identified from religiosity and spirituality to violence. The goodness-of-fit statistics (root mean square error of approximation, 0.034; comparative fit index, 0.974; and Tucker-Lewis index, 0.966) suggest that the final model had acceptable fit. CONCLUSIONS: This study is among the first to shed light on the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and youth violence in the Latin American context. Elevated levels of religious coping and spirituality are associated with less antisocial bonding, which, in turn, is associated with lower levels of violent behavior among high-risk and gang-involved Salvadoran youth. Study findings suggest that religious coping and spirituality are indirectly protective for youth violence among this high-risk population.