RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This was a preliminary investigation to investigate potential benefits of group yoga, as past work has indicated that one-on-one yoga can improve functional deficits in adults with brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants served as their own controls. Nine participants with chronic brain injury were recruited, and seven (four female) completed the study. Performance measures of balance and mobility and self-reported measures of balance confidence, pain, and occupational performance and satisfaction were used. Data were collected 3 times: baseline (study onset), pre-yoga (after an 8-week no-contact period), and post-yoga (after 8 weeks of yoga). Group yoga was led by a yoga instructor/occupational therapist, and sessions lasted 1 h and occurred twice a week. RESULTS: No participants withdrew due to adverse effects from yoga. There were no significant changes between baseline and pre-yoga. Significant improvement was observed post-yoga in balance (p = 0.05), mobility (p = 0.03), and self-reported occupational performance (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: We observed significant improvements in balance, mobility, and self-reported occupational performance in adults with chronic brain injury.
Asunto(s)
Lesión Encefálica Crónica/terapia , Dolor/etiología , Yoga , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , AutoinformeRESUMEN
The metabolism of the illegal growth promoter ethylestrenol (EES) was evaluated in bovine liver cells and subcellular fractions of bovine liver preparations. Incubations with bovine microsomal preparations revealed that EES is extensively biotransformed into norethandrolone (NE), another illegal growth promoter. Furthermore, incubations of monolayer cultures of hepatocytes with NE indicated that NE itself is rapidly reduced to 17alpha-ethyl-5beta-estrane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (EED). In vivo tests confirmed that, after administration of either EES or NE, EED is excreted as a major metabolite. Therefore, it was concluded that, both in urine and faeces samples, EED can be used as a biological marker for the illegal use of EES and/or NE. Moreover, by monitoring EED in urine or faeces samples, the detection period after NE administration is significantly prolonged. These findings were further confirmed by three cases of norethandrolone abuse in a routine screening program for forbidden growth promoters.
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Biomarcadores/análisis , Bovinos , Residuos de Medicamentos/análisis , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Etilestrenol/administración & dosificación , Noretandrolona/administración & dosificación , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Biomarcadores/orina , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Estradiol/análisis , Estradiol/orina , Heces/química , Femenino , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Microsomas Hepáticos/química , Estándares de Referencia , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Espectrofotometría UltravioletaRESUMEN
In Belgium, to control the abuse of anabolic steroids in cattle, urine samples have been gradually replaced by feces samples, because the latter can be obtained more easily from living animals. Urine and feces samples were collected from heifers after administration of boldenone, norethandrolone or ethylestrenol. Metabolites present in feces or urine were determined by GC-MS. Large qualitative and quantitative differences in the metabolic profiles were observed. In feces, in contrast to urine, the parent compounds or their major metabolites were detectable only shortly after administration. On the other hand, metabolites resulting from the reduction of the 3-oxo group and the unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, present on the A-ring, allow for long-term detection in feces. A-ring reduced metabolites have been identified in samples found positive for norgestrel, boldenone, methylboldenone and methyltestosterone, respectively. These results are in agreement with concomitant in vivo experiments.
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Anabolizantes/análisis , Bovinos/metabolismo , Residuos de Medicamentos/análisis , Heces/química , Anabolizantes/metabolismo , Animales , Biomarcadores/análisis , Femenino , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Current veterinary residue analysis mainly focuses on the monitoring of residues of the administered parent compound. However, it is possible that larger amounts of metabolites are excreted and that they can have a prolonged excretion period. In order to unravel specific metabolic steps and to identify possible biological markers, two in vitro liver models were used, i.e. monolayer cultures of isolated hepatocytes and liver microsomes, both prepared from liver tissue of cattle. Chostebol, boldenone, norethandrolone (NE) and ethylestrenol (EES) were used as model substrates. Results show that the metabolic profiles derived from in vitro experiments are predictive for the in vivo metabolic pathways of the steroids evaluated in this study. By means of this strategy, it is possible to identify 17 alpha-ethyl-5 beta-estrane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (EED) as a common biological marker for NE and EES. By in vivo experiments it was shown that EED is particularly important for the detection of the abuse of NE or EES because of its high excretion levels and its prolonged presence as compared with the parent compounds or any other metabolite.
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Anabolizantes/metabolismo , Bovinos/metabolismo , Residuos de Medicamentos/análisis , Hígado/metabolismo , Anabolizantes/análisis , Animales , Biomarcadores/análisis , Células Cultivadas , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Estradiol/análisis , Etilestrenol/metabolismo , Hígado/química , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Noretandrolona/metabolismo , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Testosterona/análogos & derivados , Testosterona/metabolismoRESUMEN
Aqueous solutions containing methandriol (MAD) were incubated with Succus helix pomatia (SHP) or beta-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli (EC). SHP, used for enzymatic hydrolysis of urinary steroid conjugates for residue analysis of anabolic agents, caused transformation of MAD into methyltestosterone. No conversion occurred when bacterial beta-glucuronidase from E. coli was used.
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Anabolizantes/orina , Residuos de Medicamentos/análisis , Metandriol/orina , Drogas Veterinarias/orina , Animales , Tampones (Química) , Bovinos , Reacciones Falso Negativas , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Caracoles Helix , Metiltestosterona/análisisRESUMEN
17 alpha-Boldenone (17 alpha-BOL) and/or 17 beta-boldenone (17 beta-BOL) appear occasionally in fecal matter of cattle. In addition to 17 alpha-BOL, a whole array of boldenone related substances can be found in the same samples. In vitro experiments with microsomal liver preparations and isolated hepatocytes combined with the excretion profiles found in urine and feces samples of in vivo experiments made it possible to identify several metabolites of 17 beta-BOL in 17 beta-BOL positive feces samples. In one animal treated with 17 beta-BOL, no 17 beta-BOL or its metabolites were present before treatment and most of these compounds disappeared gradually in time after the treatment was stopped. It is not clear what the origin is of 17 alpha-BOL and boldenone metabolites in samples screened routinely for the abuse of anabolic steroids and considered to be 'negative' because of the absence of 17 beta-BOL since other workers showed some evidence that 17 alpha-BOL can be of endogenous origin. However, in our hands, most of these 17 alpha-BOL positive samples, obtained during routinely performed screenings of cattle, contained large amounts of delta 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AED), which normally is absent from routinely screened negative samples. Furthermore, AED was absent in all samples obtained from the animals treated with 17 beta-BOL. We have no direct evidence that 17 alpha-BOL or 17 beta-BOL is of endogenous origin.