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AIM: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) in previous gestational diabetes mellitus (pGDM) women. METHODS: 100 pGDM women randomly selected from the database of the Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology. 75 g-OGTT were performed in subjects without known diabetes. AGT was diagnosed using the American Diabetes Association criteria. RESULTS: The mean age, pre-gestational BMI, and time since delivery were 38 ± 5 years, 24.5 ± 5.7 kg/m2, and 46 ± 26 months. Overall, 81% of the subjects had AGT, including IGT (38%), IGT + IFG (5%), T2DM (38%). Plasma glucose (PG) at 1 h after a 50 g-glucose challenge test (GCT), PG at 1 h after 100 g-OGTT, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR were significantly greater in women with AGT than normal glucose tolerance (NGT) women. The proportion of women with ≥3 abnormal PG values during 100 g-OGTT was greater in AGT than NGT group (50.7% vs. 15.8%). Multivariate analysis showed that PG ≥ 150 mg/dl at 1 h after a 50 g-GCT and ≥3 abnormal PG values in 100 g-OGTTs were risk factors for developing AGT. CONCLUSIONS: Eighty-one percent of pGDM women developed AGT within 4 years after delivery. Risk factors for AGT were PG ≥ 150 mg/dl at 1 h after a 50 g-GCT and ≥3 abnormal PG values in a 100 g-OGTT.

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PURPOSE: The purpose was to compare glucose variability (GV) obtained via continuous glucose monitoring between nondiabetic sepsis patients and healthy subjects and to seek associations between GV and sepsis severity in nondiabetic sepsis patients. METHODS: Nondiabetic sepsis inpatients and healthy controls received a 72-hour continuous glucose monitoring (iPro2, Medtronic) postadmission and post-oral glucose tolerance test, respectively. The mean glucose level (MGL) along with GV represented by standard deviation (SD) and the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) were calculated at 24 and 72 hours. Sepsis severity was evaluated with the Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment Score (SOFA). MGL and GV in patients with SOFA ≥9 and <9 were compared. RESULTS: Thirty nondiabetic sepsis and 10 healthy subjects were recruited. No differences were found between groups except for higher patient age in sepsis patients. The MGL and MAGE72h of sepsis patients were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects. MGL and GV24h were higher in patients with SOFA ≥9 than in patients with SOFA <9 (MGL24h 195±17 vs 139±27, P<.001; SD24h 32 [28, 36] vs 19 [5, 58], P=.02; and MAGE24h 94 [58, 153] vs 54 [16, 179], P=.01). CONCLUSION: Nondiabetic sepsis patients had higher MGL and GV values than healthy subjects. MGL and GV24h were associated with sepsis severity.

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BACKGROUND: Studies showed effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) on lowering blood sugar levels in animal and diabetes patients. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of MO leaf capsules on glucose control in therapy-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate its safety. METHOD: This was a prospective randomized placebo controlled study. Therapy-naïve T2DM was randomly assigned to receive either 8 grams per day of MO leaf capsules (MO leaf group) or placebo for 4 weeks. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were recorded at screening and at the end of 4-week study. 9-point plasma glucose was obtained before and every week during the study. RESULTS: Thirty-two T2DM patients were enrolled. The mean age was 55 years and the mean HbA1C was 7.0%. There was no significant difference in FPG and HbA1C between groups. MO leaf group had SBP reduction by 5 mmHg as compared to baseline but this difference had no statistical significance. There were no adverse effects of MO leaf. CONCLUSIONS: Moringa oleifera leaf had no effect on glycemic control and no adverse effects in T2DM. Interestingly, this study demonstrated that MO leaf had a tendency on blood pressure reduction in T2DM, and this result needs further investigation.

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BACKGROUND: Herbal medicine has long been used as an alternative medicine for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, Moringa oleifera (MO or ma-rum in Thai) leaf has been widely used in T2DM patients. Several studies in diabetes rat model have shown that MO had effect on glucose metabolism. However study in humans is lacking. OBJECTIVE: Examine effects of MO on plasma glucose and insulin secretion. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study (mean age 29 ± 5 years; BMI 20.6 ± 1.5 kg/m2; FPG 81 ± 5 mg/dl). After an overnight fast and every two weeks, subjects received an oral dose of MO at increasing dosages of 0, 1, 2, and 4 g. Plasma glucose (PG) and insulin were collected at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, and 6 hours after each MO dosage administration. Insulin secretion rate was measured using area under the curve (AUC) of insulin and AUC of insulin/glucose ratio. RESULTS: After doses of 0, 1, 2, and 4 g MO, mean plasma insulin increased (2.3 ± 0.9, 2.7 ± 1.0, 3.3 ± 1.4, and 4.1 ± 1.7 µU/ml, respectively) despite there being no differences in mean PG (77 ± 6, 78 ± 5, 79 ± 6, and 79 ± 5 mg/dl, respectively). AUC of insulin was greater after high-dose MO (4 g) than after baseline or low-dose MO capsule (1 g) (24.0 ± 3.5 vs. 14.5 ± 1.8 or 16.1 ± 2.0, respectively; p = 0.03), while there was no difference in AUC of glucose. Accordingly, insulin secretion rate represented by AUC of insulin/glucose ratio after high-dose MO was significantly increased by 74% (P = 0.041), as compared with that of baseline. CONCLUSION: We concluded that high-dose (4 g) MO leaf powder capsules significantly increased insulin secretion in healthy subjects. These results suggest that MO leaf may be a potential agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Further studies of MO in patients with T2DM are needed.

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BACKGROUND: The benefit of sulfonylureas (SUs) to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving long-term insulin treatment is unclear. This study evaluated glycemic control and beta-cell function after SU withdrawal in these patients. METHODS: In this 8-week randomized controlled study, patients with type 2 diabetes who had been treated with insulin for at least 3 years plus moderate to high doses of SUs were randomly assigned to withdrawal (n=16) or continuation (n=16) of SUs. Clinical characteristics, glycemic control, hypoglycemic events, and insulin secretion, including homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-B) score, C-peptide concentration, and Matsuda index, were evaluated at baseline and after 2 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty patients (16 in the SU withdrawal group and 14 in the SU continuation group) completed the study. Median duration of diabetes was 17 (range 5-40) years. Baseline clinical characteristics, glycemic control, and HOMA-B were similar in the two groups, but the mean fasting C-peptide concentration was higher in the SU withdrawal group. After 8 weeks, the SU withdrawal group showed a significant increase in mean glycosylated hemoglobin levels from 7.8%±0.5% (62±5 mmol/mol) to 8.6%±1.2% (71±13 mmol/mol; P=0.002), whereas the SU continuation group showed a slight but not significant increase from 7.7%±0.5% (61±5 mmol/mol) to 7.9%±1.2% (63±13 mmol/mol; P=0.37). Insulin secretion, as measured by C-peptide and HOMA-B, decreased by 18% and 36%, respectively, in the SU withdrawal group. Hypoglycemic events were significantly more frequent in the SU continuation group whereas body weight did not change significantly in either group. CONCLUSION: Withdrawal of SU from patients with type 2 diabetes receiving long-term combination treatment with SU and insulin resulted in deterioration of glycemic control and insulin secretion.

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BACKGROUND: A strong inverse relationship of functional limitation and socioeconomic status has been established in western ageing society. Functional limitation can be related to chronic diseases, disuse, cognitive decline, and ageing. Among chronic diseases in the Thai population, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and arthritis are common. These factors are known to contribute to disability and poor quality of life in the elder population. Neuropsychiatric problems, cognitive decline, dementia, and cultural issues in elderly people also can alter the quality of life of the elderly. METHODS: The Dementia and Disability Project in Thai Elderly (DDP) aims at comprehensively assessing community dwelling Thai elderly to understand the relationship between disability and motor function, neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive function, and chronic diseases. The DDP is the first study to look at the prevalence and etiology of dementia and of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Thai elders and to explore the relationship of cognition, disability, small vessel diseases and cortical degeneration with neuroimaging in Thai elderly people. 1998 Thai elders were screened in 2004-2006 and diagnosed as having MCI or dementia. 223 elders with MCI or dementia and cognitively normal elderly had brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or at baseline. 319 elders from the 3 groups had blood tests to investigate the risks and possible etiologies of dementia including genotyping at baseline. RESULTS: The mean age of elders in this study is 69.51(SD=6.71, min=60, max=95) years. 689(34.9%) are men and 1284(65.1%) are women. Mean body weight was 58.36(SD=11.20) kgs. The regression model reveals that performance on gait and balance and serum triglyceride predicts activity of daily living performance (adjusted r2 = 0.280, f=2.644, p=0.003). The majority of abnormal gait in Thai elders was lower level gait disturbance. Only 1.5% (29/1952) had highest level gait disorders. 39.5% of 1964 subjects were free of chronic diseases. Treatment gap (indicating those who have untreated or inadequate treatment) of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in Thai elders in this study was 37% and 55.5% respectively. 62.6% of Thai elders have ApoE3E3 allele. Prevalence of positive ApoE4 gene in this study is 22.85%. 38.6% of Thai elders who had MRI brain study have moderate to severe white matter lesions. CONCLUSION: The large and comprehensive set of measurements in DDP allows a wide-ranging explanation of the functional and clinical features to be investigated in relation to white matter lesions or cortical atrophy of the brain in Thai elderly population. An almost 2 year follow up was made available to those with MCI and dementia and some of the cognitively normal elderly. The longitudinal design will provide great understanding of the possible contributors to disability in the elderly and to the progression of cognitive decline in Thai elders.

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BACKGROUND: Achieving fasting plasma glucose (FPG) target may not reflect hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) target achievement. OBJECTIVE: Illustrate the blood glucose patterns contributing to HbA1c > 7% in patients whose FPG was < 130 mg/dl and correlation between HbA1c and plasma glucose at various times. The contribution of caloric intake, carbohydrate consumption and glycemic index of food to plasma glucose were determined. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Patients with type 2 diabetes, attended out-patient clinics at Siriraj Hospital, who had FPG of < 130 mg/dl but HbA1c level of > 7% were invited to participate in this 4-week study. They were treated with single or combined oral hypoglycemic agents except for alpha glucosidase inhibitors and glinide. Each patient performed self monitoring of capillary plasma glucose (CPG) before and 2 hours after each meal and before retiring to bed on the most convenient day in the first and fourth weeks and monitored two CPG before breakfast and before dinner weekly. Daily food intake was recorded in the logbooks. RESULTS: The observed patterns of CPG in 60 cases were postprandial hyperglycemia with FPG of < 130 mg/dl in 21.7%, a high pre-meal and post-meal CPG with FPG of < 130 mg/dl in 36.7% and elevated all fasting, pre-meal and post-meal CPG in 41.7% of the patients. The correlation coefficients between HbA1c at the end of the present study and CPG were 0.345, 0.40 and 0.337 at pre-breakfast, pre-lunch and pre-dinner, respectively (p = 0.01). The correlation coefficients between HbA1c and 2 hours CPG post-lunch, post-dinner and bed time were 0.402, 0.412 and 0.472, respectively (p = 0.01). The correlation between CPG and caloric intake, carbohydrate consumption or glycemic index of food were not observed. CONCLUSION: Elevated blood glucose at all times was the commonest finding in type 2 diabetic patients whose FPG < 130 mg/ dl but HbA1c level > 7%. A sole measurement of FPG should not be used to assure optimal glycemic control. Significant correlations between HbA1c and pre- or post- meal CPG indicated that frequent monitoring of pre- and post- meal could be used in assessing overall glycemic control.

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A 74 year-old Thai woman was found to have hypertriglyceridemia possibly due to an increased blood glycerol level. Her previous serum triglyceride (TG) levels were 65 and 99 mg/dl. After 2 months of taking glycerine at a dose of 50 ml orally every 8 to 12 hours for treatment of glaucoma, her serum TG concentrations increased from 77 to 1,815 and 2,693 mg/dl, but decreased rapidly to 72 and 59 mg/dl on days 3 and 6 following withdrawal of glycerine treatment. There were no other causes of hypertriglyceridemia. High blood glycerol level can interfere with enzymatic methods commonly used in the measurement of TG in most laboratories and result in falsely elevated levels of TG.

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BACKGROUND: Patients with acute stress from stroke or myocardial infarction may develop hyperglycemia, even in the absence of diabetes mellitus. Stress hyperglycemia increases morbidity and mortality in these patients. There has been no study to evaluate stress hyperglycemia in patients with sepsis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective cohort study in patients with sepsis admitted in the Department of Medicine of Siriraj Hospital during 2006-2007 was done. Data were collected on admission blood glucose, HbA1c and other factors which may predict the outcomes of sepsis. RESULTS: Data were collected from 70 patients with sepsis. The prevalence of stress hyperglycemia was 42.3% in this study. We found no differences in clinical findings, laboratories, interventions and outcomes between groups of stress and non-stress hyperglycemia. Multivariate analysis showed that only APACHE II score and use of a mechanical ventilator were associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in patients with sepsis was high. We cannot conclude that stress hyperglycemia did not affect the mortality and morbidity outcome mainly because of the small number of subjects which may be not enough to detect statistical significance.

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OBJECTIVE: Examine the clinical and biochemical features including serum intact PTH (iPTH) and plasma PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) levels in patients with malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAHC). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Forty-eight patients with histopathological or cytological proven malignancies and MAHC who were admitted to Siriraj Hospital were studied. RESULTS: The malignancies that caused MAHC were squamous cell carcinoma (45.8%), non-squamous cell solid tumors (31.3 %), and hematological malignancies (22.9%). Most patients (93.8%) had advanced stage malignancies. Corrected serum total calcium (cTCa) levels were 10.8-19.1 mg/dL (13.6 +/- 2.4) and severe hypercalcemia was observed in 17 cases (40.5%). Serum iPTH levels were 0.95-17.1 pg/mL (3.9 +/- 3.6). Most patients had suppressed serum iPTH levels of < 10 pg/mL. Plasma PTHrP levels were 0.2-44.0 pmol/L (3.8 +/- 6.8). There were 27 cases (56.3%) that had humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) with plasma PTHrP levels of > 1.5 pmol/L, and 22 cases had squamous cell carcinoma. There was no difference in serum cTCa, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and iPTH levels between patients with HHM and non-HHM. In 48 MAHC patients, serum cTCa correlated to plasma PTHrP (r = 0.35, p = 0.029) and to serum iPTH (r = 0.49, p = 0.003). In 25 patients with HHM, a stronger correlation between serum cTCa and serum iPTH (r = 0.55, p = 0.005) but not between serum cTCa and plasma PTHrP levels (r = 0.41, p = 0.05) was observed. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that serum iPTH but not plasma PTHrP levels independently correlated to serum cTCa levels (r = 0.39, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The clinical manifestations of MAHC observed in the present study were similar to those previously reported. Serum calcium correlated to serum iPTH more strongly than to plasma PTHrP levels. The low but detectable serum iPTH level might play a role in the development of severe MAHC particularly in HHM.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of stroke and its risk factors in Thai diabetic patients who attended the diabetes clinics of university and tertiary-care hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional, multi-center hospital-based diabetes registry was carried out at diabetes clinics of 11 university and tertiary-care hospitals. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, common drugs used and laboratory parameters were analyzed for prevalence and risk factors associated with stroke. RESULTS: The prevalence of stroke in the patients studied was 3.5%. Most of the patients were type 2 diabetes and had ischemic stroke. One of the risk factors associated with stroke was age greater than 60 years, and the risk appeared to be highest if the patients' age was greater than 70 years (adjust OR = 3.29, p = 0.012). Other risk factors included male sex, systolic blood pressure of > or =140 mmHg, use of oral hypoglycemic agents, lipid lowering agents and aspirin. There was no association between stroke and duration of diabetes, occupation, educational level, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, diastolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive drugs or insulin, glycemic control, lipid profiles and kidney function. CONCLUSION: Ischemic stroke was common among Thai patients with diabetes especially in the elderly. The present result emphasizes the relationship between level of systolic blood pressure and the occurrence of stroke. Optimal blood pressure control should be underscored in caring for diabetic patients.

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BACKGROUND: In Thailand, family caregivers have an important role in delivering care to patients with dementia. Most patients with dementia in Thailand and also in Western societies live in the community. Training caregivers may improve care of dementia patients. OBJECTIVE: We performed a treatment study of a six-month caregiver intervention with group counseling and support with provision of techniques to cope with non-cognitive symptoms of patients with dementia. We hypothesized that this caregiver intervention with group counseling and support would reduce behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the demented patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We conducted a parallel group intervention study. A manual for group counseling and support was developed focusing on education regarding dementia, behavioral analysis and intervention, and environmental adaptation. Fifty nonprofessional caregivers-25 from the control group and 25 from the study group-of patients with dementia from the memory clinic at Siriraj Hospital were alternately assigned to each group as they presented to the clinic if they met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate. The Thai Mental State Examination (TMSE) was used to assess dementia severity. Forty-five minute counseling sessions were conducted every 6-8 weeks for 6 months and assessments were conducted at 3 months and 6 months. The primary outcome measure was the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). RESULTS: A paired samples analysis of the NPI scores demonstrated a significant change of the total NPI scores at the end of six month from baseline in the intervention group (P = 0.045). Change from baseline of the comparison group was not significant. There was a trend towards improvement of the TMSE scores between the two groups at month six (p = 0.061). The result favored the treatment group. CONCLUSION: This study provided evidence of the utility of a non-pharmacologic intervention using group counseling in an out-patient setting for caregivers of patients with dementia.

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A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of Tinospora crispa as additional treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not respond to oral hypoglycemic drugs and refused insulin injection. Twenty patients were allocated to receive Tinospora crispa powder in capsule form at a dosage of 1 gram thrice daily for 6 months. Twenty patients received a placebo. The main outcomes were changes in fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin levels. The baseline characteristics of the patients in both groups were not significantly different. There were no significant changes in fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin levels among the patients within the group and between groups. Two patients who received Tinospora crispa showed marked elevation of liver enzymes that returned to normal after discontinuing Tinospora crispa. Moreover, patients in the Tinospora crispa group had significant weight reduction and cholesterol elevation while taking Tinospora crispa. It is concluded that there is no evidence to support the use of Tinospora crispa 3 grams a day for additional therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not respond to oral hypoglycemic drugs. The patients receiving Tinospora crispa may have an increased risk of hepatic dysfunction.

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Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy is a form of diabetes, associated with tropical chronic calcific pancreatitis, in which islet beta-cell loss and pancreatic stone formation are found. It is likely to be a multifactorial disease with both genetic and environmental components. Regenerating (reg) gene encodes protein that has been involved in pancreatic lithogenesis and the regeneration of islet cells and therefore the abnormality of reg genes could be associated with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy. In this study, regla and reg1beta mRNAs were isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from 16 patients with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy, 42 patients with type 1 diabetes, 37 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 22 normal controls. mRNAs were amplified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and analysed by a single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique. The reg1alpha and reg1beta mRNAs were isolated, indicating the ectopic expression of these genes in peripheral blood lymphocytes; however, variation among mobility patterns was not observed in the SSCP analysis of the RT-PCR products. The results indicated that there was no abnormality of the regla and reg1beta mRNAs obtained from the study groups.

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are selectively destroyed. We recently found that the detection of cell-mediated immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was more useful than the detection of specific autoantibodies for the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we established a flow cytometric analysis for the detection of activated T cells in whole venous blood, obtained from diabetic patients and normal controls after stimulation by GAD. Two millitiers of peripheral venous blood and 6 hours incubation time were used for performing the test. It was found that 33% (3/9) type 1 diabetic patients, 7.7% (1/13) type 2 diabetic patients and neither patients with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy nor normal controls had > or = 20% CD8+ T cells expressing CD69. The results suggest that flow cytometry may be a useful tool for the detection of surrogate markers of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Both bone and the breast are major target tissues of estrogen actions. The biological actions of estrogen depend on the interaction between estrogen and estrogen receptors (ER) in the target tissues. Therefore, ER concentration in tissues such as breast cancer might be associated with the amount of bone mass. The present study was aimed to examine whether there is a relationship between ER concentration in breast cancer tissue (ER-BCA) and bone mineral density (BMD). Forty-seven pre-menopausal and 34 post-menopausal women with newly diagnosed breast cancer were studied. The ER-BCA ranged from 0 to 339 fmol/mg cytosol protein (mean +/- SD = 68.6 +/- 97.0). Pearson's correlation analyses showed that ER-BCA negatively correlated to BMD of the spine (r = -0.251, p = 0.024), forearm (r = -0.341, p = 0.002), hip (r = -0.373, p = 0.001) and total body (r = -0.317, p = 0.004) in all 81 women. In 47 pre-menopausal women, the ER-BCA negatively correlated to the hip (r = -0.455, p = 0.001) and total body (r = -0.395, p = 0.006) but not to the spine and forearm BMD. Whereas, in 34 post-menopausal women, the ER-BCA negatively correlated to forearm BMD (r = -0.399, p = 0.019). Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the ER-BCA independently correlated to hip BMD in all 81 women (r = -0.373, p < 0.01) and in pre-menopausal women (r = -0.486, p < 0.001) and independently correlated to forearm BMD in post-menopausal women (r = -0.399, p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the presence of high estrogen receptor concentration in breast cancer tissue might induce a deleterious effect on bone mass particularly in pre-menopausal women.

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In order to investigate whether there would be any association between abnormalities of either reg1 alpha or reg1 beta gene and diabetes mellitus in man, these two genes were analyzed in 42 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 12 with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy, 37 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 22 normal controls, by PCR-SSCP analysis and nucleotide sequencing technique. Polymorphism in the reg1 alpha gene resulted in three mobility patterns in the PCR-SSCP analysis, due to nucleotide constituents at position -10 before exon 1 being either C/C, T/C or T/T. These three mobility patterns were observed in every group of subjects. The analysis of reg1 beta gene showed nucleotide substitutions in exon 4 in one patient, exon 5 in another patient with type 1 diabetes, and in exon 4 and intron 5 in one patient with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy. The nucleotide substitutions in exon 4 in the patient with type 1 diabetes and that with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy occurred at codons 103 and 84 while that in exon 5 in the patient with type 1 diabetes occurred at codon 141, changing the codons from CAT to CAC, GTG to GCG, and ACT to AAT and resulting in H103H silent, V84A and T141N missense mutations, respectively. In conclusion, using PCR-SSCP and nucleotide sequence analyses, we did not find any association between abnormalities of either reg1 alpha or reg1 beta gene with any type of diabetes studied.

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