RESUMEN
The detection of defects in aluminium alloys using eddy current testing (ECT) can be restricted by higher electrical conductivity. Considering the occurrence of discontinuities during the selective laser melting (SLM) process, checking the ability of the ECT method for the mentioned purpose could bring simple and fast material identification. The research described here is focused on the application of three ECT probes with different frequency ranges (0.3-100 kHz overall) for the identification of artificial defects in SLM aluminium alloy AlSi10Mg. Standard penetration depth for the mentioned frequency range and identification abilities of used probes expressed through lift-off diagrams precede the main part of the research. Experimental specimens were designed in four groups to check the signal sensitivity to variations in the size and depth of cavities. The signal behavior was evaluated according to notch-type and hole-type artificial defects' presence on the surface of the material and spherical cavities in subsurface layers, filled and unfilled by unmolten powder. The maximal penetration depth of the identified defect, the smallest detectable notch-type and hole-type artificial defect, the main characteristics of signal curves based on defect properties and circumstances for distinguishing between the application of measurement regime were stated. These conclusions represent baselines for the creation of ECT methodology for the defectoscopy of evaluated material.
RESUMEN
The presented manuscript focuses on the influence of process parameters of abrasive water jet technology on the creation of non-transient erosive grooves. The processed stainless steel SS 316L is additively manufactured using the selective laser melting (SLM) method. Due to the distinct mechanical properties of this material resulting from the production process, the material was machined in two planes according to the direction of the printing layers. The experimental part employed a planned experiment utilizing the DoE (Design of Experiment) method. Experiments aimed at varying process parameters (traverse speed, standoff distance, abrasive mass flow) were conducted at a water pressure of 50 MPa, assessing the parameters' impact on the removed material and the properties of the resulting non-transient erosion groove. The properties of the erosion groove, such as shape and the material removal (area of erosion groove), were evaluated. The influences of process parameters on the observed parameters were assessed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Experiment preparation and setup were based on a thorough theoretical analysis of the machining process with the abrasive water jet (AWJ) method. The experiment also highlights the diverse properties of the SS 316L material prepared using the SLM method when machined with AWJ technology.
RESUMEN
The identification of residual stresses (RS) in components made by selective laser melting (SLM) is necessary for subsequent technological optimization. The presented research is devoted to evaluating the influence of the combination of laser power (P), scanning velocity (v) and the rarely considered number of layers (nL) on surface residual stresses in SLM stainless steel SS 316L. Experimental parameters were set based on the Design of Experiment (DoE) method, with follow-up X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and data processing using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. The obtained data are a valuable stepping-stone for the subsequent design of research focused on the application of sustainable eco-friendly Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) peening for RS modification in the evaluated material.
RESUMEN
The presented paper is focused on the evaluation of material removal during machining via an abrasive water jet with a controlled depth of cut. In the introductory parts of the work, a theoretical analysis of water jet technology and an analysis of the current state of the problem are presented. The experimental part of the work is devoted to testing the effects of technological parameters on material removal from the point of view of the maximum erosion depth and volume loss of material during machining with a low water pressure of 50 MPa. The tested material was a Ti 6Al 4V titanium alloy. The experiments were carried out by changing the traverse speed of the cutting head, the mass flow of the abrasive and the angle of inclination of the cutting head, according to the DoE 33 experiment plan. The obtained values were evaluated using the method of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. Furthermore, the values of the width of the erosion track and the maximum and minimum erosion effects for both tested materials were evaluated.
RESUMEN
Residual stress occurs in the materials after different methods of processing due to the application of pressure and/or thermal gradient. The occurrence of residual stresses can be observed in both subtractive and additive-manufactured (AM) materials and objects. However, pressure residual stresses are considered, in some cases, to have a positive effect; there are applications where the neutral stress state is required. As there is a lack of standards describing the heat treatment of AM materials, there is a need for experimental research in this field. The objective of this article is to determine the heat treatment thermal regime to achieve close to zero stress state in the subsurface layer of additively manufactured AM316L stainless steel. The presented objective leads to the long-term goal of neutral etalons for eddy current residual stress testing preparation. A semi-product intended for the experiment was prepared using the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process and subsequently cut, using Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) technology, into experimental specimens, which were consequently heat-treated in combination with four temperatures and three holding times. Residual stresses were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microstructure variations were observed and examined. A combination of higher temperature and longer duration of heat treatment caused more significant stress relaxation, and the original stress state of the material influenced a degree of this relaxation. The microstructure formed of cellular grains changed slightly in the form of grain growth with randomly occurring unmolten powder particles, porosity, and inclusion precipitation.
RESUMEN
Additive manufacturing has many positives, but its incorporation into functional parts production is restricted by the presence of defects. Eddy current testing provides solutions for their identification; however, some methodology and measurement standards for AM (additive manufacturing) products are still missing. The main purpose of the experiment described within this article was to check the ability of eddy current testing to identify AM stainless steel parts and to examine the data obtained by eddy currents variation under the influence of various types of designed artificial defects. Experimental samples were designed and prepared with SLM (selective laser melting) technology. Artificial defects, included in the samples, were detected using the eddy current testing device, taking the important circumstances of this non-destructive method into account. The presented research shows significant potential for eddy current testing to identify defects in AM products, with a resolution of various types and sizes of defects. The obtained data output shows the importance of choosing the right measurement regime, excitation frequency and secondary parameters setup. Besides the eddy current testing conditions, defect properties also play a significant role, such as their shape, size, if they are filled with unmolten powder or if they reach the surface.