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Resumen Las plaquetas tienen un papel central en diferentes escenarios fisiológicos, incluyendo la hemostasia; se unen unas con otras en la agregación plaquetaria, lo cual permite formar un coágulo plaquetario. Para que la agregación sea apropiada se requiere del complejo glicoproteico IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) en la superficie plaquetaria. Toda alteración funcional plaquetaria, hereditaria o adquirida, impide la formación adecuada del coágulo y se manifiesta como hemorragia. Las enfermedades plaquetarias hereditarias son raras y, hasta recientemente, fueron ignoradas. Una de las más reconocidas y estudiadas es la trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG), entidad en la cual el número de plaquetas puede ser normal pero la función está alterada. Es un padecimiento autosómico y recesivo que causa hemorragia de diferente intensidad toda la vida y en la cual el problema radica en precisamente en la GPIIb/IIIa. Las hemorragias son típicamente mucocutáneas: equimosis, púrpura, epistaxis, gingivorragia; menos frecuentes son la hemorragia gastrointestinal, hemartrosis o en sistema nervioso central. La hiperpolimenorrea es común en las mujeres y llega a ser tan importante que amerita transfusiones en la menarca. La TG afecta a todos los grupos étnicos y su prevalencia varía entre 1/40,000 y 1/400,000. A pesar de esta información acerca de la TG en el mundo, hay pocas guías o recomendaciones basadas en la opinión de expertos y experiencias unicéntricas. En México la TG es rara y no se cuenta con una recomendación general para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de este documento fue establecer un consenso y hacer sugerencias generales para su diagnóstico y tratamiento.
Abstract Platelets have a central role in several physiological scenarios including hemostasis. Platelets bind each other during platelet aggregation allowing the proper formation of the clot; to be appropriate, platelet aggregation requires the glycoproteic complex IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa). Every platelet function abnormality both, congenital or acquired, impedes clot formation and favors bleeding episodes. Hereditary platelet abnormalities are rare and, until recently, they were almost ignored. Among these disorders, Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) is a widely recognized abnormality in which platelet counts may be normal, but their function is affected. GT is an autosomal, recessive disease that causes life-long bleeding of different intensity. Main biochemical abnormality resides in GPIIb/IIIa. Bleeding is typically mucocutaneous: easy bruising, purpura, and nose and gum bleeds; less frequently are gastrointestinal bleeds, hemarthrosis, or intracranial. Menorrhagia and hyperpolymenorrhea are common findings in in women and may be the cause of anemia requiring blood transfusions at fertile age. GT affects all ethnic groups and its prevalence ranges between 1/40,000 to 1/400,000. Despite this worldwide information regarding GT, only a few guidelines and recommendations have been published, most of them based on expert opinions. In Mexico, GT is rare and there is not a general recommendation regarding its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this document was to establish a consensus to suggest a general guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of GT in Mexico.
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INTRODUCTION: Anti-phospatidylserine/prothrombin (aPS/PT) antibodies have been described in cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) in association with specific manifestations. OBJECTIVES: To determine aPS/PT antibodies in patients with PAN and its correlation with clinical manifestations. METHODS: Cross-sectional comparative study including PAN patients and 20 controls (10 Microscopic Polyangiitis [MPA] and 10 Behçet's disease [BD]). Clinical and demographic variables, treatment, serologic markers, prognosis, activity and damage indexes were evaluated. aPS/PT, anti-cardiolipin (aCL), anti-beta 2 glycoprotein 1 (anti-B2GP1) antibodies, and lupus anticoagulant (LA) were determined. RESULTS: Fourteen patients with PAN were included, 11 (79%) women, with disease duration of 207 months, and mostly inactive disease. Only one patient with PAN and one with BD were positive for aPS/PT IgG. LA was the most frequent antibody identified. One patient with MPA and one with BD were positive for aCL IgM; one with MPA for anti-B2GP1 IgG, and one with PAN for anti-B2GP1 IgM. CONCLUSIONS: aPS/PT antibodies are not frequent in patients with longstanding inactive PAN.
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Poliarteritis Nudosa , Protrombina , Anticuerpos Antifosfolípidos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , FosfatidilserinasRESUMEN
Resumen: Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar los procedimientos quirúrgicos más frecuentemente realizados en el Centro Médico Naval, un Centro Médico de Tercer Nivel. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, exploratorio, descriptivo, trasversal y retrospectivo incluyendo todas las cirugías realizadas del 01 de enero de 2015 al 31 de julio de 2019, consultando los registros del quirófano y los expedientes electrónicos. Resultados: Se registraron 25,114 cirugías, con un promedio anual de 5,527 procedimientos y de 16 procedimientos diarios (rango de 2 a 25). Las especialidades que más cirugías realizaron fueron cirugía general, ortopedia, ginecoobstetricia y oftalmología. Las principales cirugías realizadas fueron la facoemulsificación de catarata con colocación de lente intraocular, endoscopías, cesáreas, colecistectomía laparoscópica, atención del trabajo de parto, reducción abierta con fijación interna de fracturas, apendicectomía abierta, hernioplastía inguinal y lavados quirúrgicos. El 59% de las cirugías se realizó en mujeres. El rango de edad de los pacientes fue desde recién nacido hasta los 101 años, estando la mayoría entre los 53 y 72 años. Conclusiones: El Centro Médico Naval destina la mayoría de los recursos de su quirófano para la atención obstétrica (cesárea y trabajo de parto), la atención de padecimientos crónico-degenerativos (cirugía de catarata, y endoscopías), atención de accidentes (reducción de fracturas y lavados quirúrgicos) y la resolución de padecimientos abdominales agudos como la apendicitis y la colecistitis.
Abstract: Introduction: The study objective was to determine the most frequently surgical procedures at the Naval Medical Center, a third level medical center. Material and methods: An observational, exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted including all surgeries performed from January 1, 2015 to July 31, 2019, reviewing the surgical records and patient electronic files. Results: 25,114 surgeries were registered, with an annual average of 5,527 procedures and 16 daily procedures (range from 2 to 25). General surgery, orthopedics, gynecoobstetrics and ophthalmology were the specialties with the most amount of surgeries. The main surgeries were cataract phacoemulsification with intraocular lens placement, endoscopies, caesarean sections, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, labor delivery, open reduction with internal fracture fixation, open appendectomy, inguinal hernioplasty and surgical washes. 59% of the surgeries were performed in women. The age range of the patients was from newborn to 101 years, with most patients between 53 and 72 years. Conclusions: The naval medical center spend surgical resources for obstetric care (caesarean section and labor), care of chronic degenerative diseases (cataract surgery, and endoscopy), accident care (fracture reduction and surgical washes) and the resolution of acute abdominal conditions such as appendicitis and cholecystitis.
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Resumen La coagulopatía y la trombosis son situaciones graves que afectan a los pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) que requieren hospitalización. En estos pacientes se alteran mecanismos procoagulantes y fibrinolíticos que condicionan un estado procoagulante progresivo y grave. La anticoagulación oportuna en estos pacientes es importante, pero han surgido preguntas sobre el tipo, la dosis y el momento adecuado de la anticoagulación. Las directrices y documentos de consenso existentes ofrecen sugerencias generales sobre la dosis de heparinas de bajo peso molecular en función de la gravedad de la enfermedad y el riesgo de trombosis, pero todavía falta una relación entre los marcadores de coagulación y el régimen de anticoagulación. Se están llevando a cabo muchos ensayos clínicos que abordan estas cuestiones; se alienta la participación en estos ensayos para determinar las mejores estrategias de tratamiento para los pacientes de COVID-19. Es necesario aumentar los conocimientos con un rápido intercambio para atender adecuadamente a los pacientes en esta pandemia.
Abstract Coagulopathy and thrombosis are serious situations that COVID-19 patients require hospitalization. In these patients, procoagulant and fibrinolytic mechanisms are altered that condition a progressive and severe procoagulant state. Timely anticoagulation in these patients is important, but questions have been raised about the type, dose, and timing of anticoagulation. The guidelines and consensus documents offer general suggestions on the dose of LMWH based on the severity of the disease and the risk of thrombosis, but a relationship between coagulation markers and anticoagulation regimen is still lacking. Many clinical trials are underway that address these issues; Participation in these trials to determine the best treatment strategies for COVID-19 patients is encouraged. Increasing knowledge with rapid exchange is necessary to adequately care for patients in this pandemic.
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Background: Erythrocyte isoimmunization or alloimmunization is a late complication of transfusion, in which antibodies against erythrocyte antigens other than the ABO system are developed. Its prevalence is variable, groups of patients with low prevalence (2%) and others of high risk with more than 50% have been described. These antibodies can have serious clinical repercussions in transfused patients. Objective: To know the prevalence of erythrocyte isoimmunization, the risk factors for its development and the types of antibodies developed in the user population of two hospitals in Mexico. Methods: Retrospective study. The database of the Blood Bank and the Transfusion Service of two hospitals was analyzed for the search of transfused patients who developed isoantibodies from 2012 to 2016, analyzing their background to determine the risk factors, prevalence and type of antibodies. Results: An isoimmunization prevalence of 0.97% was found in 5 years; the main antibodies found were: anti-E, anti-K, anti-C, anti-Dia, anti-c, anti-D and anti-Fya. The associated risk factors for the development of isoimmunization were: transfusion history, pregnancy and female sex, as a finding it was found that group O is a protective factor. Conclusions: Erythrocyte alloimmunization in the population studied corresponded to a low prevalence. The main antibodies found were against Rh, Kell and Diego system antigens, with a different distribution than published in other international series. No previous report was found about the finding on group O as a protective factor for isoimmunization.
Introducción: la isoinmunización o aloinmunización eritrocitaria es una complicación tardía de la transfusión, en la cual se desarrollan anticuerpos contra antígenos eritrocitarios diferentes al sistema ABO. Su prevalencia es variable, se han descrito grupos de pacientes con baja prevalencia (2%) y otros de alto riesgo con más del 50%. Estos anticuerpos pueden tener repercusiones clínicas graves en los pacientes transfundidos. Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de la isoinmunización eritrocitaria, los factores de riesgo para su desarrollo y los tipos de anticuerpos desarrollados en la población usuaria de dos hospitales en México. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo. Se analizó la base de datos del banco de sangre y del servicio de transfusión de dos hospitales para la búsqueda de pacientes transfundidos que desarrollaron isoanticuerpos del año 2012 al 2016, analizando sus antecedentes para determinar los factores de riesgo, prevalencia y tipo de anticuerpos. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia de isoinmunización del 0.97% en 5 años; los principales anticuerpos encontrados fueron: anti-E, anti-K, anti-C, anti-Dia, anti-c, anti-D y anti-Fya. Los factores de riesgo asociados para el desarrollo de isoinmunización fueron: antecedentes transfusionales, embarazo y el sexo femenino, como hallazgo se encontró que el grupo O es un factor protector. Conclusiones: la aloinmunización eritrocitaria en la población estudiada correspondió a una prevalencia baja. Los principales anticuerpos encontrados fueron contra antígenos del sistema Rh, Kell y Diego, con una distribución diferente a lo publicado en otras series internacionales. No se encontró reporte previo acerca del hallazgo sobre el grupo O como factor protector para isoinmunización.
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Incompatibilidad de Grupos Sanguíneos/epidemiología , Eritrocitos/inmunología , Isoanticuerpos/análisis , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Incompatibilidad de Grupos Sanguíneos/inmunología , Transfusión de Eritrocitos/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To validate the association of thrombotic events with positive lupus anticoagulant (LA) and co-presence of anti-RNP/Sm, as well as the diagnostic accuracy of this combination of antibodies for thrombosis. METHODS: Case-control study of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who presented thrombosis after SLE diagnosis and controls with SLE without thrombosis. Comorbidities, traditional risk factors, clinical variables, and treatment were evaluated. Antiphospholipid (aPL) and anti-RNP/Sm antibodies were determined. RESULTS: Sixty-three cases and 63 controls were studied, 88% women, median age of 40 years, and disease duration of 135 months at study inclusion. No differences were found between groups regarding age, comorbidities, or clinical characteristics at SLE diagnosis. Patients with thrombosis were more frequently positive for anti-RNP/Sm (p = 0.001), IgG aCL (p = 0.02), IgG anti-B2GPI (p = 0.02), IgM anti-B2GPI (p = 0.02), LA (p < 0.001), the combination of anti-RNP/Sm + LA (p < 0.001), and aPL triple marker (p = 0.002), compared to controls. The combination of anti-RNP/Sm + LA, SLEDAI-2 K, and prednisone dose was associated with thrombosis (p < 0.05). The combination of anti-RNP/Sm + LA showed 56% sensitivity, 79% specificity, 73% positive predictive value, 64% negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio (LR) 2.69, and negative LR 0.56 for predicting thrombosis. No difference was found in the comparison of area under the curve between LA alone and the combination of anti-RNP/Sm + LA (p = 0.73). CONCLUSION: Thrombosis was associated with disease activity, dose of prednisone, and the combination of anti-RNP/Sm antibodies and LA. This combination of antibodies could be useful in the identification of SLE patients at risk of thrombosis.
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Inhibidor de Coagulación del Lupus/inmunología , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/inmunología , Trombosis/inmunología , Proteínas Nucleares snRNP/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticuerpos Anticardiolipina/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antinucleares/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antifosfolípidos/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Glucocorticoides/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Modelos Logísticos , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/tratamiento farmacológico , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Prednisona/administración & dosificación , Factores de Riesgo , Trombosis/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , beta 2 Glicoproteína I/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Thrombophilia is a complex hypercoagulable state that increases the risk of thrombosis. Most reports in medical literature of the Mexican population with this disease lack statistical validity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of primary thrombophilia in a tertiary referral hospital in Mexico. This is a study of patients referred to our hospital because of a hypercoagulable state and who later on were diagnosed with primary thrombophilia. The thrombophilia workup included methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, antiphospholipid antibodies, protein C, protein S, antithrombin, factor VIII, factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation G20210A, activated protein C resistance, JAK2 V617F and homocysteine. Ninety-five individuals were tested. The MTHFR C677T polymorphism was the most frequent anomaly in 84.1% of the tested individuals. There was a relatively low prevalence of factor V Leiden (5.2%) and anticoagulant protein deficiency (8.3%). The MTHFR C677T polymorphism has a very high prevalence compared with the low prevalence of anticoagulant protein deficiency and factor V Leiden mutation in Mexicans.
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Trombofilia/etnología , Trombosis/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Trombofilia/genética , Trombosis/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In Mexico, the frequency of thromboembolic events associated to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is 3%; a clone size > 50% in granulocytes has been associated with a higher risk of thromboembolic events. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2012, 40 patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria were studied. In 12 cases anticoagulant, procoagulant, and fibrinolytic pathways were analyzed. RESULTS: Only two of 40 patients (5%) developed a thromboembolic event over a 25.5-year follow-up period. From 12 patients, 91.7% had a paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone > 50% in granulocytes and 83.3% a clone > 50 % in monocytes. Five of 12 cases had elevated FV levels and four showed increased FVIII, von Willebrand factor antigen, von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity and FX. Protein S and protein C were decreased in nine and three patients, respectively. Only antithrombin correlated positively with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone size in monocytes (p = 0.0442), whereas von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor correlated negatively with lactic dehydrogenase levels (p = 0.0186). No statistically significant associations were recorded with all other factors. CONCLUSION: The low frequency of thromboembolic events in Mexican patients could partly be explained by the associations between anticoagulant system (antithrombin) with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria monocyte clone size, and procoagulant system (von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor) with lactic dehydrogenase levels.
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Anticoagulantes/metabolismo , Factores de Coagulación Sanguínea/metabolismo , Hemoglobinuria Paroxística/complicaciones , Tromboembolia/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Fibrinólisis/fisiología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hemoglobinuria Paroxística/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tromboembolia/etiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Hemophilia is a genetic disease in which the clinical manifestation is mainly the presence of hemorrhage. There are two known types of hemophilia: hemophilia A and B, which have a deficiency of factor VIII or IX clotting, respectively. The intensity of bleeding in hemophilia depends on the plasma levels of factor VIII or IX and has traditionally been classified as mild (> 5 % activity), moderate (1-5 % activity) and severe (< 1 % activity). In laboratory tests, isolated prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) can be found, but it is necessary to determine the plasma levels of factor VIII or IX to establish the diagnosis of hemophilia A or B. The treating of this disease involves replacing exogenous factor VIII or IX concentrates. Gene therapy could be an option in the future to achieve the cure of the disease. Complications of hemophilia are the risk of transfusion-associated infections, pseudotumor hemophilic, hemophilic arthropathy and the presence of serum inhibitors.
La hemofilia es una enfermedad genética en la que las manifestaciones clínicas consisten básicamente en la presencia de hemorragias. Se conocen dos tipos de hemofilia: A y B, las cuales se originan por la deficiencia de los factores VIII y IX de la coagulación, respectivamente. La intensidad de la hemorragia en la hemofilia depende de los niveles plasmáticos del factor VIII o IX y tradicionalmente se ha clasificado como leve (> 5 % de actividad), moderada (de 1 a 5 % de actividad) y severa (< 1 % de actividad). En las pruebas se identifica prolongación aislada del tiempo de tromboplastina parcial activada (TTPa), pero es necesario determinar los niveles plasmáticos del factor VIII o IX para establecer el diagnóstico de hemofilia A o B. El tratamiento de esta enfermedad consiste en la reposición exógena con concentrados del factor VIII o IX. En el futuro, la terapia genética podría ser una opción para lograr la curación de la enfermedad. Las complicaciones de la hemofilia son el riesgo de infecciones relacionadas con las transfusiones, el pseudotumor hemofílico, la artropatía hemofílica y la presencia de inhibidores.
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Individuals with cancer are at increased risk of developing thrombosis. The prevalence of thrombosis depends on tumor-related factors such as histological type, stage, the use of central venous catheters, or treatment with surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, as well as general prothrombotic factors including advanced age, immobility, obesity, hereditary thrombophilias and comorbidities. Prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of thrombosis should be individualized and will depend on both the risk of thrombosis and bleeding. In this review we intend to update concepts that have changed substantially such as green food-free diet, or the indication of absolute bed rest in patients with recent thrombosis. We propose evidence-based therapeutic strategies regarding the most prevalent clinical problems encountered in patients with cancer and thrombosis.
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Neoplasias/terapia , Trombosis/terapia , Humanos , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Trombosis/etiología , Trombosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: in Mexico published casuistry concerning hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is limited. OBJECTIVE: to describe the therapeutic response and survival of patients with HCL attended in a third level public institution. METHODS: patient's data with HCL diagnosis registered between January 1989 - December 2009 were analyzed. RESULTS: twenty three patients fulfilled HCL diagnosis criteria. Median age was 44 years (range 23-75 years) and median follow-up of the cohort was 1,877 days (range 1-8,462 days). First line treatment varied along time finding complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) rates of 77.3 and 18.2%, respectively. Of all therapeutic modalities employed cladribine induced the highest response rate. Survival at 1,877 days was 82.6%. At last follow-up 65.2% of patients remain alive, 13 in CR and 2 in PR; 4 died (CR = 2, PR = 1, active disease = 1) and 4 were lost during follow-up. CONCLUSION: this study which included more patients than previous single-institution Mexican series confirm the chronic clinical behavior of HCL and that purine analogs are corner stone in the treatment of patients suffering HCL.
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Leucemia de Células Pilosas/mortalidad , Leucemia de Células Pilosas/terapia , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tasa de Supervivencia , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Identify which patients are going to bleed during a surgery or invasive procedure is desirable. The coagulation tests as the prothrombin time (PT), the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), bleeding time (BT) and platelet count are routinely made with this purpose in the preoperative evaluation. But, really these laboratory tests can predict what patients are going to bleed? The answer with the current knowledge is: No. The most efficient method for prediction of bleeding is the clinical history, but still, most surgical bleeding are not by coagulopathy, they are caused by factors related to surgical technique, and therefore are not susceptible to be predicted. This article describes the recommendations for the assessment of bleeding risk prior to surgery or invasive procedures and discusses the value of preoperative coagulation tests.
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Hemostasis , Cuidados Preoperatorios/métodos , Humanos , Guías de Práctica Clínica como AsuntoRESUMEN
To date, the most widely used drugs in our anticoagulation clinics are acenocoumarin and warfarin, which belong to the category of vitamin K antagonists (VKA). They have about 70 years of use in the clinic, with proven efficacy for various thrombotic diseases, but also with known problems of variability and dietary and drug interactions. In hospital thromboprophylaxis, the most widely used anticoagulant is enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). A new generation of anticoagulants are available, the direct thrombin inhibitors (dabigatran) and factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban and apixaban), with obvious advantages over conventional anticoagulants. This paper summarizes what has been published to date for these new antithrombotics.
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Anticoagulantes/uso terapéutico , Antitrombinas/uso terapéutico , Bencimidazoles/uso terapéutico , Morfolinas/uso terapéutico , Pirazoles/uso terapéutico , Piridonas/uso terapéutico , Tiofenos/uso terapéutico , beta-Alanina/análogos & derivados , Fibrilación Atrial/complicaciones , Isquemia Encefálica/etiología , Isquemia Encefálica/prevención & control , Trastornos Cerebrovasculares/etiología , Trastornos Cerebrovasculares/prevención & control , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Dabigatrán , Humanos , Procedimientos Ortopédicos/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Rivaroxabán , Trombosis/etiología , Trombosis/prevención & control , Tromboembolia Venosa/tratamiento farmacológico , beta-Alanina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To develop a guideline on thrombosis in order to standardize the protocol of management, as a strategy for reducing the morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Clinical questions were formulated and structured. Standardized sequence was established to search for practice guidelines from the clinical questions raised on diagnosis and treatment of venous thrombosis. The working group selected clinical practice guidelines. We choose seven guidelines with the best recommendations. For recommendations not included in the referenced guides the search process was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library. The results were expressed as levels of evidence and grade of recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Risk criteria and the correct diagnosis can be established to choose thromboprophylaxis strategy. This guide is a compilation and an analysis of international guidelines, that meta-analysis and review articles on thrombosis that makes available to medical staff recommendations based on evidence to make decisions, standardized diagnostic and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with venous thrombosis.
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Tromboembolia Venosa/diagnóstico , Tromboembolia Venosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Algoritmos , Humanos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Tromboembolia Venosa/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: One of the most common bariatric operations is the laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) in which the gastric capacity is restricted and the absorption by the small intestine is reduced. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia in patients undergoing LRYGBP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical records of 30 patients who underwent LRYGBP between July 2003 and January 2005 and had a minimum follow up of 24 months at our outpatient clinic were included. Multivitamin supplementation was prescribed to all patients. The complete blood cell count, plasma iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, serum folate, and cobalamin levels before surgery, 6 months, 1, 2, and 3 years after the surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 25 women (83.4%) and five men (16.6%) with ages from 21 to 56 years. Before surgery, two patients (6.6%) presented ferropenic anemia. Iron deficiency was seen in 40 and 54.5% 2 and 3 years after surgery, respectively. Cobalamin deficiency was observed in 33.3% at 2 years and in 27.2% at 3 years. At 2-year follow-up, 46.6% of the patients had already developed anemia and 63.6% at 3 years. Folate deficiency was not observed in any patient. CONCLUSION: Our routine scheme of vitamin supplementation is not sufficient to prevent iron and vitamin B12 deficiencies in most patients.