RESUMEN

In the present work, a strain of the basidiomycete fungus Trametes polyzona was used to decolorize the Amaranth dye. The decolorization was carried out in an Airlift reactor with three flow regimes: 1, 2, and 3 vvm. The results showed that the decolorization was a function of the flow regime. The decolorization times for the regimes of 1, 2, and 3 vvm were 30, 25, and 19 days, respectively. The COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) decreased from 1600 to 72 mg COD/L. The enzymatic activity kinetics of laccase (Lcc), lignin peroxidase (LiP), and manganese peroxidase (MnP) were determined. In all the treatments, the enzyme LiP was expressed during the first 6 days, at which point 80% decolorization was observed, whereas Lcc and MnP enzymes were produced from day 6 until the end of the decolorization process. The effluent generated showed no inhibitory effects on the growth of the algae Nannochloropsis salina. T. polyzona showed great versatility in the decolorization of synthetic effluents containing the Amaranth dye, and the fungus was able to use this dye as its only carbon source starting at the beginning of the process. LiP was the enzyme that contributed the most to the decolorization process, and on average, 95% decreases in color and the COD were observed.

RESUMEN

The citrus crop is rapidly expanding in the Province of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolívia. Citrus, mostly planted by small growers, currently comprises approximately 15,000 ha. Sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) and mandarins (C. reticulate) are the main citrus-types grown primarily for internal consumption. Recently, there has been an increase in incidence of leprosis-like symptoms (round to elliptic lesions on the leaves, chlorotic to necrotic lesions in young twigs, and depressed small lesions on the fruits). These symptoms were associated with infestations by the tenuipalpid mite Brevipalpus sp. To verify if Citrus leprosis virus was the causal agent of the observed symptoms, leaf and fruit samples (mostly from Valencia sweet orange) were collected from commercial groves in El Torno, 32 km south of Santa Cruz, and Yapacani and Colónia San Juan, 130 km northwest of Santa Cruz. Small fragments of these samples were placed immediately in a mixture of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde in cacodylate buffer and later processed with transmission electron microscopy at ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Some of the leaf samples were dried at 35°C and used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers that specifically amplify portions of the genome of Citrus leprosis virus, cytoplasmic type (CiLV-C) (1) at Centro APTA Citros, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil. Brevipalpus sp. mites were also collected and kept in 90% ethanol for further identification at the University of Florida, Gainesville and ESALQ. In the samples from the three surveyed areas, transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of short bacilliform particles within endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and electron dense viroplasms in the cytoplasm, typical of infection by CiLV-C (2). CiLV-C specific primers amplified DNA fragments of expected sizes in RT-PCR from dried leaf samples that came from these three localities. Direct sequencing of at least three amplicons of each sample confirmed the identity of the virus. The consensus sequence of the putative movement protein gene in samples from Yapacani and Colónia San Juan (GenBank Accessions Nos. AY960216 and AY960215, respectively) were identical and exhibited 99% nucleotide and 98% amino acid homology with the Brazilian isolate sequence available at GenBank (Accession No. AY289190). The consensus sequence of the putative replicase gene found in the sample from El Torno (GenBank Accession No. AY960214) exhibited 96 and 93% nucleotide and amino acid homology, respectively with the Brazilian isolate (GenBank Accession No. AY289191). Sampled mites were identified as B. phoenicis (Geijskes), the known vector of CiLV-C (2). The symptomatology, particle morphology and cytopathology, detection by molecular methods and the association with infestation by B. phoenicis, together indicate that the foliar, stem, and fruit lesions in sweet orange observed in the Santa Cruz region were caused by CiLV-C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this virus in Bolivia. References: (1) E. C. Locali et al. Plant Dis. 87:1317, 2003. (2) J. C. V. Rodrigues et al. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 30:161, 2003.

RESUMEN

El proceso estiloideo elongado y/o calcificado es una causa de dolor craneofacial y cervical. La incidencia y patogénesis del síndrome estiloideo son discutidas. Esta condición está caracterizada por dolor faríngeo, sensación de cuerpo extraño, odinofagia y palpación dolorosa en la fosa tonsilar. Además, por su localización entre las arterias carótida externa e interna, puede chocar con ellas produciendo carotidinia. Esta condición es más frecuentemente encontrada en pacientes amigdalectomizados y en el sexo femenino. El diagnóstico se hace con el examen físico por la palpación digital del proceso estiloideo en la fosa tonsilar. La demostración radiológica de la elongación estiloidea es hecha fácilmente en muchos casos. El único tratamiento efectivo es el acortamiento quirúrgico del proceso estiloideo. Después de confimar clínica y radiológicamente el diagnóstico, con tomografía computarizada del proceso estiloideo, se realiza reseccion quirúrgica parcial uni o bilateral de los procesos estiloideos, lo que ha mostrado resolución de los síntomas

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RESUMEN

The alcoholic and n-butanolic extracts of dried leaves of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L.C. Rich) Vahl (Verbenaceae) was assessed in antiinflammatory and antinociceptive models. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with the dried extracts at doses ranging from 100 to 200 mg/kg, significantly inhibited carrageenin inducing edema formation. The active extracts were then fractionated and monitored with the same bioassay. The iridoid ipolamiide and the phenylethanoid glycoside acteoside were isolated from the active fraction and showed inhibitory effect on histamine and bradykinin induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum. The compounds also showed in vivo antiinflammatory activity when administered orally to rats mainly in the fourth hour after the administration of the phlogistic agent (70.22% and 93.99%, respectively). These results indicate that S. cayennensis shows antiinflammatory properties which seems to be due, at least partly, to the inhibition of bradyknin and histamine. The extracts also exhibited antinociceptive activity measured by the hot-plate test both i.p. and p.o. in doses ranging from 100 to 300 mg/kg.

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