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Birds are widely used as bioindicators in monitoring programs in wetlands. We compare concentrations of seven trace metals and metalloids (TMM) As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Znin both feathers and blood in two flamingo species in two high-altitude wetlands in Bolivia, with different levels of anthropogenic point source pollution. Lake Uru Uru (LUU) receives discharges from mining operations, and also effluents from the nearby city of Oruro, while Laguna Colorada (LCo) does not receive contaminants from anthropogenic sources. We sampled water and sediments at each site, as well as flamingos in three age classes in an effort to establish a benchmark for long-term monitoring. Metal concentrations in water did not differ between sites, whereas Zn and Pb concentrations of TMM in sediments were higher at LUU, and Hg higher at LCo. TMM concentrations were highly specific for all separate elements, but results point to differences between Andean flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus) chicks and the rest of the classes considered. As flamingo chicks did not molt before sampling, we pose that TMM concentrations in their blood and feathers may respond mainly to local conditions. Eggshells provide additional information, since adults transfer some TMM during egg development. Long-term monitoring in these species should include different age classes and sample both feathers and eggshells to monitor the environmental conditions and bioaccumulation of TMM in these species. Future studies should include sites devoid of natural sources of TMM to help distinguish sources of contamination, since some TMM (As and Pb) may be naturally in high concentrations in remote areas, like Laguna Colorada.
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Metaloides , Metales Pesados , Animales , Aves , Bolivia , Ciudades , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Metales Pesados/análisis , HumedalesRESUMEN
Introducción: La inexistencia de signos clínicos que diferencien entre crisis epilépticas y episodios paroxísticos no epilépticos hace necesario utilizar métodos diagnósticos específicos, principalmente en pacientes refractarios al tratamiento farmacológico. La monitorización prolongada con videoelectroencefalografía durante las crisis epilépticas evidencia descargas epileptiformes en el EEG ictal y constituye una prueba fundamental para su diagnóstico. La presente investigación pretende caracterizar los eventos paroxísticos y comparar los patrones encontrados en pacientes con diagnóstico de epilepsia refractaria. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio y análisis retrospectivo a partir de los registros médicos de la monitorización prolongada con video EEG de 91 pacientes diagnosticados con epilepsia refractaria durante su internamiento. Resultados: Durante el videoelectroencefalograma prolongado el 76,9% (n = 70) de los pacientes presentaron eventos paroxísticos. El número promedio de eventos fue 3,4 (± 2,7) y su duración fue muy variable. La mayoría de los pacientes (80,0%) presentó las crisis durante vigilia y los principales tipos de eventos registrados fueron: focales con alteración de la conciencia, evolutivos a crisis convulsivas bilaterales y crisis psicógenas no epilépticas. Considerando la totalidad de los eventos paroxísticos, no se objetivan diferencias en cuanto al número o tipo de eventos descritos según el sexo, la edad de inicio de la enfermedad o el sexo y la duración de los eventos, o al número de eventos según el tipo. Las crisis psicógenas no epilépticas se registran predominantemente en vigilia, presentan mayor duración, se inician más tardíamente y ocurren principalmente en mujeres. Conclusiones: Los eventos paroxísticos observados durante la monitorización prolongada con videoelectroencefalograma de pacientes internados con epilepsia refractaria muestran patrones y características similares a los descritos en otras latitudes
Introduction: Given that epileptic seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal events have similar clinical manifestations, using specific diagnostic methods is crucial, especially in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring during epileptic seizures reveals epileptiform discharges and has become an essential procedure for epilepsy diagnosis. The main purpose of this study is to characterise paroxysmal events and compare patterns in patients with refractory epilepsy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from 91 patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy who underwent prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring during hospitalisation. Results: During prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring, 76.9% of the patients (n = 70) had paroxysmal events. The mean number of events was 3.4 ± 2.7; the duration of these events was highly variable. Most patients (80%) experienced seizures during wakefulness. The most common events were focal seizures with altered levels of consciousness, progressive bilateral generalized seizures and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Regarding all paroxysmal events, no differences were observed in the number or type of events by sex, in duration by sex or age at onset, or in the number of events by type of event. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures were predominantly registered during wakefulness, lasted longer, started at older ages, and were more frequent in women. Conclusions: Paroxysmal events recorded during prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring in patients with refractory epilepsy show similar patterns and characteristics to those reported in other latitudes
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Epilepsia Refractaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Convulsiones/diagnóstico por imagen , Grabación en Video/métodos , Monitorización Neurofisiológica/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Given that epileptic seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal events have similar clinical manifestations, using specific diagnostic methods is crucial, especially in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring during epileptic seizures reveals epileptiform discharges and has become an essential procedure for epilepsy diagnosis. The main purpose of this study is to characterise paroxysmal events and compare patterns in patients with refractory epilepsy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from 91 patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy who underwent prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring during hospitalisation. RESULTS: During prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring, 76.9% of the patients (n=70) had paroxysmal events. The mean number of events was 3.4±2.7; the duration of these events was highly variable. Most patients (80%) experienced seizures during wakefulness. The most common events were focal seizures with altered levels of consciousness, progressive bilateral generalized seizures and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Regarding all paroxysmal events, no differences were observed in the number or type of events by sex, in duration by sex or age at onset, or in the number of events by type of event. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures were predominantly registered during wakefulness, lasted longer, started at older ages, and were more frequent in women. CONCLUSIONS: Paroxysmal events recorded during prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring in patients with refractory epilepsy show similar patterns and characteristics to those reported in other latitudes.
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Epilepsia Refractaria/diagnóstico , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Epilepsia Refractaria/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Monitoreo Fisiológico/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Grabación en Video , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hyperthyroidism can complicate (mask) the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) because it increases glomerular filtration rate and decreases body muscle mass, both of which can lower serum creatinine concentrations. Currently, there is no clinical test that can reliably predict which hyperthyroid cats have concurrent azotemic CKD that will become apparent after treatment of the hyperthyroidism. OBJECTIVES: To investigate serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentration as a potential marker of masked azotemia in untreated hyperthyroid cats. ANIMALS: Two hundred and sixty-two hyperthyroid cats and 206 aged-matched, clinically normal cats. METHODS: Prospective study. We measured creatinine, urea nitrogen, SDMA, T4 , and TSH concentrations before and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment with radioiodine (131 I) and classified 131 I-treated cats as azotemic or nonazotemic based on persistent, post-treatment creatinine concentrations >2.1 mg/dL. Groups were compared via nonparametric tests, and diagnostic accuracy was determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: No hyperthyroid cats were azotemic before treatment, but 42 (16%) became azotemic when rechecked at 4-8 months (median, 6 months) after 131 I treatment; of these, 14 had high SDMA concentrations before treatment. As a diagnostic test for pre-azotemic (masked) CKD in untreated hyperthyroid cats, SDMA showed a sensitivity of 33.3% and specificity of 97.7%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Finding a high serum SDMA concentration in a hyperthyroid cat can help predict development of azotemia after treatment. The test has high diagnostic test specificity (few false-positive results) but relatively low sensitivity (fails to predict azotemia in most hyperthyroid cats).
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Arginina/análogos & derivados , Enfermedades de los Gatos/sangre , Hipertiroidismo/veterinaria , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/veterinaria , Animales , Arginina/sangre , Azotemia/sangre , Azotemia/diagnóstico , Azotemia/veterinaria , Biomarcadores/sangre , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Gatos , Femenino , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Hipertiroidismo/sangre , Hipertiroidismo/diagnóstico , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/sangre , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/diagnósticoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Thirty percent of patients with epilepsy have recurrent seizures, representing fifteen million people in the world. This population has been scarcely described. AIM: To characterize sociodemographic and clinically the patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy in a tertiary referral hospital of the Costa Rican social security. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study presents an analysis of all cases of refractory epilepsy evaluated at the epilepsy unit of San Juan de Dios Hospital from August, 2012 to October, 2014. RESULTS: Clinical records of 91 patients were studied; patients with psychogenic seizures were analyzed separately. The mean age of onset was 13.1 ± 11.1 years, secondary generalized seizures were the predominant type (81.3%), the most frequent etiology was mesial temporal sclerosis (48.3%) and the majority had normal neurological exams and normal or low neuropsychological assessments. Around half (48.8%) of the patients had been medicated with a range of 4-6 antiepileptic drugs, being lamotrigine, carbamazepine, valproic acid and phenytoin the most prescribed. Treatment optimization, neurosurgery, and further analysis were standard recommendations. Sociodemographic characteristics, patient management, and antiepileptic drugs used are similar to the described in other latitudes. Differences between the age of onset and gender; seizure frequency and gender; age of onset and failed treatments and time of evolution of the disease and employment were observed. The percentage and characteristics of recurrent seizures of psychogenic nature found are comparable to other refractory epilepsy studies. CONCLUSION: Sociodemographic characteristics, management of patients, antiepileptic drugs used and the differences observed are similar to those previously described.
TITLE: Caracterizacion de los pacientes con epilepsia refractaria de un hospital de tercer nivel en Costa Rica.Introduccion. El 30% de los pacientes con epilepsia presenta convulsiones recurrentes, porcentaje que representa aproximadamente a 15 millones de personas en el mundo y constituye una poblacion escasamente descrita. Objetivo. Caracterizar sociodemografica y clinicamente la poblacion de pacientes diagnosticados con epilepsia refractaria en un hospital terciario de Costa Rica. Pacientes y metodos. Se analizan los registros medicos de los pacientes con epilepsia refractaria valorados en la unidad de epilepsia del Hospital San Juan de Dios de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social desde agosto de 2012 a octubre de 2014. Resultados. Se incluyen los expedientes clinicos de 91 pacientes. La edad media de inicio fue de 13,1 ± 11,1 años. Las crisis secundariamente generalizadas constituyen el tipo predominante (81,3%), la etiologia mas frecuente es la esclerosis mesial temporal (48,3%) y la mayoria de los pacientes presentaba examenes neurologicos normales y valoraciones neuropsicologicas normales o bajas. Alrededor de la mitad (48,8%) de los pacientes habia sido medicada con un rango de 4-6 farmacos antiepilepticos, y los mas prescritos fueron lamotrigina, carbamacepina, acido valproico y fenitoina. Las principales recomendaciones en estos pacientes fueron: optimizacion de tratamiento, neurocirugia y reingreso. Se observan diferencias entre la edad de inicio y el sexo, la frecuencia de las crisis y el sexo, el tiempo de evolucion de la patologia y la cantidad de tratamientos fallidos, y el tiempo de evolucion de la enfermedad y la ocupacion. Conclusiones. Las caracteristicas sociodemograficas, el manejo de los pacientes, los farmacos antiepilepticos utilizados y las diferencias encontradas son similares a las descritas en otras latitudes.
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Epilepsia Refractaria/epidemiología , Adolescente , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , Costa Rica/epidemiología , Epilepsia Refractaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: numerosos trabajos han intentado ver la aplicabilidad de la FeNO para el diagnóstico o para el control y regulación del tratamiento en el asma bronquial. Dado que el significado real de los valores de la FeNO en relación a la obstrucción bronquial sigue siendo incierto, intentar esclarecer esta circunstancia tiene un enorme interés en la práctica clínica diaria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: se realizó un estudio de corte trasversal de pacientes diagnosticados de asma leve-moderada, según criterios de la GEMA 2009, durante 9 meses. Se recogieron datos de control de asma (ACQ), FeNO basal, espirometría basal (FEV1), test de metacolina (PD20) y tras broncodilatación. En un subgrupo de pacientes se realizaron espirometrías seriadas. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 48 asmáticos. La puntuación de ACQ fue de 1,7 ± 0,3 (0,7 - 2) puntos. El FEV1 basal fue 2,93 ± 0,8 (92 ± 16%). Al final del test de la metacolina, tanto el FEV1 como el FeNO caían significativamente respecto a los basales. Los pacientes que estaban en tratamiento con corticoides inhalados tenían unas cifras de FeNO menores que los que estaban sin corticoides: 21,4 ± 10 ppb, frente a 50,2 ± 29 ppb; p0,001. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la disminución de FeNO, expresado en % del basal y la disminución de FEV1, expresado tanto en cifras absolutas como en % (R = 0,52 y 0,583, respectivamente). Se diseñó una curva ROC, recodificando la variable de disminución de FeNO en dos grupos, según disminuyesen más o menos de un 10% (área bajo la curva de 0,928, p < 0,001). Considerando como punto de corte un 18% de disminución de FEV1, se obtuvo una sensibilidad del 85% y una especificidad del 87%. No se encontraron diferencias en el subgrupo donde se realizaron maniobras espirométricas repetidas. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una afectación de la medida de la FeNO tras las variaciones agudas del calibre bronquial, con pruebas de metacolina y tras broncodilatadores, utilizando sistemas portátiles con sensor electroquímico, debiendo valorarse el impacto de estos hallazgos en el seguimiento de los pacientes asmáticos
INTRODUCTION: several studies have tried to implementFeNOfor diagnosis or to control and regulate bronchial asthma treatments. Given that the significance of FeNO values regardingbronchial obstruction continues to be uncertain, clarifying this circumstance is extremely interesting for daily clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHOD: across-sectional study was carried out with patients who were diagnosed with mild to moderate asthma, in keeping with the GEMA 2009 criteria, for 9 months. Asthma control data was collected (ACQ), basal FeNO, basal spirometry (FEV1), methacholine test (PD20) and post-bronchodilation. In a sub-group of patients, serial spirometry was carried out. RESULTS: 48 asthmatic patients were analyzed. The ACQ score was 1.7 ± 0.3 (0.7 - 2) points. Basal FEV1 was 2.93 ± 0.8 (92 ± 16%). Upon concluding the methacholine test, both FEV1 andFeNOfell significantly with regards to basal values. Patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids had lower FeNOlevels thanthose not oncorticosteroids: 21.4 ± 10 ppb, compared to 50.2 ± 29 ppb; p < 0.001. A significant correlation was seen between the decrease in FeNO, expressed in percentage of basal values, and the decrease of FEV1, expressed both in absolute values as well as in percentages, R = 0.52 and 0.583, respectively). A ROC (receiver operative curve) analysis was performed, recoding the decreased variable for FeNOinto two groups, based on a reduction of more or less than 10% (area under the curve was 0.928, p <0.001).A 18% cutoff for FEV1 decline had a 85% sensitivity and 87% specificity. No differences were found in the sub-group where repeated spirometrictests were performed. CONCLUSIONS: there is anaffectationwhen measuring FeNOafter acute variations of the bronchial caliber, with methacholine tests and after bronchodilators, using portable systems with electrochemical sensors. The impact of these findings for the follow-up of asthmatic patients must be assessed
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Humanos , Óxido Nítrico/análisis , Obstrucción de las Vías Aéreas/fisiopatología , Asma/fisiopatología , Espiración/fisiología , Eliminación Pulmonar/fisiología , Cloruro de Metacolina/farmacocinética , Broncodilatadores/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Homogeneous surface morphologies are of interest to form different functional coatings. In order to verify if these morphologies could be observed and controlled in an electrophoretic cell, voltage and time effect have been studied on the deposition patterns of porcelain particle on a stainless steel substrate. The suspensions were prepared at 1 wt % of porcelain submicronic particles using acetone as dispersing media. The EPD experiments were carried out at 400, 600, and 800 V at deposition times of 1, 15, 30, 45, and 60 s. The morphology of the particle deposit patterns were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. At 1 s, submicronic particles without any pattern formation were observed on the stainless steel substrate. At subsequent deposition times, the patterns evolved from worm like forms to ring like forms and finally to labyrinth-type agglomerates of particles depending on voltage and deposition times. At deposition times longer than 60 s, the particle deposit patterns were difficult to observe. The coatings obtained at deposition times below this value were subjected to thermal treatments at 900 °C for 2 h. The patterns were maintained after the sintering process, exhibiting dense, homogeneous, and crack-free surface coatings.
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The irreversible receptor antagonist N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) has been used to study the ontogeny of dopamine (DA) receptor functioning in young and adult rats. Most notably, systemic administration of EEDQ blocks the DA agonist-induced behaviors of adult rats, while leaving the behavior of preweanling rats unaffected. The purpose of the present study was to: (a) determine whether the age-dependent actions of EEDQ involve receptors located in the dorsal caudate-putamen (CPu) and (b) confirm that EEDQ's behavioral effects result from the inactivation of DA receptors rather than some other receptor type. In Experiment 1, EEDQ or DMSO was bilaterally infused into the CPu on PD 17 or PD 84. After 24h, rats were given bilateral microinjections of the full DA agonist R(-)-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) or vehicle into the dorsal CPu and behavior was assessed for 40 min. In Experiment 2, preweanling rats were treated as just described, except that DA receptors were protected from EEDQ-induced alkylation by administering systemic injections of D1 (SCH23390) and D2 (sulpiride) receptor antagonists. As predicted, microinjecting EEDQ into the dorsal CPu attenuated the NPA-induced locomotor activity and stereotypy of adult rats. In contrast, rats given bilateral EEDQ infusions on PD 17 exhibited a potentiated locomotor response when treated with NPA. Experiment 2 showed that DA receptor inactivation was responsible for NPA's actions. A likely explanation for these results is that EEDQ inactivates a sizable percentage of DA receptors on PD 17, but leaves the remaining receptors in a supersensitive state. This receptor supersensitivity, which probably involves alterations in G protein coupling, could account for NPA-induced locomotor potentiation. It is likely that adult rats to not show a similar EEDQ-induced change in receptor dynamics or DA receptor inactivation was more complete in older animals and effectively eliminated the expression of DA agonist-induced behaviors.
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Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Caudado/efectos de los fármacos , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Antagonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Putamen/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/fisiología , Envejecimiento/psicología , Animales , Autorradiografía , Condicionamiento Operante/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Masculino , Microinyecciones , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D1/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Dopaminergic compounds often affect the unlearned behaviors of preweanling and adult rats differently, although the brain regions underlying these age-dependent behavioral effects have not been specified. A candidate brain region is the dorsal caudate-putamen (CPu); thus, a goal of the present study was to determine whether D1 and D2 receptors in the dorsal CPu are capable of modulating the unlearned behaviors of preweanling rats. In Experiments 1 and 2, selective and nonselective dopamine agonists were bilaterally microinjected into the dorsal CPu on postnatal day (PD) 18 and both locomotor activity and stereotypy were measured. In Experiment 3, the functional coupling of D1 and D2 receptors was assessed by microinjecting the D1 agonist SKF-82958 and the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole either alone or in combination. In Experiments 4 and 5, quinpirole and the D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390, or SKF-82958 and the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride, were co-administered into the dorsal CPu to further assess whether a functional D1 or D2 receptor system is necessary for the expression of quinpirole- or SKF-82958-induced behaviors. Results showed that selective stimulation of D1 or D2 receptors in the dorsal CPu increased both the locomotor activity and stereotypy of preweanling rats. Receptor coupling was evident on PD 18 because co-administration of a subthreshold dose of SKF-82958 and quinpirole produced more locomotor activity than either agonist alone. Lastly, the dopamine antagonist experiments showed that both D1 and D2 receptor systems must be functional for SKF-82958- or quinpirole-induced locomotor activity to be fully manifested. When the present data are compared to results from non-ontogenetic studies, it appears that pharmacological manipulation of D1 and D2 receptors in the dorsal CPu affects the behavior of preweanling and adult rats in a generally similar manner, although some important age-dependent differences are apparent. For example, D1 and/or D2 agonists preferentially induce locomotor activity, and not intense stereotypy, in younger animals.
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Actividad Motora/fisiología , Neostriado/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Conducta Estereotipada/fisiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Antagonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Combinación de Medicamentos , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Masculino , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Neostriado/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Conducta Estereotipada/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the Kt assessed through ionic dializance (KtOCM) in UCI patients undergoing renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury, comparing the results with those obtained through the urea removal rate method determined by dialyzate collection (Kturea). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 18 adult UCI staying individuals suffering from renal replacement therapy requiring oliguric acute kidney injury were included in this study. RRT consisted in intermittent or extended hemodialysis performed through a Fresenius 4008E dialysis machine equipped with an on-line clearance monitor (OCM Fresenius). The KtOCM results were provided automatically. The Spearman correlation test was used to assess the relationship between the two exploratory methods and the Student s t test to compare the results obtained by the KtOCM and the Kturea. RESULTS: 35 treatments were analyzed. There were not statistically significant differences between the results form the KtOCM and the Kturea (34.9 +/- 10.69 vs 32.78 +/- 11.31, p = NS). A remarkable association was find between both methods (r = 0.87; 95CI, 0.76-0.94; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of Kt through ionic dialyzance is a simple method to estimate the dose of dialysis in critically ill patients and is and useful tool to monitor and adjust the RRT in real time according to a target dose.
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Lesión Renal Aguda/terapia , Algoritmos , Tasa de Depuración Metabólica , Monitoreo Fisiológico/métodos , Diálisis Renal , Urea/sangre , Lesión Renal Aguda/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Automatización , Enfermedad Crítica , Femenino , Soluciones para Hemodiálisis/química , Soluciones para Hemodiálisis/farmacocinética , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Monitoreo Fisiológico/instrumentación , Monitoreo Fisiológico/estadística & datos numéricos , Concentración Osmolar , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/sangre , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/terapia , Estudios Prospectivos , Diálisis Renal/instrumentación , Diálisis Renal/estadística & datos numéricos , Choque Séptico/sangre , Choque Séptico/complicacionesRESUMEN
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are very important to metabolize anti-carcinogenic agents. Therefore, understanding the role of these enzymes and their allele variants in the bioactivation or detoxification of drugs could greatiy benefit antineoplastic pharmacotherapy. The aim of thís manuscrípt is to give information about metabohzing enzymes for antineoplastic agents and to relate the current situation in antitumoral pharmacotherapy with recent knowledge about cytochrome P450 enzymes. This is crucial for the future perspectives towards personalized pharmacotherapy. We summarize the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the resistance and bioactivation of several antitumor agents, their induction and repression mechanisms and the effect of genetic polymorphisms on variability of drug metabolization. The understanding of genetic variability will help to develop new research Unes on innovative therapeutic possibilities.
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Humanos , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , /fisiología , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , /antagonistas & inhibidores , /genética , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Inducción Enzimática/fisiología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
In the present study, we examined whether exposing rats to a high-dose regimen of manganese chloride (Mn) during the postnatal period would depress presynaptic dopamine functioning and alter nonassociative and associative behaviors. To this end, rats were given oral supplements of Mn (750 microg/day) on postnatal days (PD) 1-21. On PD 90, dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity and [3H]dopamine uptake were assayed in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, while in vivo microdialysis was used to measure dopamine efflux in the same brain regions. The effects of postnatal Mn exposure on nigrostriatal functioning were evaluated by assessing rotorod performance and amphetamine-induced stereotypy in adulthood. In terms of associative processes, both cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and sucrose-reinforced operant responding were examined. Results showed that postnatal Mn exposure caused persistent declines in DAT protein expression and [3H]dopamine uptake in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, as well as long-term reductions in striatal dopamine efflux. Rotorod performance did not differ according to exposure condition, however Mn-exposed rats did exhibit substantially more amphetamine-induced stereotypy than vehicle controls. Mn exposure did not alter performance on any aspect of the CPP task (preference, extinction, or reinstatement testing), nor did Mn affect progressive ratio responding (a measure of motivation). Interestingly, acquisition of a fixed ratio task was impaired in Mn-exposed rats, suggesting a deficit in procedural learning. In sum, these results indicate that postnatal Mn exposure causes persistent declines in various indices of presynaptic dopaminergic functioning. Mn-induced alterations in striatal functioning may have long-term impact on associative and nonassociative behavior.
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Animales Recién Nacidos/fisiología , Aprendizaje por Asociación/fisiología , Proteínas de Transporte de Dopamina a través de la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Intoxicación por Manganeso/metabolismo , Intoxicación por Manganeso/psicología , Anfetamina/farmacología , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Cocaína/farmacología , Condicionamiento Operante/efectos de los fármacos , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Dopamina/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Captación de Dopamina/farmacología , Femenino , Masculino , Microdiálisis , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Equilibrio Postural/efectos de los fármacos , Desempeño Psicomotor/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Refuerzo en Psicología , Conducta Estereotipada/efectos de los fármacos , Sacarosa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The generation of layer-by-layer silicate-chitosan composite biosorbent was studied. The films were evaluated on its stability regarding the polymer leakage and its capability in the removal of Cd(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from an aqueous solution. SEM, EDAX and ATR-IR techniques were applied for material characterization. Silicate-chitosan films with a final layer of silicate demonstrated chitosan retention and had better sorption capacities than those without it. For metal species, such as Cd(II) and Cr(III), the greatest adsorption was obtained when the pH of the solution was 7. When Cr(VI) was evaluated, pH 4 was the optimal for its adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were modeled for the equilibrium data. An 80% of the adsorbed metal was recovered by HNO(3) incubation. This non-covalent immobilization method allowed chitosan surface retention and did not affect its adsorption properties. The use of a coated surface would facilitate sorbent removal from medium after adsorption.
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Cadmio/aislamiento & purificación , Quitosano/química , Cromo/aislamiento & purificación , Adsorción , Cromo/clasificación , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Soluciones , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are very important to metabolize anti-carcinogenic agents. Therefore, understanding the role of these enzymes and their allele variants in the bioactivation or detoxification of drugs could greatly benefit antineoplastic pharmacotherapy. The aim of this manuscript is to give information about metabolizing enzymes for antineoplastic agents and to relate the current situation in antitumoral pharmacotherapy with recent knowledge about cytochrome P450 enzymes. This is crucial for the future perspectives towards personalized pharmacotherapy. We summarize the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the resistance and bioactivation of several antitumor agents, their induction and repression mechanisms and the effect of genetic polymorphisms on variability of drug metabolization. The understanding of genetic variability will help to develop new research lines on innovative therapeutic possibilities.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/fisiología , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450 , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/genética , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Inducción Enzimática/fisiología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs and toxic agents, and their implications on disease. Recently, the discipline has acquired great relevancy due to the development of non-invasive molecular techniques that identify genetic variants in human beings. There is also a need to explain the individual differences in susceptibility to drug actions and disease risk. Genetic variants can modify the magnitude of a pharmacologic effect, toxicity threshold, secondary effects and drug interactions. There are approximately thirty families of drug-metabolizing enzymes with genetic variants that cause functional alterations and variations in pharmacologic activity. We summarize the general knowledge about genetic variants of biotransformation enzymes, their relationship with cancer risk and the role of ethnicity. Cancer pharmacogenetics is another promising and exciting research area that will explain why people with an almost identical group of genes, have a different susceptibility to cancer, whose etiology has genetic and environmental components.
Asunto(s)
Hidrocarburo de Aril Hidroxilasas/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Farmacogenética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Xenobióticos/metabolismo , Hidrocarburo de Aril Hidroxilasas/metabolismo , Biotransformación/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Etnicidad/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , Genotipo , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias/enzimologíaRESUMEN
Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs and toxic agents, and their implications on disease. Recently, the discipline has acquired great relevancy due to the development of non-invasive molecular techniques that identify genetic variants in human beings. There is also a need to explain the individual differences in susceptibility to drug actions and disease risk. Genetic variants can modify the magnitude of a pharmacologic effect, toxicity threshold, secondary effects and drug interactions. There are approximately thirty families of drug-metabolizing enzymes with genetic variants that cause functional alterations and variations in pharmacologic activity. We summarize the general knowledge about genetic variants of biotransformation enzymes, their relationship with cancer risk and the role of ethnicity. Cancer pharmacogenetics is another promising and exciting research area that will explain why people with an almost identical group of genes, have a different susceptibility to cancer, whose etiology has genetic and environmental components.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Hidrocarburo de Aril Hidroxilasas/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Farmacogenética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Xenobióticos/metabolismo , Hidrocarburo de Aril Hidroxilasas/metabolismo , Biotransformación/genética , /genética , /metabolismo , /genética , /metabolismo , Etnicidad/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , Genotipo , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Neoplasias/enzimologíaRESUMEN
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cianuros/envenenamiento , Vitamina B 12/administración & dosificación , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Intoxicación/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Background: The role of susceptibility low penetrance genes and environmental factors in the etiology of prostate cancer (PCa) is unclear, but may involve in some cases multiple alleles at multiple loci. Aim: To evaluate the association of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions with PCa. Patients and methods: One hundred three subjects with biopsy proven PCa were studied, using a case-only design. All were interrogated about smoking habits. Polymorphisms for Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), were measured in DNA extracted from peripheral Iymphocytes, using a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: Our findings suggest that gene-gene interactions between GSTT1 and CYP1A1 high risk genotypes were positive modifiers and had a high predictive value for the presence of PCa, compared with non-susceptibility genotypes. The interaction between susceptibility genotypes and smoking did not modify the risk for PCa. Conclusions: Gene-gene interactions may play a role modulating the susceptibility to PCa in a proportion of affected individuals (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 961-66).
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Humanos , Anciano , Ambiente , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , /genética , Factores de Riesgo , Genotipo , HábitosRESUMEN
No disponible