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Nowadays, glycine is used in nutritional supplements and to attenuate chronic complications of diabetes and obesity; however, its use has side effects as insulin resistance. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of chronic glycine supplementation on insulin, glucose and triglyceride levels in healthy Wistar rats. Groups were: Control (C), that received sterilized water only, glycine (GG), that received 1% glycine and taurine (TG), that received 0.5% taurine during 6 months (n = 10). Our results showed no differences in plasma insulin levels after six months of supplementation (C: 13.22 ± 2.0; GG: 11.4 ± 2.0; TG: 11.13 ± 2.0 ng/ml; p = 0.64). Likewise, neither glucose plasma concentration (C: 99.9 ± 3.9 mg/dl; GG: 104.3 ± 4.3 mg/dl; TG: 104.5 ± 4.8 mg/dl) (p = 0.88) nor triglyceride levels (C: 58.4 ± 5.6 mg/dl; GG: 46.9 ± 2.3 mg/dl; TG: 50.68 ± 3.3 mg/dl), showed differences after six months supplementation (p = 0.22). Furthermore, the analysis of glycine (C: 80 ± 24.6; GG: 83.9 ± 25.9; TG: 90.7 ± 13.5 nmol/ml) (p = 0.19) and taurine (C: 169 ± 15.17; GG: 148.7 ± 23.9; TG: 165.8 ± 22.5 nmol/ml) (p = 0.4) in the plasma of animals with supplementation showed no significant changes. Additionally, general urine tests and histological analysis of liver or kidneys showed no alterations. In conclusion, chronic supplementation with 1% glycine did not have any significant detrimental side effects in our model. However, more studies are still necessary to evaluate the effect of 1% glycine supplementation in humans.

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There are decisions at the end of life that currently are relevant as humanistic values. Respect for human life and dignity are part of human rights. The National Academy of Medicine of Mexico declares its posture about end-of-life decisions that include treatment refusal, limitation of the therapeutic effort, advance directives and palliative sedation, among others, with the purpose to favor a peaceful death.

Hay decisiones relacionadas con el final de la vida que actualmente son relevantes como valores humanísticos. El respeto y la dignidad de la vida humana están incluidos en los derechos humanos. La Academia Nacional de Medicina de México declara su postura acerca de las decisiones sobre el final de la vida que incluyen rechazo a un tratamiento, limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico, voluntad anticipada y sedación paliativa, entre otros, con la finalidad de propiciar una muerte en paz.

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Objective: To describe the frequency and etiology of rhinitis, oral breathing, types of malocclusion and orofacial disorders in patients treated for dental malocclusion. Methods: Patients with poor dental occlusion (n=89, 8-15 years) undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Postgraduate Orthodontics Center (São Paulo, Brazil) participated in the study. Rhinitis and oral breathing were diagnosed by anamnesis, clinical assessment and allergic etiology of rhinitis through immediate hypersensitivity skin prick test with airborne allergens. The association between types of breathing (oral or nasal), rhinitis and types of dental malocclusion, bruxism and cephalometric alterations (increased Y axis of facial growth) compared to standard cephalometric tracing (Escola de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo) were assessed. Results: The frequency of rhinitis in patients with dental malocclusion was 76.4% (68), and, of these, 81.7% were allergic (49/60 positive skin prick test), whereas the frequency of oral breathing was 62.9%. There was a significant association between an increased Y axis of facial growth and oral breathing (p<0.001), as well as between oral breathing and rhinitis (p=0.009). There was no association between rhinitis and bruxism. Conclusions: The frequency of rhinitis in children with dental malocclusion is higher than that in the general population, which is approximately 30%. Patients with oral breathing have a tendency to a dolichofacial growth pattern (increased Y axis of facial growth). In patients with rhinitis, regardless of the presence of oral breathing, the dolichofacial growth tendency was not observed.

Objetivo: Descrever a frequência e etiologia da rinite, da respiração oral, os tipos de má oclusão e as alterações orofaciais em pacientes tratados por má oclusão dentária. Métodos: Pacientes com má oclusão dentária (n=89, oito a 15 anos) em tratamento ortodôntico em centro de pós-graduação em ortodontia (São Paulo, Brasil) participaram do estudo. Rinite e respiração oral foram diagnosticadas por anamnese e exame clínico e a etiologia alérgica dessa por teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade imediata (TCHI) com aeroalérgenos. Avaliou-se a relação entre tipos de respiração (oral ou nasal), rinite e tipos de má oclusão dentária, bruxismo e alterações cefalométricas (aumento do eixo Y de crescimento facial) em comparação com o traçado cefalométrico padrão (Escola de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo). Resultados: A frequência de rinite nos pacientes com má oclusão dentária foi de 76,4% (68), desses 81,7% eram alérgicos (49/60 TCHI positivo) e a frequência de respiração oral foi de 62,9%. Houve associação significativa entre ter o eixo Y de crescimento facial aumentado e respiração oral (p<0,001), o mesmo entre respiração oral e rinite (p=0,009). Não houve associação entre rinite e bruxismo. Conclusões: A frequência de rinite em crianças com má oclusão dentária é superior à da população geral, que gira ao redor de 30%. Os pacientes com respiração oral têm tendência de crescimento dólico facial (eixo Y de crescimento aumentado). Nos pacientes com rinite, independentemente da presença da respiração oral, a tendência dólico facial não foi observada.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and etiology of rhinitis, oral breathing, types of malocclusion and orofacial disorders in patients treated for dental malocclusion. METHODS: Patients with poor dental occlusion (n=89, 8-15 years) undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Postgraduate Orthodontics Center (Sao Paulo, Brazil) participated in the study. Rhinitis and oral breathing were diagnosed by anamnesis, clinical assessment and allergic etiology of rhinitis through immediate hypersensitivity skin prick test (SPT) with airborne allergens. The association between types of breathing (oral or nasal), rhinitis and types of dental malocclusion, bruxism and cephalometric alterations (increased Y axis of facial growth) compared to standard cephalometric tracing (Escola de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo) were assessed. RESULTS: The frequency of rhinitis in patients with dental malocclusion was 76.4% (68), and, of these, 81.7% were allergic (49/60 positive skin prick test), whereas the frequency of oral breathing was 62.9%. There was a significant association between an increased Y axis of facial growth and oral breathing (p<0.001), as well as between oral breathing and rhinitis (p=0.009). There was no association between rhinitis and bruxism. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of rhinitis in children with dental malocclusion is higher than that in the general population, which is approximately 30%. Patients with oral breathing have a tendency to a dolichofacial growth pattern (increased Y axis of facial growth). In patients with rhinitis, regardless of the presence of oral breathing, the dolichofacial growth tendency was not observed.

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Introdução: A hiperplasia do processo coronoide é uma variação morfológica que causa limitação na aberturade boca. O paciente procura tratamento quando há dor ou problemas funcionais causados pela compressão do processo coronoide no osso zigomático. Muitos clínicos desconhecem esta sintomatologia confundindo com disfunção da articulação temporomandibular. A proposta nesse trabalho é demonstrar que a hiperplasia do processo coronoide pode ser observada em radiografias panorâmicas alertando o profissional para a associação com sinais e sintomas clínicos e encaminhando o paciente para exames mais complexos com os quais se conclua o diagnóstico. Métodos: A amostra constituiu-se de 620 radiografias panorâmicas das quais foram selecionadas 150 dentre as quais incluíam-se radiografias de pacientes compossível diagnóstico inicial de HPC, determinado pela relação do processo coronoide com a altura da cabeça da mandíbula. Resultados: Essas radiografias foram analisadas por 3 Radiologistas e ficou concluído que, uma vez que se trata de um exame corriqueiramente utilizado pelo cirurgião-dentista, a radiografia panorâmica é um meio auxiliar para o diagnóstico inicial dessa alteração, principalmente quando puder se associar a imagem suspeita com os sinais e sintomas clínicos correspondentes

Introduction: Hyperplasia of the coronoid process (HCP) is a morphologic variation that causes restriction in mouth opening compression in the coronoid process of the zygomatic bone causes pain or functional problem, leading patients to seek treatment. Many dental practitioners ignore these symptoms, confusing them with dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint. In the present study, our proposal is to demonstrate that HPC can be observed in panoramic radiographs. If this observation alerts the professional for association with clinical signals and symptoms The patient can be referred to perform more complex examinations with which diagnosis is concluded. Methods: Three radiologists analyzed and selected 150 (of a sample of 620) panoramic radiographs including those of patients with possible initial diagnosis of HCP as determined by the relationship of the size of the coronoid process with height of the mandible head sincepanoramic is currently used by dental practitioners. Conclusion: It was concluded that this examinationis an auxiliary way in the initial diagnosis of this condition, mostly when association between suspicion image and the corresponding clinical signals and symptoms is possible

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by impaired glucose metabolism that leads to retinopathy, brain micro-infarcts and other complications. We have previously shown that oral glycine administration to diabetic rats inhibits non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin and diminishes renal damage. In this work, we evaluated the capacity of the amino acid glycine (1% w/v, 130 mM) to attenuate diabetic complications in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats and compared them with non-treated or taurine-treated (0.5% w/v, 40 mM) diabetic rats. Glycine-treated diabetic rats showed an important diminution in the percentage of animals with opacity in lens and microaneurysms in the eyes. Interestingly, there was a diminished expression of O-acetyl sialic acid in brain vessels compared with untreated diabetic rats (P<0.05). Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from glycine-treated diabetic rats showed a better proliferative response to PHA or ConA than those obtained from non-treated diabetic rats (P<0.05). Glycine-treated rats had a less intense corporal weight loss in comparison with non-treated animals. Our results suggest that administration of glycine attenuates the diabetic complications in the STZ-induced diabetic rat model, probably due to inhibition of the non-enzymatic glycation process.

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Inadequate utilization of glucose in diabetes mellitus favors diverse metabolic alterations that play a relevant role in the physio-pathology of chronic complications of this disease. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated daily with glycine (130 mM as optimal concentration) or taurine (40 mM) for six months. Groups of diabetic rats without treatment were used as controls. Glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and glycated hemoglobin were determined periodically after inducing diabetes. Rats were killed after 6 months of treatment and histological analyses were performed. Diabetic groups that received glycine or taurine showed significant lower concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and glycated hemoglobin than diabetic control rats (P<0.05) after 6 months treatment. Histological analyses of diabetic rats showed pancreatic atrophy and necrosis, vacuolization, decrease of beta cells, and diffuse glomerulosclerosis. Diabetic rats treated with glycine or taurine showed less enlargement of the glomerular basal membrane than control diabetic rats. Our results suggest that glycine and taurine reduced the alterations induced by hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats probably due to inhibition of oxidative processes.

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O aparelho bioajustador Classe II MD3 resulta da combinaçäo de aparelhos removíveis, que têm sido usados com bons resultados desde longo tempo. O aparelho é usado para pacientes em dentiçäo mista e tem o seu mais efetivo uso no pico do crescimento facial. No palato rugoso, mais precisamente na papila palatina, a placa mostra o posicionador lingual que orienta a língua na funçäo e no repouso. O aparelho também inclui o plano de mordida anterio, que permite uma pequena desoclusäo entre os arcos dentários, liberando entäo a mandíbula e permitindo a esta colocar-se numa posiçäo mais anterior. O escudo lábio-ativo é posicionado logo abaixo das bordas incisais dos dentes anteriores superiores, no mesmo plano frontal desses dentes, permitindo aos lábios transmitir forças musculares diretamente ao arco superior quando eles buscam o vedamento. O aparelho näo requer ajustes freqüentes mas o acompanhamento é necessário, uma vez que ele precisa estar sempre bem adaptado para näo trazer desconforto ao paciente

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Objetivos. Evaluar las características de resistencia in vitro de las bioprótesis de tejido pericárdio y su empleo en la reconstrucción de defectos de pared tóracoabdominal. Material y métodos. Se prepararon prótesis mediante su preservación por 15 días en cinco concentraciones de glutaraldehído (0.5 a 10 por ciento). Como controles se usaron solución salina y solución de Hanks. Se evaluaron la fuerza tansil de ruptura y el porcentaje de elogación en los tejidos preservados así como las de muestras de malla de polipropileno (Marlex) y poliéster (Mersilene) utilizando un equipo automático Instrom 1011. Además, se evaluó la capacidad de la prótesis de glutaraldehído al 0.5 por ciento para reparar defectos experimentalmente producidos en pared abdominal (n= 12), pared torácica (n= 6), diafragma (n= 6) y esternón (n= 7) de perros mestizos. Resultados. La mayor fuerza tensil se observó con glutaraldehído al 0.5 por ciento (11.7 N/mm²) y fue significativamente mayor a las de las otras concentraciones de glutaraldehído y a las mallas. El porcentaje de elongación del glutaraldehído al 0.5 por ciento fue de 56 por ciento, similar a la salina y significativamente menor que el del glutaraldehído al 1,25 y 5 por ciento y al polipropileno. La tolerancia fue adecuada en todos los animales: histológicamente hubo formación de cicatriz resistente. No hubo infección o rechazo en ningún animal. Conclusión. Las bioprótesis de pericardio mostraron ser un material de suficiente resistencia para ser utilizada quirúrgicamente en la reparación de defectos de pared tóracoabdominal

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El ozono (O3) es uno de los principales contaminates atmosfericos en las grandes urbes como la Ciudad de México. Entre las alteraciones que ocasiona están la infiltración neutrofílica y la hiperreactividad de las vías aéreas, pero aún existe controversia de si ambos fenómenos son independientes o tienen una relación causa-efecto. Para evaluar esta última posibilidad, se realizaron curvas dosis-repuesta no acumulativas con histamina (0.01 a 1.8 µg/kg, i.v.) en cobayos machos con o sin exposición previa a O3 (0.15, 0.3, 0.6 ó 1.2 ppm por 4h, 16-18 h antes del estudio). En todos los cobayos se realizó lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) al final de la curva a histamina. La respuesta broncoconstrictora a la histamina se evaluó como incremento de la presión de insuflación pulmonar. Se observó que la exposición aguda a O3 aumentó significativamente la sensibilidad de las vías aéreas a la histamina en los cobayos expuestos a 1.2 ppm de O3 (p<0.01), existiendo correlación entre el grado de reactividad de todos los grupos y la concentración de O3 inhalada (p<0.0003). El número de células totales se incrementó en el grupo de 1.2 ppm de O3 (p<0.05) y en forma global tuvo correlación con la concentración de O3 (r=0.37, p<0.05) y con la reactividad a la histamina (r=0.35, p<0.05). Asimismo, la población de neutrófilos se incrementó en los grupos expuestos a 0.3 (p<0.01) y 1.2 ppm de O3 (p<0.05). Sin embargo, no existió correlación entre el número de neutrófilos y la reactividad a la histamina o la concentración de O3. Estos resultados sugieren que el O3 aumenta la sensibilidad de las vías aéreas a la histamina de manera proporcional a la concentración de O3 inhalada, y que dicha hiperreactividad se presenta como consecuencia de un proceso inflamatorio, sin que se haya podido determinar cuál es el principal tipo celular involucrado en este fenómeno

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