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Background: Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare hereditary disorder caused by mutations in the tumor protein p53 (TP53). It causes a predisposition for the development of multiple malignancies, primarily including breast cancers, sarcomas, and central nervous system tumors. There are a few cases reported in the literature of patients with LFS presenting with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutated lung cancer. Still, it has been suggested that there may be an association between the TP53 pathogenic variant and lung cancer with EGFR mutation in somatic cells. Case Description: A 47-year-old non-smoker woman with LFS with a history of multiple tumors, including bilateral breast cancer, pecoma, and sarcoma. In one of her computed tomography, a lesion in the lingula of the lung was detected. It was biopsied, which diagnosed lung adenocarcinoma, and genetic studies detected an EGFR exon 19 deletion. She was treated with a left inferior lobectomy, followed by pemetrexed and cisplatin. Conclusions: The association between TP53 and lung cancer with EGFR mutation has been suggested in case reports. Studies in lung cancer cell lines have shown a link between TP53 mutation and EGFR overexpression. Nonetheless, as more cases are reported, further research is needed to comprehend the interrelation between these two pathologies and the risk posed by LFS to the emergence of EGFR-mutated lung cancer.

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INTRODUCTION: The consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis is a public health problem that impacts the cognitive, social, and emotional development of adolescents. Prevention strategies such as the "Unplugged" program are effective in delaying the progression of daily smoking and episodes of drunkenness among adolescents. "Yo Se Lo Que Quiero" (YSLQQ) corresponds to the adaptation of this program to the Chilean context. This study assesses the acceptability and feasibility of implementing this program to the local reality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cluster-randomized controlled pilot study conducted on six public schools. All consented students attending 6th, 7th, and 8th grades (n = 1,180) participated in the study. The schools were randomly assigned to one of two conditions in a 1:1 ratio: (1) the "YSLQQ" intervention group (n = 526), and (2) the Control group (n = 654). The program consisted of a 12-hour class-based curriculum based on a comprehensive social-influence approach delivered by a trained facilitator. The acceptability and feasibility were assessed in the intervention group at the end of the intervention using questionnaires answered by students and facilitators. The quality and fidelity of the program were evaluated during the implementation using self-ported surveys answered by the facilitators and the assessment of video-recorded sessions rated by external observers. Finally, a pre-test and a post-test survey assessing past and current substance use and risk and protective factors were conducted before and immediately after the program's implementation. RESULTS: A high proportion of students (49.6%) liked the sessions. 79.2% reported that the YSLQQ helped them learn about the dangers of substances, while 65.8% reported having more skills to avoid substance use in the future. Regarding students' satisfaction with YSLQQ, 62.9% reported being happy or very happy with the program. Facilitators reported implementing the intervention according to the manual in 73.9% of sessions. Regarding substance use, students who participated in the intervention groups reported a significant reduction in drunkenness in the last year and last 30-day prevalence and also a significant reduction in a lifetime and 30-day prevalence of cannabis use when compared with those students in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that YSLQQ has adequate acceptability and feasibility to be implemented in the Chilean context, and there were promising results in reducing drunkenness and cannabis use. Future research should confirm these results in a larger RCT study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04566627; registration date: 01/03/2019.

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In this study, we examine the long-term trajectory of violence in societies that inhabited the coast of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile using three lines of evidence: bioarchaeology, geoarchaeology and socio-cultural contexts (rock art, weapons, and settlement patterns). These millennia-old populations adopted a way of life, which they maintained for 10,000 years, based on fishing, hunting, and maritime gathering, complementing this with terrestrial resources. We analyzed 288 adult individuals to search for traumas resulting from interpersonal violence and used strontium isotopes 87Sr/86Sr as a proxy to evaluate whether individuals that showed traces of violence were members of local or non-local groups. Moreover, we evaluated settlement patterns, rock art, and weapons. The results show that the violence was invariant during the 10,000 years in which these groups lived without contact with the western world. During the Formative Period (1000 BC-AD 500), however, the type of violence changed, with a substantial increase in lethality. Finally, during the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000-1450), violence and lethality remained similar to that of the Formative Period. The chemical signal of Sr shows a low frequency of individuals who were coastal outsiders, suggesting that violence occurred between local groups. Moreover, the presence of weapons and rock art depicting scenes of combat supports the notion that these groups engaged in violence. By contrast, the settlement pattern shows no defensive features. We consider that the absence of centralized political systems could have been a causal factor in explaining violence, together with the fact that these populations were organized in small-scale grouping. Another factor may have been competition for the same resources in the extreme environments of the Atacama Desert. Finally, from the Formative Period onward, we cannot rule out a certain level of conflict between fishers and their close neighbors, the horticulturalists.

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BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of mental disorders in early adolescents, and their consequences, encourage the need for validated instruments to identify and assess psychosocial problems. OBJECTIVES: i) To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) questionnaires (PSC-Y, 35 items, and PSC-17-Y) and its subscales (Attention, Internalizing and Externalizing subscales), including the assessment of the item structure, concurrent validity, and reliability; and ii) To assess possible associations between bullying experiences, school climate and school membership with psychological problems identified by the PSC questionnaire. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 39 schools in Santiago, Chile. The sample consisted of 3,968 adolescents aged between 10 and 11 years. A descriptive analysis of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist was performed along with measures of dimensionality, reliability, and correlations with a validated questionnaire exploring similar constructs, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Finally, associations of bullying, school climate, and school membership with the three subscales of the PSC were explored. RESULTS: Both versions of PSC had problems with item #7 (Act as if driven by motor), which did not load in any of the latent factors. It was removed from later analyses. The three-factor structure of PSC was confirmed. All remaining items had high factor loadings in their corresponded latent factors, and the reliability was high for the total scales (PSC-34-Y, ω = 0.78; PSC-16-Y, ω = 0.94) and the subscales of PSC-16-Y (Attention, ω = 0.77; Internalizing, ω = 0.79; Externalizing, ω = 0.78). The goodness of fit was adequate, and the correlation between PSC subscales and SDQ subscales was high. Victimization and perpetration were associated with all PSC subscales, and higher school climate and stronger school memberships were negatively associated with PSC symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings seem to demonstrate that the Spanish version of the PSC is a valid and reliable instrument for identifying and assessing psychosocial problems in early adolescents.

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INTRODUCTION: Clinical motor skills are essential to train dental students. There is evidence that imagery serves to acquire and improve motor skills, but there is scarce information on its application in dental education. In order to broadly map the available evidence and to detect knowledge gaps in the mental training used to develop motor skills in dentistry, a scoping review was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A structured search was conducted to identify relevant references from the Web of Science, Scopus and MEDLINE/PubMed databases for studies addressing mental training methods applied to develop motor skills in dentistry. RESULTS: A total of 758 articles were screened and four were selected, all of which were randomized clinical trials. Three studies investigated the effectiveness of visual imagery, and one investigated kinesthetic imagery. The research theme identified was motor skill acquisition. CONCLUSION: The reviewed studies indicate the usefulness of mental training for skill acquisition in dentistry. To improve the generalizability of the results, further research with standardized mental training on motor skills in dentistry is needed.

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Introducción: La desnutrición es un problema de salud pública que afecta a los menores de cinco años. En Colombia, en 2021, se notificaron al Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública 15 924 casos de desnutrición aguda, con una prevalencia de 0,41 por cada 100 niños menores de 5 años; mientras que el Departamento de Boyacá tuvo una prevalencia de 0,54 por cada 100 menores de 5 años. Por ello, es importante estudiar factores de riesgo de la des-nutrición para generar información que permita la toma de decisiones en el departamento. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento epidemiológico de la desnutrición aguda en menores de cinco años en el Departamento de Boyacá durante el periodo 2017-2021. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte trasversal analítico. Se calcularon fre-cuencias absolutas y porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión y odds ratio como medida de asociación.Resultados: De los 2254 datos analizados, el 55,37 % correspondieron al sexo masculino, el 88,08 % pertenecía al régimen subsidiado, el 50,80 % vivía en áreas rurales dispersos y el estrato socioeconómico 1 aportó el 51,33 % de la información. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo de desnutrición aguda severa la lactancia materna menor a 6 meses (OR = 1,96; 1,61-2,39) y el inicio de la alimentación complementaria antes de los 6 meses (OR = 2,12; 1,72-2,59). Conclusión: Es importantefortalecer los programas y políticas en salud con el fin de velar por la atención integral y oportuna de los menores de cinco años.

Introduction: Malnutrition is a public health problem that affects children under five years of age. In Colombia in 2021, 15,924 cases of acute malnutrition were reported to the public health surveillance system, with a prevalence of 0.41 per 100 children under 5 years of age, while the department of Boyacá had a prevalence of 0.54 per every 100 children under 5 years of age. In this way, the impor-tance of studies of risk factors for malnutrition is determined to generate strategies that favor public health and improve the nutritional conditions of the child population. Objective: To describe the epidemiological behavior of acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in the department of Boyacá during the period 2017 to 2021. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out, absolute frequencies and percentages were calculated, measures central tendency and dispersion and OR as a measure of association. Results: Of the 2254 data analyzed, 55.37% were male, 88.08% are from the subsidized regime, 50.80% are dispersed rural area and socioeconomic stratum 1 contributed 51.33%. Breastfeeding for less than 6 months (OR = 1.96; 1.61-2.39) and the start of complementary feeding before 6 months (OR = 2.12; 1.72-2.59) were identified as risk factors for severe acute malnutrition. Conclusion: It is important to strengthen health programs and policies in order to ensure comprehensive and timely care for children under five years of age

Introdução: A desnutrição é um problema de saúde pública que afeta crianças com menos de cinco anos de idade. Na Colômbia, em 2021, 15.924 casos de desnutrição aguda foram notificados ao Sistema de Vigilância em Saúde Pública, com uma prevalência de 0,41 por 100 crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade, enquanto o Departamento de Boyacá teve uma prevalência de 0,54 por 100 crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade. Portanto, é importante estudar os fatores de risco para a desnutrição a fim de gerar informações para a tomada de decisões no Departamento. Objetivo: descrever o comportamento epidemiológico da desnutrição aguda em crianças com menos de cinco anos de idade no Departamento de Boyacá durante o período de 2017 a 2021. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo, transversal, analítico. Foram calculadas frequências absolutas e porcentagens, medidas de tendência central e dispersão e odds ratio como medida de associação. Resultados: Dos 2.254 dados analisados, 55,37% eram do sexo masculino, 88,08% pertenciam ao regime subsidiado, 50,80% viviam em áreas rurais dispersas e o estrato socioeconômico 1 representa-va 51,33% das informações. O aleitamento materno por menos de 6 meses (OR = 1,96; 1,61-2,39) e o início da alimentação complementar antes dos 6 meses (OR = 2,12; 1,72-2,59) foram identificados como fatores de risco para desnutrição aguda grave. Conclusão: É importante fortalecer os progra-mas e as políticas de saúde para garantir atendimento abrangente e oportuno para crianças menores de cinco anos

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Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer that accounts for over 75% of skin cancer deaths despite comprising less than 5% of all skin cancers. Despite promising improvements in surgical approaches for melanoma resection, the survival of undetectable microtumor residues has remained a concern. As a result, hyperthermia- and drug-based therapies have grown as attractive techniques to target and treat cancer. In this work, we aim to develop a stimuli-responsive hydrogel based on chitosan methacrylate (ChiMA), porcine small intestine submucosa methacrylate (SISMA), and doxorubicin-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO-DOX) that eliminates microtumor residues from surgically resected melanoma through the coupled effect of NIR light-induced photothermal therapy and heat-induced doxorubicin release. Furthermore, we developed an in silico model to optimize heat and mass transport and evaluate the proposed chemo/photothermal therapy in vitro over melanoma cell cultures.

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Bullying is a major health problem. The KiVa antibullying program has been evaluated in Finland and other European countries, showing preventive effects on self-reported bullying victimization and perpetration. No evaluations of this program have been conducted in Latin America. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted at socially vulnerable schools in Santiago, Chile, to assess the effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program in grades 5 and 6 (aged 10-12 years). Schools were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to three groups: the full KiVa group (including the online game), the partial KiVa group (did not include the online game), and the control group in which the regular school curriculum was implemented. The primary outcome was self-reported bullying victimization, assessed before the intervention (baseline) at the end of the academic year (November 2016) and post-intervention, 12 months after the baseline assessment (November 2017). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02898324. A total of 39 schools (13 in each group) were included; no schools withdrew. The baseline survey included 5923 participants, and the endpoint survey included 3968 participants. Participants in the partial KiVa group had lower bullying victimization at the endpoint survey than those in the control group (OBVQ-R adjusted mean difference - 0.14; 95% CI, - 0.26 to - 0.01; effect size - 0.13, 95% CI - 0.24 to - 0.01, p = 0.035). There was no effect of the full KiVa group for bullying victimization compared with the control and partial KiVa groups. Compared to the control group, participants in the partial KiVa group had lower witnessing bullying at school (adjusted mean difference = - 0.25; 95% CI - 0.45 to - 0.05; effect size - 0.18, 95% CI, - 0.32 to - 0.04, p = 0.013). No effects were found for other secondary outcomes, including bullying perpetration in any comparisons between arms. The implementation of the KiVa antibullying program had mixed results in Chile. There was only a small effect on bullying victimization and witnessing when KiVa was delivered without the online game.

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BACKGROUND: Substance use is highly prevalent among children and adolescents in Chile, and it is known how it impacts their health and social adjustment. The call for effective prevention of substance use among children adolescents has resulted in numerous school-based programs, and particularly, the Social Competence Promotion Program among Young Adolescents (SCPP-YA) has been proved to be successful for promoting social and problem-solving skills in addition to preventing substance abuse in the US population. The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of the Social Competence Promotion Program among Young Adolescents (SCPP-YA) in Chile ("Mi Mejor Plan"). METHODS: This is a cluster randomized controlled trial, parallel-group type, where "Mi Mejor Plan" is compared to standard school preventive curricula in control schools. A total of 10 schools and 600 adolescents are expected to be recruited and randomized with 1:1 allocation. During formative work, the SCPP-YA program was culturally adapted to Chile. The effectiveness of this program will be assessed using the European Drug Addiction Prevention Trial Questionnaire (EU-Dap), measuring substance use prevalence and risk and protective factors in baseline, post-intervention, and 4 months after the end of the intervention. DISCUSSION: The proposed study will be the first to test the effectiveness of the Social Competence Promotion Program among Young Adolescents (SCPP-YA) in Chile in a cluster randomized control trial and also the first study evaluating this program in Spanish-speaking Latin America. SCPP-YA has been implemented successfully in the USA. Thus, if the effects of the program are positive, wide implementation in Chile and Latin American countries is possible soon. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials NCT04236947 . Registered on January 22, 2020.

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BACKGROUND: Substance use is among the main contributors to disease among children and adolescents in the Americas region. The call for effective prevention of substance use among adolescents has resulted in numerous school-based programs, and particularly the Unplugged program has been proved to be successful in reducing the prevalence of different substances in seven European countries. The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of the Unplugged program in Chile ("Yo Sé Lo Que Quiero"). METHODS: This is a cluster randomized controlled trial, parallel-group type, where "Yo Sé Lo Que Quiero" is compared to standard school preventive curricula in control schools. A total of 70 schools and 8400 adolescents are expected to be randomized with 1:1 allocation. During formative work, the Unplugged program was culturally adapted to Chile, and the instrument to assess the primary and secondary outcomes was validated. The effectiveness of this program will be assessed using the European Drug Addiction Prevention Trial Questionnaire (EU-Dap), measuring substance use prevalence and risk and protective factors in baseline, post-intervention, and four months after the end of the intervention. DISCUSSION: The proposed study will be the first to test the effectiveness of a school-based substance use prevention program in Chile in a cluster randomized control trial and the first study evaluating the Unplugged program in Spanish-speaking Latin America. A model for disseminating the Unplugged program inside Europe already exists and has been implemented successfully in several countries. Thus, if the effects of the program are positive, wide implementation in Chile and Latin American countries is possible soon. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04236999 . Registered on January 17, 2020.

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Due to their highly hydrophilic nature and compositional versatility, hydrogels have assumed a protagonic role in the development of physiologically relevant tissues for several biomedical applications, such as in vivo tissue replacement or regeneration and in vitro disease modeling. By forming interconnected polymeric networks, hydrogels can be loaded with therapeutic agents, small molecules, or cells to deliver them locally to specific tissues or act as scaffolds for hosting cellular development. Hydrogels derived from decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs), in particular, have gained significant attention in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their inherently high biomimetic capabilities and endowment of a wide variety of bioactive cues capable of directing cellular behavior. However, these hydrogels often exhibit poor mechanical stability, and their biological properties alone are not enough to direct the development of tissue constructs with functional phenotypes. This review highlights the different ways in which external stimuli (e.g., light, thermal, mechanical, electric, magnetic, and acoustic) have been employed to improve the performance of dECM-based hydrogels for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, we outline how these stimuli have been implemented to improve their mechanical stability, tune their microarchitectural characteristics, facilitate tissue morphogenesis and enable precise control of drug release profiles. The strategic coupling of the bioactive features of dECM-based hydrogels with these stimulation schemes grants considerable advances in the development of functional hydrogels for a wide variety of applications within these fields.

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BACKGROUND: Substance use is highly prevalent among Chilean adolescents, and the damage it causes at the neurobiological, psychological, and social levels is known. However, there are no validated screening instruments that also assess risk and protective factors for this population in Chile, which is essential for evaluating future prevention interventions. OBJECTIVE: To determine the psychometric properties of the European Drug Addiction Prevention Trial Questionnaire (EU-Dap) questionnaire. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 13 schools in the city of Santiago de Chile. The sample included 2261 adolescents ranging from 10 to 14 years old. Linguistic and cultural adaptation was assessed using focus groups with adolescents, the construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis, and measures of its reliability were also determined. Furthermore, the associations regarding risk and protective factors with substance use were explored. RESULTS: Substance use questions were well understood and seemed to adequately capture the consumption of different drugs. Regarding the subscales of risk and protective factors, the analyses showed that most subscales had good psychometric properties, and few needed some degree of improvement (e.g., some items were removed). After the changes, most final subscales had good or adequate goodness of fit adjustments and good or acceptable internal consistency. Finally, the main associated factors with the substance use outcomes were: future substance use and school bonding for tobacco use; negative beliefs about alcohol, future substance use, school bonding and refusal skills for alcohol use; and negative beliefs about marihuana, positive attitudes towards drugs, risk perception, and substance abuse index for marihuana use. Normative beliefs increased the risk for all substances use. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that the EU-Dap is a valid and reliable instrument, and it may help to evaluate the effectiveness of drug use prevention interventions.

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Ketoprofen is a commercially available drug sold as a racemic mixture that belongs to the family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs known as profens. It has been demonstrated (in vitro) that (S)-ketoprofen is around 160 times more potent than its enantiomer (R)-ketoprofen, while accumulation of (R)-ketoprofen can cause serious side effects, such as dyspepsia, gastrointestinal ulceration/bleeding, pain, salt and fluid retention, and hypertension. In this work, four commercially available lipases were systematically assessed. Parameters such as conversion, enantiomeric excess, and enantioselectivity were considered. Among them, and by evaluating lipase load, temperature, solvent, and alcohol, Candida rugosa lipase exhibited the best results in terms of enantioselectivity E = 185 ((S)-enantiopreference) with esterification conversions of c = 47% (out of 50%) and enantiomeric excess of 99%. The unreacted (R)-enantiomer was recovered by liquid-liquid extraction and racemized under basic media, which was recycled as starting material. Finally, the (S)-alkyl ketoprofen ester was successfully enzymatically hydrolyzed to the desired (S)-ketoprofen with c = 98.5% and 99% ee. This work demonstrated the benefit and efficiency of using Candida rugosa lipase to kinetically resolve racemic ketoprofen by an environmentally friendly protocol and with the recycling of the undesired (R)-ketoprofen.

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Bullying is a phenomenon that affects children and adolescents worldwide, and it has major consequences for all participants involved in these situations. In Chile, researchers have validated several instruments used to investigate aggression between peers and school violence, but there is a lack of validation of instruments to investigate bullying. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence of the validity and reliability of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire-Revised version (OBVQ-R) in the Chilean context. The participants were 2,775 students from schools of low, medium, and high socioeconomic status. OBVQ-R is a self-report questionnaire with 42 items, which has been used in different countries, and has adequate psychometric properties to assess the prevalence of victimization and aggression and various forms of bullying worldwide. Results confirmed the two-factor structure of the OBVQ-R (victimization and perpetration subscales) and good reliability (ω = 0.81 and ω = 0.75, respectively). These dimensions seem to be correlated. Comparison between OBVQ-R with the School Violence between Peers Questionnaire and the Internet Experiences Questionnaire showed some degree of agreement. The Item Response Theory analysis showed that the item about verbal bullying, in both subscales, had the lowest-severity parameters, meaning that these forms of bullying were the most prevalent. The higher-severity parameter in the victimization scale was the cyberbullying item, and the sexual bullying item showed higher severity in the perpetration subscale. The differential item functioning analysis by gender showed a trend in which boys responded with lower-severity parameters than girls. In the victimization scale, the exception was the item about spreading rumors, and in the perpetration subscale, it was the item about racial bullying. We have provided evidence of the validation of OBVQ-R among school-age children and adolescents in Chile. This study is part of a trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02898324.

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As life expectancy continues to increase, the inevitable weakening and rupture of bone tissue have grown as concerns in the medical community, thus leading to the need for adhesive materials suitable for bone repair applications. However, current commercially available adhesives face certain drawbacks that prevent proper tissue repair, such as low biocompatibility, poor adhesion to wet surfaces, and the need for high polymerization temperatures. This work aims to develop an injectable and photo-responsive chitosan methacrylate/graphene oxide (ChiMA/GO) adhesive nanocomposite hydrogel of high biocompatibility that is easy to apply by simple extrusion and that offers the possibility for in situ polymer and physiological temperatures. The nanocomposite was thoroughly characterized spectroscopically, microscopically, rheologically, thermally, and through mechanical, textural, and biological assays to fully evaluate its correct synthesis and functionalization and its performance under physiological conditions that mimic those observed in vivo. In addition, a finite element analysis (FEA) simulation was used to evaluate its performance in femur fractures. Results suggest the material's potential as a bioadhesive, as it can polymerize at room temperature, shows superior stability in physiological media, and is capable of withstanding loads from body weight and movement. Moreover, the material showed remarkable biocompatibility as evidenced by low hemolytic and intermediate platelet aggregation tendencies, and high cytocompatibility when in contact with osteoblasts. The comprehensive studies presented here strongly suggest that the developed hydrogels are promising alternatives to conventional bone adhesives that might be further tested in vivo in the near future.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a cognitive stimulation programme using technology: PESCO MX in comparison to a traditional programme that used nontechnological recreational activities to improve levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and autonomy in older adults. In this quasi-experimental investigation, 63 participants were divided into three groups of older adults attending three different senior day-care centres. One group was treated with technology, another without technology, and the third group received no programme. All three groups were measured pre-test and post-test. The results show a significant difference in the three variables between the technology group and the control group; however, there is no difference in the pre-test results. Another finding shows significant differences between the three groups for the self-efficacy variable; differences were also found between the group that did not use technology and the control group. There was also a difference between the group without technology and the group that used the PESCO MX (the latter being higher). In general, a cognitive stimulation programme using technology benefitted self-esteem, self-efficacy, and autonomy, which indicates that this programme can contribute to improving the quality of life during old age. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of this study were analysed.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar la eficacia de un programa de estimulación cognitiva con tecnología: PESCO MX, frente a un programa tradicional con actividades lúdicas sin tecnología, para mejorar los niveles de autoestima, autoeficacia y autonomía en adultos mayores. En esta investigación cuasi-experimental 63 participantes fueron divididos en tres grupos de adultos mayores de tres diferentes estancias, a uno de ellos se le aplicó el programa con tecnología, a otro sin tecnología y el tercer grupo no se le suministró ningún programa; a los tres se les tomaron dos medidas pretest y postest. Los resultados muestran una diferencia significativa en las tres variables entre el grupo con tecnología y el grupo control, en el pretest no existe diferencia alguna. Otro hallazgo muestra diferencias significativas, para la variable de autoeficacia, entre los tres grupos; es decir, también se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo sin tecnología y el grupo control, además de entre el grupo sin tecnología y el grupo que utilizó el PESCO MX, siendo más alto este último. En general, la autoestima, autoeficacia y autonomía se vieron más beneficiadas a través de un programa de estimulación cognitiva con tecnología, lo que indica que este programa puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida durante la vejez. Finalmente se analizaron las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de este estudio.

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Management of camelids in the coastal valleys of the Andes has generated much debate in recent years. Zooarchaeological and isotopic studies have demonstrated that in the coastal valleys of northern and southern Peru there were locally maintained camelid herds. Because of the hyperarid conditions of the northern coast of Chile, this region has been assumed to be unsuitable for the raising of camelids. In this study we report stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of camelid bone collagen and textiles made from camelid fiber from Late Intermediate Period (LIP) and Late Horizon (LH) occupations in northern Chilean river valleys. The camelid bone collagen isotopic compositions are consistent with these animals originating in the highlands, although there is a significant difference in the camelids dating to the LIP and LH, possibly because of changes made to distribution and exchange networks by the Inca in the LH. There were no differences between the isotopic compositions of the camelid fibers sampled from textiles in the LIP and LH, suggesting that either the production of camelid fiber was unchanged by the Inca or the changes that were made do not present visible isotopic evidence. Several camelid fiber samples from both the LIP and LH present very high δ13C and δ15N values, comparable to human hair samples from one site (Huancarane) in the Camarones Valley. These data suggest that people in the northern valleys of Chile may have kept small numbers of animals specifically for fiber production. Overall, however, the vast majority of the textile samples have isotopic compositions that are consistent with an origin in the highlands. These data suggest that the hyperarid coastal river valleys of northern Chile did not support substantial camelid herds as has been interpreted for northern Peru.

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A review of the bioarchaeological collections from the site Morro de Arica in northern Chile allowed the identification of two cases of human polydactyly. Both cases are from the Chinchorro culture, hunters, fishers, and gatherers with a maritime orientation who inhabited the coast of the Atacama Desert (9000-3400 BP). Additionally, the analyses of 75 rock art sites in the area, from the Formative to Late Intermediate Periods (3000-550 BP), allowed the identification of hands and feet with six digits. Given the bioarchaeological record of polydactyly, it is highly probable that the rock art images were based on real individuals with polydactyly. However, the Sr chemical signal in a juvenile with polydactyly is the same as the Sr chemical signal in the rest of the individuals buried in the same site, proving that all the individuals were born and lived on the coast. We discuss the idea that, although these anomalies could have been the result of genetic mutations, endogamy and exposition to ecotoxic environments could also be at play within the Chinchorro groups.

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The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a screening tool used to measure psychological functioning among children and adolescents. It has been extensively used worldwide, but its psychometric properties, such as internal structure and reliability, seem to vary across countries. This is the first study exploring the construct validity and reliability of the Spanish version of SDQ among early adolescents (self-reported) and their parents in Latin America. A total of 1,284 early adolescents (9-15 years) and their parents answered the SDQ. We also collected demographic variables. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the latent structure of the SDQ. We also used the multitrait-multimethod analysis to separate the true variance on the constructs from variance resulting from measurement methods (self-report vs. parent report), and evaluated the agreement between adolescents and their parents. We found that the original five-factor model was a good solution and the resulting sub-scales had good internal consistency. We also found that the self-reported and parental versions of SDQ provide different information, which are complementary and provide a better picture of the emotional, social, and conduct problems of adolescents. We have added evidence for the construct validity and reliability of the Spanish self-reported and parental SDQ versions in a Chilean sample.

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BACKGROUND: Bullying is a major problem worldwide and Chile is no exception. Bullying is defined as a systematic aggressive behavior against a victim who cannot defend him or herself. Victims suffer social isolation and psychological maladjustment, while bullies have a higher risk for conduct problems and substance use disorders. These problems appear to last over time. The KiVa antibullying program has been evaluated in Finland and other European countries, showing preventive effects on victimization and self-reported bullying. The aims of this study are (1) to develop a culturally appropriate version of the KiVa material and (2) to test the effectiveness of the KiVa program, with and without the online game, on reducing experiences of victimization and bullying behavior among vulnerable primary schools in Santiago (Chile), using a cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with three arms: (1) full KiVa program group, (2) partial KiVa (without online game) program group and (3) control group. METHODS AND DESIGN: This is a three-arm, single-blind, cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a target enrolment of 1495 4th and 5th graders attending 13 vulnerable schools per arm. Students in the full and partial KiVa groups will receive universal actions: ten 2-h lessons delivered by trained teachers during 1 year; they will be exposed to posters encouraging them to support victims and behave constructively when witnessing bullying; and a person designated by the school authorities will be present in all school breaks and lunchtimes using a visible KiVa vest to remind everybody that they are in a KiVa school. KiVa schools also will have indicated actions, which consist of a set of discussion groups with the victims and with the bullies, with proper follow-up. Only full KiVa schools will also receive an online game which has the aim to raise awareness of the role of the group in bullying, increase empathy and promote strategies to support victimized peers. Self-reported victimization, bullying others and peer-reported bullying actions, psychological and academic functioning, and sense of school membership will be measured at baseline and 12 months after randomization. DISCUSSION: This is the first cluster RCT of the KiVa antibullying program in Latin America. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02898324 . Registered on 8 September 2016.

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