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BACKGROUND: Children undergoing primary closure of bladder exstrophy experience blood loss and significant fluid shifts and require protracted periods of postoperative immobilization to avoid compromising the repair. Suboptimal anxiolysis and pain management is associated with increased morbidity. There is a lack of consensus on the optimal analgesic technique and studies have not previously described analgesic management in delayed bladder exstrophy closure. In exstrophy management, opioid infusions and benzodiazepine sedation are commonplace but are associated with dose-dependent respiratory and gastrointestinal side-effects. We present nine years of caudal epidural anaesthesia in delayed bladder exstrophy repair and describe its facilitation of early extubation and early feeding (within 12 h) without surgical complication. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated consecutive infants with classic bladder exstrophy undergoing delayed primary closure with anterior pelvic osteotomies between November 2007 and January 2016. Outcomes and complications were evaluated in terms of postoperative comfort (using the FLACC score-Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability), epidural failure rate, re-intubation rate and gastrointestinal complications. RESULTS: Forty-four infants had average age of 5.8 months (range 1.6-17.1 months) and weight of 7.0 kg (range 3.5-11.8 kg), and their duration of surgery was 9.5 h (range 6.9-14.3 h). Forty-two of 44 (95.5%) patients received caudal epidural catheters. At 24 h, 15 of 42 (35.7%) caudal epidurals required supplementation with intravenous opioids. Fewer patients with optimally functioning epidurals required postoperative ventilation (1/27 [3.7%] compared with 3/15 [20.0%]). None of the patients with caudal epidural catheters required re-intubation. Pain scores were lower in infants with isolated caudal epidurals catheters than those with caudal epidurals supplemented by intravenous opioids (day 1 [18 vs 53; P = 0.008]; day 2 [8 vs 15; P > 0.05] and overall [32 vs 65; P = 0.014]). Infants with intravenous opioids experienced higher complications: pruritus (25% [95% confidence interval {CI}: 5%-57%] vs 0% [95% CI: 0%-13%]; P = 0.026) and nausea and vomiting (25% [95% CI: 5%-57%] vs 8% [95% CI: 1%-25%]; P = 0.30) requiring treatment. Nineteen of 44 (43.1%) infants were fed early (within 12 h of surgery). Infants who were fed early had lower pain scores than infants feeding late (day 1 [17.5 vs 31; P > 0.05]; day 2 [5.5 vs 15; P = 0.045]; overall [26 vs 55.5; P = 0.015]) without increase in complications (nausea and vomiting [6.3% vs 20.0%; P = 0.06]; ileus [0.0% vs 0.0%]; aspiration [0.0% vs 0.0%] and re-intubation aspiration [0.0% vs 0.0%]). CONCLUSIONS: Caudal epidural analgesia facilitates postoperative extubation in infants undergoing delayed exstrophy repair. Early feeding (within the first 12 h) in delayed bladder exstrophy repair is likely to improve patient comfort and consolability without increasing the incidence of gastrointestinal complications. Intravenous opioid may be associated with increased postoperative complications that may influence peri-operative outcomes.

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Crown or root fractures are the most commonly encountered emergencies in the dental clinic. Root fractures occur in fewer than eight percent of the traumatic injuries to permanent teeth. They are broadly classified as horizontal and vertical root fractures. Correct diagnosis of root fractures is essential to ensure a proper treatment plan and hence, the best possible prognosis. Indication of the type of treatment to be used depends primarily on the level of the fracture line. Therefore, a clinician must also have a thorough knowledge of the various treatment approaches to devise a treatment plan accordingly. Various treatment strategies have been proposed, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Hence, this literature review presents an overview of the various types of root fractures and their management.

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AIM: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to examine reported cases of stump appendicitis (SA) to determine the relationship between SA and the original operative strategy (open vs laparoscopic), and to evaluate the clinical features and diagnosis. METHOD: A Pub-med search was conducted to identify cases of appendicitis of a residual stump following appendicectomy. Two original cases of SA following laparoscopic appendicectomy treated in our own hospitals are also included in the analysis. Sixty cases of SA reported in the English medical literature were analysed. RESULTS: The interval from the original appendicectomy ranged from 4 days to 50 years. SA followed appendicectomy in 58% of open and 31.6% of laparoscopic procedures. SA was frequently misdiagnosed as constipation or gastroenteritis, with a significant delay to surgery. Computerized tomography diagnosed SA in 46.6% of cases. Perforation with gangrene of the stump occurred in 40%. CONCLUSION: Stump appendicitis is rare. It may complicate open or laparoscopic appendicectomy. A high level of suspicion should be maintained in any patient with right sided abdominal pain and a history of prior appendicectomy.

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We report the case of a 40-year-old lady who presented with an episodically painful perineal lump. Clinical and radiological investigations were inconclusive. Excision biopsy confirmed an ectopic breast mass. Ectopic breast tissue is difficult to diagnose but close attention to clinical findings can help to guide further investigation and diagnosis.

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Airway aspiration of foreign bodies is relatively common in young children. Visible objects are commonly removed under direct vision using grabbing forceps inserted through a rigid bronchoscope. We describe a case of aspiration of the hollow tip of a plastic pen which lodged distally in the right main bronchus of an older child. This object was located so distally that it could only be visualised using flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy. A novel method was required for successful retrieval, which involved the passage of a guidewire through the centre of the foreign body. A balloon angioplasty catheter was then railroaded over the guidewire through the foreign body and the balloon inflated with saline. This allowed the foreign body to be pulled proximally out of the airway.

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is increasing throughout the world. Although previous treatment for TB is the most important risk factor for development of MDR-TB, treatment-naοve patients are also at risk due to either spontaneous mutations or transmission of drug-resistant strains. We sought to ascertain the prevalence of MDR-TB among new cases of sputum-positive pulmonary TB. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study involving newly diagnosed cases of sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed between 2008 and 2009 carried out in New Delhi, India. All sputum-positive TB cases were subjected to mycobacterial culture and first-line drug-susceptibility testing (DST). MDR-TB was defined as TB caused by bacilli showing resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. RESULTS: A total of 218 cases of sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled between 2008 and 2009. Of these, 41 cases had negative mycobacterial cultures and DST was carried out in 177 cases. The mean age of the patients was 27.8 ± 10.2 yr; 59 patients (27%) were female. All patients tested negative for HIV infection. Out of 177 cases, two cases of MDR-TB were detected. Thus, the prevalence of MDR-TB among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 1.1 per cent. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: MDR-TB prevalence is low among new cases of sputum-positive pulmonary TB treated at primary care level in Delhi. Nation-wide and State-wide representative data on prevalence of MDR-TB are lacking. Efforts should be directed towards continued surveillance for MDR-TB among newly diagnosed TB cases.

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a significant global health concern. The most important risk factor for the development of MDR-TB is previous anti-tuberculosis therapy. Category II pulmonary TB includes those patients who had failed previous TB treatment, relapsed after treatment, or defaulted during previous treatment. We carried out this study to ascertain the prevalence of MDR-TB among category II pulmonary TB patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study involving category II pulmonary TB patients diagnosed between 2005 and 2008. All sputum-positive category II TB cases were subjected to mycobacterial culture and drug-susceptibility testing (DST). MDR-TB was defined as TB caused by bacilli showing resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. RESULTS: A total of 196 cases of sputum-positive category II pulmonary tuberculosis patients were included. Of these, 40 patients (20.4%) had MDR-TB. The mean age of MDR-TB patients was 33.25 ± 12.04 yr; 9 patients (22.5%) were female. Thirty six patients showed resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid; while 4 patients showed resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid and streptomycin. The prevalence of MDR-TB among category-II pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 20.4 per cent. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MDR-TB in category II TB patients was significant. However, nation-wide and State-wide representative data on prevalence of MDR-TB are lacking. We stress the importance of continuous monitoring of drug resistance trends, in order to assess the efficacy of current interventions and their impact on the TB epidemic.

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A huge left renal capsular leiomyoma mimicking retroperitoneal sarcoma presented in a patient as an abdominal mass. Computed tomography displayed a large heterogeneous retro-peritoneal mass in the left side of the abdomen with inferior and medial displacement as well as loss of fat plane with the left kidney. Surgical exploration revealed a capsulated mass that was tightly adherent to the left kidney; therefore, total tumor resection with radical left nephrectomy was performed. Histopathology ultimately confirmed the benign nature of the mass. This is the largest leiomyoma reported in literature to the best of our knowledge.

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OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to evaluate physical growth and nutritional status of 214 school-going girls ranging in age from 5 to 12 years of rural area in Pauri Garhwal district of Uttaranchal. METHODS: Physical growth was evaluated using eleven standard anthropometric measurements viz., height, body weight, sitting height, biepicondylar humerus, bicondylar femur, head circumference, chest circumference, upper arm circumference, biceps skinfold, triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold. To assess the nutritional status, weight deficit for age, height deficit for age, upper arm circumference deficit for age and triceps skinfold deficit for age have been calculated using NCHS standards. RESULTS: It has been observed that the well nourished Indian girls and American girls show better performance in physical growth parameters as compared to the Garhwali girls at all ages. The Garhwali girls were found to be comparable with rural Indian girls in their growth status. Grade-I and Grade-II malnutrition was prevalent among the Garhwali girls, however, Grade-III malnutrition was found to be present in only a few girls. CONCLUSION: This average to poor nutritional status of the present Garhwali girls may be attributed to low dietary intake, low-middle socio-economic background, uneducated or partially educated parents, large family size, gender discrimination etc.

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Currently, the therapy for breast cancer is determined by immunohistochemical staining of the primary tumour for oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). However, a proportion of ERalpha-positive patients fail to respond to tamoxifen and a proportion of ERalpha-negative patients show response. Here, we describe a novel procedure for the purification of malignant breast epithelial cells in an attempt to identify these patients at an early stage. Using this procedure, we are able to purify malignant cells to >90% purity as determined by immunohistochemical staining, cytology and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). While the malignant cells can be maintained in culture they do not proliferate in contrast to purified breast epithelial cells from reduction mammoplasties. Moreover, ERalpha and progesterone receptor (PR) expression is maintained in malignant cells, whereas normal epithelial cells rapidly lose ERalpha and PR. Functional studies were performed on the separated malignant cells in terms of their response to oestradiol and tamoxifen. Four out of the seven ERalpha-positive tumours showed a significant reduction in cell numbers after tamoxifen treatment compared to oestradiol, ERalpha negative tumours failed to show a response. We conclude that (a) it is possible to purify and maintain breast cancer cells for a sufficient period to permit functional studies and (b) ERalpha is retained in culture facilitating the use of these cells in studies of the mechanism of endocrine response and resistance in vitro.

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BACKGROUND: Large bowel anastomotic breakdown occurs as a result of perianastomotic ischaemia. Preservation of the macroscopic arterial supply to the perianastomotic tissues is vital, but little is known about the influence of microvascular disease on anastomotic healing. AIMS: To study the associations between risk factors for macrovascular disease, the presence of colonic microvascular disease, and the incidence of anastomotic dehiscence. PATIENTS: 147 consecutive colonic surgery patients. METHODS: The prevalence of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and ischaemic heart disease were established retrospectively from patient notes. These risk factors were correlated with histopathological assessment of resection margin vasculature and clinical follow up. RESULTS: Smoking and hypertension were significantly associated with an increased incidence of anastomotic dehiscence and microvascular disease. Microvascular disease was positively correlated with an increased incidence of anastomotic dehiscence. CONCLUSIONS: Microvascular disease predisposes to anastomotic breakdown. This effect may in part be due to vasospasm in the diseased vessels, which are hypersensitive to serotonin, a vasoactive amine known to be present in increased quantities in the serum of smokers, hypertensives, and after surgery. Treatment with serotonin antagonists in the perioperative period may be beneficial to anastomotic healing, helping to maintain microvascular flow.

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Platelet-derived serotonin released in response to tissue manipulation during surgery may contribute to mesenteric arterial vasospasm leading to postoperative anastomotic leakage after colorectal resection. Organ bath experiments were used to demonstrate the efficacy of naftidrofuryl fumarate (NFT) to oppose serotonin-induced vasoconstriction of human mesenteric arteries. Cumulative dose-response curves were derived with and without NFT at 10(-9) and 10(-6) mol/l concentrations. The difference in maximal contractility between the three sets of curves (n = 8 for each) was significant (P < 0.0001). Sensitivity to serotonin in each of the three curves was measured by calculating the concentration for half-maximal response; differences were again significant (P < 0.0001). NFT reduced serotonin-induced contractility in a dose-dependent fashion in rings of human mesenteric arteries in vitro. This suggests a possible role for NFT in reducing mesenteric vasospasm in colorectal surgery.

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The H2-antagonists famotidine and nizatidine produced a dose-dependent inhibition of histamine release from human colonic mucosal and muscle mast cells stimulated with anti-IgE. The IC30 values were in the range 0.5-10 microM and the maximum inhibition approached 50%. The compounds showed similar efficacy against rat peritoneal mast cells but were more potent. The cytoprotectant misoprostol had a striking effect on the human colonic mast cells, producing more than 50% inhibition at concentrations of 0.1-1 nM, but was much less active against the rat cells.

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Studies have shown that alpha 1-adrenergic blockade reduces intimal hyperplasia in the rabbit aorta. In this study a selective alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist, doxazosin, has been used to examine whether this effect is persistent and dose dependent. Forty-eight New Zealand White rabbits underwent endothelial denudation of the abdominal aorta using a Fogarty balloon catheter. Test rabbits were given low-dose (2 mg) or high-dose (8 mg) doxazosin daily and all animals killed at either 1 or 12 weeks after the procedure. The aortas were harvested after fixation in situ with 4 per cent glutaraldehyde and neointimal hyperplasia was measured, using an x-y digitizer, as the percentage reduction in luminal cross-sectional area. At 1 week after surgery, rabbits receiving the low dose had a median area reduction of 7.7 per cent and those receiving the high dose a reduction of 8.2 per cent; both had significantly less intimal hyperplasia than control rabbits, which had a median area reduction of 14.8 per cent (P < 0.01). However, at 12 weeks, when compared with the 32.6 per cent reduction in the control group, only those rabbits receiving high-dose doxazosin had significantly less intimal hyperplasia, with a reduction of 5.5 per cent (P < 0.001). It is concluded that selective alpha 1-adrenergic blockade significantly reduces neointimal hyperplasia, that this effect is dose dependent, and that it persists for at least 3 months.

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Vascular endothelial denudation contributes to vasospasm by causing platelet aggregation and the subsequent release of vasoconstrictors such as serotonin. It has recently been suggested that naftidrofuryl fumarate (NFT) may oppose serotonin-induced vasoconstriction. Fourteen rings of human saphenous vein from 14 patients undergoing varicose vein surgery were tested in standard organ bath experiments. Cumulative dose-response curves and maximal contraction in response to serotonin were recorded and this was repeated in the presence of NFT at 10(-6) and 10(-3) mol/l. The difference in maximal contractility between the three sets of curves was significant (P < 0.0001). Sensitivity to serotonin in each of the three curves was measured using the concentration for half-maximal response; differences were again significant (P < 0.0001). It is concluded that NFT reduces serotonin-induced contractility in a dose-dependent fashion in rings of human saphenous vein in vitro. These results suggest a possible role for NFT in reducing vasospasm and support further investigation of this drug.

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Endovascular surgery using angioplasty or atherectomy may potentially relieve the symptoms of claudicants with minimal morbidity, but results are best when short stenoses are treated. In this study, colour-coded duplex ultrasonography has been compared with angiography. In aortoiliac segments duplex examination had a sensitivity of 88 per cent and a specificity of 100 per cent; in femoropopliteal disease the sensitivity was 100 per cent and duplex scanning identified more disease than angiography. Subsequently, 73 symptomatic limbs with femoropopliteal disease were scanned to assess their suitability for endovascular surgery. Of these limbs, 27 (37 per cent) had suitable lesions and the remaining 46 (63 per cent) were spared angiography. Colour-coded duplex ultrasonography can reliably be used to select patients for endovascular surgery.

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Intimal hyperplasia continues to be a major problem following vascular surgery but experimental evidence suggests that it can be reduced pharmacologically. For clinical studies an accurate, reproducible and non-invasive image of the intima and lumen is required. We have assessed the value of the Acuson 128 Colour Duplex for such studies. Ten patients had their common femoral arteries scanned at a fixed point by two experienced observers on two separate occasions. External vessel diameter, luminal diameter and internal diameter (i.e. the diameter within the internal elastic lamina) were measured in both longitudinal and cross-sectional views. Cross-sectional area and degree of stenosis were all measured and all parameters expressed as limits of agreement. The mean external diameter of the common femoral arteries was 10.5 +/- 1.6 mm. Measurements in the longitudinal view were highly reproducible with limits of agreement ranging from -0.67 - +0.25 mm (internal diameter) to -1.49 - +1.31 mm (luminal diameter). In order to detect a meaningful change in longitudinal external diameter a real difference of 0.86 mm is required representing a change of less than 10%. Cross-sectional diameter measurements were similarly reproducible (-0.73 - +0.47 mm to -1.97 - +1.79 mm). However, cross-sectional area measurements had a wide variation so that the error in degree of stenosis was -25.4 - +30.2%. Thus, duplex ultrasound reproducibly images the layers of the arterial wall. Prospective studies of intimal hyperplasia are feasible but must be based on longitudinal and cross-sectional diameters rather than cross-sectional areas.

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Leiomyosarcomas of the mediastinum are rare tumours, with only four cases reported in the literature. In the absence of any specific clinical pointer for diagnosis, proof comes through histopathologic study. One case of leiomyosarcoma of the superior mediastinum is reported here because of its rarity and an interesting histopathology.

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