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The hard palate plate has an important structural function that separates the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. Incomplete regeneration of palatal fistulae in children with a cleft palate deformity after primary palatoplasty is a relatively common complication. To date, the information about the physicochemical bone features of this region is deficient, due to the low availability of human samples. Swine and human bone share anatomical similarities. Specifically, pig bones are widely used as experimental animal models in dental, orthopedic, or surgical techniques. The aim of this study was to show different techniques to evaluate and characterize alternative properties of pig hard palate bone, compared to commercial hydroxyapatite, one of the most used biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration. Chemical analyses by Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) showed calcium and phosphate ions as the main constituents of bone, while magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, and zinc ions were minor constituents. The calcium phosphate molar ratio (Ca/P) in the bone was low (1.1 ± 0.2) due to the very young specimen sample used. The FTIR spectrum shows the presence of phosphates ions (PO4 3-) and the main characteristics of collagen type I. The XRD results showed that the hard palate bone has a mixture of calcium, octacalcium dihydrogen phosphate (OCP), and apatite, where OCP is the predominant phase. Besides, this research demonstrated that the young bone has low crystallinity and small crystal size compared with commercial hydroxyapatite (HA). The palatine process of maxilla density and porosity data reported, suggest that the palate bone is getting closer to the compact bone with a 52.78 ± 2.91% porosity and their mechanical properties depend on the preparation conditions and the area of the bone analyzed.

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Resumen Introducción: La parálisis facial es una patología muy común. La escala "Sunnybrook Facial Grading System" (SFGS) se ha posicionado como una herramienta útil y confiable para su evaluación y evolución. Objetivo: Homologar lingüísticamente desde el idioma inglés al español la escala SFGS en una muestra de población chilena. Material y Método: Tres kinesiólogos chilenos con dominio comprobado del idioma inglés tradujeron la escala SFGS al español. Un comité creó una primera versión de la SFGS en español. Posteriormente, un profesional del Instituto Chileno-Británico tradujo la primera versión nuevamente al inglés (retrotraducción). El comité definió la segunda versión de la SFGS. Finalmente, los investigadores llevaron a cabo los pilotajes. Resultados: En dos pruebas piloto, veinte sujetos respondieron correctamente el total de las expresiones solicitadas. Conclusión: Esta versión de la escala SFGS homologada lingüísticamente al español puede ser aplicada a la población chilena.

Abstract Introduction: Facial paralysis is a very common pathology. The Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) scale has positioned itself as a useful and reliable tool for its evaluation and follow up. Aim: To linguistically homologate the SFGS scale in a sample of the Chilean population from English to Spanish. Material and Method: Three Chilean kinesiologists with English proficiency translated the SFGS scale into Spanish. A committee developed a first version of the SFGS in Spanish. Subsequently, a professional from the Chilean-British Institute translated the first version back into English (back-translation). The committee defined the second version of the SFGS. Finally, the investigators carried out the pilots. Results: In two pilot tests, twenty subjects correctly answered the total of the expressions requested. Conclusion: This version of the SFGS scale linguistically homologated to Spanish can be applied to the Chilean population.

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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a frequent malignant neoplasm of the skin that usually arises from areas of solar dermatosis. It is characterized by local invasiveness and regional lymph node metastasis, mainly in poorly differentiated tumours. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a lectin that is expressed in the nucleus or cytoplasm and has been identified as a prognostic tool for human neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to characterize Gal-3 expression in canine cutaneous SCCs and to investigate its relationship with tumour differentiation and cell proliferation indices. Immunohistochemical analysis of 50 SCCs for Gal-3 revealed no correlation between the localization or intensity of immunolabelling, or number of immunopositive cells, with histological grade of tumour or proliferative activity. The results suggest that Gal-3 expression is not a reliable prognostic marker for cutaneous SCC in dogs.

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Malignant melanomas (MMs) represent 7% of all malignant neoplasms in dogs. Oral melanocytic neoplasms are often malignant and associated with poor prognosis. There are no universally accepted prognostic markers for canine oral melanoma. Galectin (Gal)-3 is a prognostic marker for human neoplasms such as thyroid, gastric, colorectal and prostate cancers. The protein is related to processes that favour cancer progression, such as angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in canine oral melanomas and to compare it with post-surgical survival, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and other known prognostic tools. Twenty-seven samples of canine oral melanomas were evaluated for Gal-3, B-cell lymphoma (BCL) 2, caspase (CASP) 3 and Ki67 expression, mitotic index and degree of nuclear atypia. Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity was correlated positively, while nuclear positivity was correlated negatively, with survival. The intensity of BCL2 labelling was also correlated positively with Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity. Higher nuclear atypia was observed in dogs with melanoma that died due to the tumour, as well as in dogs that survived for <1 year after surgery. We have confirmed the importance of nuclear atypia for MMs and suggest that Gal-3 is a valuable prognostic indicator for this neoplasm. More in-depth studies are needed to unveil Gal-3 functions in canine MMs using larger sample sizes.

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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are related to malignancy and resistance to chemotherapy in several tumours. OCT4 is a 'pluripotency factor' that is expressed by these cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate OCT4 expression in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) by means of immunohistochemistry. Twenty-eight cases were evaluated and showed variable immunolabelling patterns. The dogs were treated by surgery alone and followed up for a minimum of 180 days. No significant difference was found between histopathological grades and similar results were obtained for mortality due to the disease and post-surgical survival. These preliminary results suggest that OCT4 expression is not a precise prognostic indicator for canine MCT.

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Mammalian sperm undergo a series of biochemical transformations in the female reproductive tract that are collectively known as capacitation. Cyclodextrins added to the sperm culture medium have been described to induce in vitro sperm capacitation, enabling its use in protein-free media. However, the additive capacitating effect of methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (MßCD) in the medium containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) is unknown in the bovine species. In this study, we evaluated the effects of incubating frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa in a BSA-containing medium supplemented with MßCD on different sperm quality and functional parameters. Sperm viability decreased with the addition of MßCD in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), and DNA damage could be observed but only with the highest concentration of MßCD. However, pre-incubation of spermatozoa in MßCD-supplemented medium improved the capacitation status as assessed by the increase in plasma membrane fluidity, intracellular calcium concentration, induced acrosome reactivity and zona pellucida (ZP)-binding ability (p < 0.05). Thus, we conclude that MßCD supplementation is able to enhance the capacitation status of frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa cultured in capacitation medium containing BSA and could result in a valid strategy for its application on artificial reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

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El pediatra es el médico más capacitado para la atención de la población menor de 15 años. Sin embargo surgen preguntas: ¿Cómo podemos saber cuál es el número adecuado de pediatras que se necesita para una adecuada atención de la población infantil?; o ¿Cuántos niños pueden o deben atender cada pediatra?; ¿Somos suficientes pediatras en Panamá? En vista de estas interrogantes surge este trabajo sobre averiguar la realidad del recurso humano de los médicos pediatras en Panamá. En Panamá, no hay estudios sobre el ratio ideal pediatra/ población. En este trabajo se investigó sobre esta fuerza laboral a nivel de instituciones públicas (MINSA, CSS, HISMA, H. del Niño) y se encontraron 458 pediatras en todo el país según las oficinas de recursos humanos de cada institución. Se encontró que para el 2013, según la población estimada menor de 15 años la relación niño/pediatra está muy lejos de la observada en otras latitudes

The pediatrician is the physician who is the most qualified to attend the population under 15 years of age. Although questions arise: How can we know what amount of pediatricians are needed for an adequate care of the pediatric population? or How many children should or could each pediatrician care for? Are we enough pediatricians in Panama? Due to these questions, this project emerges to discover the reality of the human resource of the pediatrician in Panama. In Panama there are no studies about the ideal ratio pediatrician/population. In this study I investigated the amount of pediatricians working for public institutions (MINSA, CSS, HISMA, HDN) and I found a total of 458 pediatricians in the whole country according to the human resource office of each institution. According to the estimated population less than 15 years of age, I found that for the year 2013 the relationship child/pediatrician was far from the observed in other latitudes.

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Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de presentación de talla baja en preescolares de 2 a 5 años que acudieron a consulta externa del Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital La Paz Diseño Metodológico: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y retrospectivo. Se tomó una muestra no probabilística bajo muestreo intencionado revisando historias clínicas de pacientes preescolares de 2 a 5 años, que acudieron a consulta externa de Pediatría del Hospital La Paz incluyendo las variables sexo, peso actual, talla actual, diagnósticos en consulta, diagnósticos nutricionales y tratamiento con zinc para talla baja. El diagnóstico de talla baja se basó en las tablas de referencia de talla para la edad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y se consideró con talla baja a todo niño con talla en o debajo de - 2 desvíos estándar para su sexo y edad. Resultados: Se revisaron en total 400 historias clínicas. La incidencia global de universo de estudio para talla baja fue de 62 niños con talla baja (15,5%) y 338 84.5%) niños con talla normal para la edad. En cuanto a la frecuencia por sexo, encontramos mayor incidencia de talla baja en niños con 68%, y tan solo 32% de niñas con talla baja. Solo el 24% recibieron indicación de jarabe de zinc como indica la norma nacional de manejo de talla baja. Conclusiones: Se observó que los niños con talla baja superan a las niñas en una relación de 2/1 ó sea hay el doble de niños con talla baja en relación a las niñas, suponemos que los niños se encuentran en mayor riesgo de enfermedades concomitantes, siendo el grupo de edad más afectado el de dos años en ambos sexos. Se debe reforzar el cumplimiento de la norma nacional sobe el manejo de talla baja en niños menores de 5 años.

Objective: The goal was to determine the incidence of low height in preschool children, between 2 to 5 years old, patients oí the Pediatric Service of the La Paz Hospital. Methods: It was a descriptive, quantitative and retrospective study. We took an intentional sample from Clinical files of preschool patients from 2 to 5 years, which carne to external Pediatríc consultancy in La Paz Hospital, were reviewed. Including sex, current weight, current height, diagnosis in consultancy, nutritional diagnosis and treatment with zinc for low height, as variables. The diagnosis was made using the WHO age/height curves for sex and age. Low height was consider when the cut point was lower than -2 standard deviation for each child. Results: About sex frequency it was a higher incidence of short stature in boys (68%) and only (32%) in girls. The global incidence of short stature was of 62 (15.5%) children versus 338 (84.5%) nonshort stature children. The zinc prescription was suitable in only 24 % of all children with low height. COMENTS: Short stature boys overcome girls in a 2/1 relation, it means that there is twice low height boys in relation to girls, we suppose that boys children are in major risk of concomitant diseases, being the two year old group in both sexes, the most affected. Zinc prescription must be reinforced in the outpatient follow-up in order to guides correct application.

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BACKGROUND: The better treatment modalities for bleeding esophageal varices have improved the prognosis of cirrhosis. AIM: To inquire about diagnostic and treatment modalities for esophageal bleeding in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An enquiry about diagnosis and treatment of esophageal bleeding was designed and electronically sent to public and private health institutions that could admit patients and were located in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. RESULTS: The enquiry was answered by 31 of 35 public and 17 of 19 private health institutions that were consulted. Emergency endoscopy was available in 6 of 27 public and in the 16 private institutions that had an emergency room. Rubber band was available in 16 public (52%) and in all private institutions. Cyanoacrylate injections were done in 10 public (32%) and 11 (65%) private institutions. No public institution installed transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts, but 8 had occasional access to this technique. This procedure was done in 7 (41%) private institutions and all had access to it. Surgical treatment was feasible in 20 public (65%) and all private institutions. Primary prophylaxis was done in 18 public (58%) and 14 private (82%) institutions. Secondary prophylaxis was carried out in 26 public (84%) and 16 private (94%) institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Public health institutions have poor access to adequate diagnostic and treatment methods for esophageal bleeding. The primary and secondary prophylaxis of esophageal varices must be improved in both types of institutions.

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Background: The better treatment modalities for bleeding esophageal varices have improved the prognosis of cirrhosis. Aim: To inquire about diagnostic and treatment modalities for esophageal bleeding in Chile. Material and methods: An enquiry about diagnosis and treatment of esophageal bleeding was designed and electronically sent to public and private health institutions that could admit patients and were located in cides with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Results: The enquiry was answered by 31 of 35 public and 17 of 19 private health institutionis that were consulted. Emergency endoscopy was available in 6 of 27 public and in the 16 private institutionis that had an emergency room. Rubber band ligation was available in 16 public (52 percent) and in all private institutions. Cyanoacrylate injections were done in 10 public (32 percent) and 11 (65 percent) private institutions. No public institution installed transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts, but 8 had occasional access to this technique. This procedure was done in 7 (41 percent) private institutions and all had access to it. Surgical treatment was feasible in 20 public (65 percent) and all private institutions. Primary prophylaxis was done in 18 public (58 percent) and 14 private (82 percent) institutions. Secondary prophylaxis was carried out in 26 public (84 percent) and 16 private (94 percent) institutions. Conclusions: Public health institutions have poor access to adequate diagnostic and treatment methods for esophageal bleeding. The primary and secondary prophylaxis of esophageal varices must be improved in both types of institutions.

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The influence of solution Eh on the rate of ferrous iron oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is characterized. The experimental approach was based on the use of a two-chamber bioelectrochemical cell, which can determine the ferrous iron oxidation rate at controlled potential. Results enabled the formulation of a novel kinetic model, which incorporates the effect of solution Eh in an explicit form but still integrates the effect of ferrous iron concentration and ferric inhibition. The results showed that at Eh values below 650 mV (standard hydrogen electrode, SHE) the bacterial oxidative activity is mainly dependent on ferrous iron concentration. At Eh values between 650 and 820 mV (SHE) the oxidation rate is mainly controlled by ferric inhibition. Over 820 mV (SHE) the bacterial oxidative activity is strongly inhibited by the Eh increase, being completely inhibited at Eh = 840 mV (SHE).

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The origin of somatic embryos obtained from meristematic apexes of the Musa (AAA) clone "Gran enano" was analyzed through histological and morphological studies during the various development phases of the process. The research point out that somatic embryos developed directly from perivascular parenchyma cells of the leaves. Histological sections of globular embryos showed a radial disposition to cell and the existence of an epidermal layer that surrounds the embryo completely. When citocinine (Z or BA) was added, some embryos remained in globular stage with mild signs of enlargement but with no later development of invagination. Other's embryos reached the invagination stage; and some reached the enlargement stage with active photosynthetic tissues. However there were no to generation of complete plant regardless of additional treatment, such as "osmotic shock" or the additions of GA3--At present do not have an explanations for this results. Therefore, additional experiment should be in early, intermediate and later stages of somatic embryogenesis, in order to understand the mechanisms underlying the lack of development of plants from somatics embryos.

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Concern about rapid growth in demand for reproductive health services in developing countries has created interest in productivity and costs of existing programmes. Staff costs usually constitute the largest share of total service costs, meriting special effort to ensure that they are measured accurately. Several techniques have been used in the literature to analyze staff activity, but these techniques have not been validated. This paper reports on a study conducted in three Ecuadoran clinics. The study uses an observational time-motion (TM) technique as a benchmark, and compares results from three other techniques to those obtained using TM. None of the alternative techniques produces estimates that agreed with TM estimates; deviations from TM are particularly large for non-contact time, defined as clinician activities carried out when clients are not present. Implications of these findings for productivity and cost studies are discussed, and possible avenues for future research are proposed.

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The continuing trend of donor attention and resources away from Latin America threatens the sustainability of nongovernmental family planning organizations in that region. Managers can improve sustainability through cost control, cost recovery, and income generation. The Population Council's INOPAL II and INOPAL III projects and Family Health International assisted CEMOPLAF, an Ecuadoran private voluntary organization, in carrying out operations research in each of these areas. Studies included cost-savings analysis from altering IUD revisit norms (cost control), an ability-to-pay study that showed potential gains from increased prices for reproductive health services (cost recovery), and a feasibility study to estimate income from ultrasound services (income generation). Results indicate that any one intervention will probably have a limited impact, and that managers likely will need to undertake several initiatives simultaneously to make significant progress toward sustainability.

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La causa mas común de fiebre post-parto es una infección que se origina en la cavidad uterina, se señala que el embarazo es una etapa en la que al progresar el periodo de la gestación los lactobacilos aumentan hasta en diez veces su concentración relativa y el resto de la flora se manifiesta una tendencia desendente. Sin embargo, se evidencia atraves de nuestro trabajo, que lactobacilo estaba presente como especie predominante en una sola muestra de los 52 que comprende este estudio, presentadno un predominio casi absoluto de gérmenes altamente patógenos lo cual lleva necesariamente a considerar la infinidad de variabales provenients del huesped y del medio ambiente, y que con seguridad condicionan, la presencia de gérmenes potencialmente peligrosos, no solo para la madre, sino también el producto. La abigarrada presencia de bactérias en nuestras pacientes embarazadas; es muy semejante al reportado en la literatura internacional, para los estados de ingravidez lo cual lleva a postular que los mecanismos que condicionan su crecimiento preferencial de lactobacilos, durante el embarazo, no son muy activos en nuestros pacientes, o son superados por condiciones premórbidas de la propia paciente o del medio. En primer lugar de los aislamientos se halla E. Coly con un 40.3 por ciento. El espectro de entidades mórbidas en los que se aisló E. Coly es muy grande y abarca Fiebre puerperal-infecciones urinareas y endometritis, solo en 26 por ciento de los ambientes no desarrollo manifestaciones clínicas. Su significativa presencia en nuestros pacientes, esta balanceada por su respuesta favorable a los tratamientos empleados (antibióticos y revisión instrumental de la cavidad uterina). Las especies Grahm Negativas predominan en nuestro estudio pues en segundo lugar se halla Klepsiella con un 11.3 por ciento sin embargo, en un 60 por ciento de los casos no presentan sintomas clínicos. Tambien en segundo lugar se halla Stafilococo aureus Coagulasa positivo, presentando manifestaciones en 80 por ciento de los casos. Los pacientes en los que se aisló esta bácteria desarrollaron: fiebre puerperal-endometritis y abceso de Pared. La respuesta frente a la terapia instituida (antibioticos drenaje de abceso, revisición instrumental de cavidad) fue bastante tórpica y requirió cambio de esquemas terapeúticos y un tiempo de uso prolongado. En tercer lugar se halla G. Vaginales (97 por ciento) en dichos pacientes no se presentaron cuadros mórbicos de importancia porcentajes...

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