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Introduction: Physical Activity (PA) is a complex behavior, and the relevance of other factors such as BMI, SES and children's behavior at school and home still lacks investigation for children, especially those at risk or with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The objective of this study was to examine whether socioeconomic status (SES), school's spaces for children's movement, active play, screen time, motor skill proficiency, perceived motor competence, and engagement in the physical education lessons were associated with PA and BMI in children with typical development (TD), at risk of DCD (r-DCD), and with DCD. Methods: Children (N = 352; 4-10-year-old) from six public schools in a major urban city, in southern of Brazil, were assessed regarding motor skill proficiency (locomotor and ball skills), perceived motor competence, and weight status. PA and engagement in the lesson were assessed using pedometers and a behavior checklist of motor experience of success. Parents recorded the daily time that children spent on screen and in active play. Results: The hierarchical multivariate linear regressions showed that age, sex, SES, Schools with more favorable space for children's movement, locomotor and ball skills, and successful engagement, were associated with PA for children with TD. Age, screen time, locomotor, and successful engagement were associated with BMI. For children at r-DCD, age, sex, SES, with more favorable space for children's movement, and locomotor were associated with PA. Age, active play and screen time were associated with BMI. For children with DCD, sex, SES, Schools with more favorable space for children's movement, screen time, and successful engagement were associated with PA. Age, sex, active play, and screen time were associated with BMI. Conclusion: Different factors were associated with PA and BMI for children with different levels of motor impairment (r-DCD and DCD) and children with TD.

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Aim: The aim was to investigate the validity of evidence of the Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System second edition for Brazilian children. Methods: 258 children participated, both sexes (n = 133 girls; 51.6%), 5 to 9 years old (total sample Mage = 7.1, SD = 1.4), from four regions of Brazil. The Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System ­ second edition, was used. Results: Experts showed agreement about the high clarity and practical pertinence of the items (content validity coefficient from 98.4 to 100%; Gwet's agreement coefficient from 0.85 to 1.00, p < 0.001). Confirmatory factorial analysis showed adequate adjustment indexes (RMSEA [0.048, 90% C.I. = 0.043 to 0.053], SRMR [0.243], CFI [0.91], RNI [0.91], TLI [0.91], ꭓ2/df [1.962]). The multigroup analysis showed configural, metric and scalar invariance of two models for gender (CFI = 0.97; RMSEA, [90%C.I.] = 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07]; metric: ΔRMSEA = 0.001; scalar: ΔRMSEA = −0.004) and age band (5­7 years-old and 8­9 years-old; CFI = 0.94; RMSEA, [90%C.I.] = 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07]; metric: ΔRMSEA = 0.002; scalar: ΔRMSEA = 0.010). The Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio test showed adequate discriminant validity among three dimensions (self-care and productivity [value = 0.76]; self-care and leisure [value = 0.57], productivity and leisure [value = 0.76]). Alpha for polychoric correlations showed an adequate internal consistency for all items and total scale (all α values >0.70). Composite reliability (Self-care = 0.8; Productivity = 0.81; Leisure = 0.8) reinforce evidence about reliability. Percentage agreement showed adequate item-level test-retest reliability (values between 76 and 92%). Conclusion: This scale showed adequate content and internal structure validity evidence to assess the perceived self-efficacy for Brazilian children.

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This prospective cohort longitudinal study examines the risk factors associated with different intrauterine environments and the influence of different intrauterine environments on children's motor development at 3- and 6-months of life. Participants were 346 mother/newborn dyads enrolled in the first 24 to 48 h after delivery in public hospitals. Four groups with no concurrent condition composed the sample: mothers with a clinical diagnosis of diabetes, mothers with newborns small for gestational age due to idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), mothers who smoked tobacco during gestation, and a control group composed of mothers without clinical condition. Children were assessed at three- and six-months regarding motor development, weight, length, head circumference, and parents completed a socioeconomic questionnaire. The IUGR children had lower supine, sitting, and overall gross motor scores at 6 months than the other children's groups. Anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics negatively influenced gross motor development. IUGR and anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics negatively impact motor development. Intrauterine environment impact child neurodevelopment.

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Abstract Objective: To perform a longitudinal investigation of risk factors in premature infants' cognitive, motor, and language development. Methods: Thirty-three preterm infants were assessed at 4, 8, and 12 months of corrected age, using the Bayley-III Scales. Parents completed questionnaires regarding development opportunities at home, parenting practices and knowledge. Results: Significant associations were found (1) at 4-months between cognitive scores and family income, variety of stimuli, availability of toys, parenting practices and knowledge; language and parenting practices; and motor skills and parenting practices; (2) at 8-months between cognitive score and length of stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), gestational age, birth weight, toys, and parenting knowledge; language and toys; and motor skills and toys and parenting knowledge; (3) at 12-months between cognitive scores and length of stay in the NICU, family income, breastfeeding, toys, and parenting knowledge; language and income and toys; and motor scores and length of stay in the NICU, gestational age, income, stimuli, toys, and parenting knowledge. Regression analyses indicated that: for (1) cognitive development, stimulus variety explained 72% of the model variance at 4 months of age; time at the NICU explained 67 and 43% at 8 and 12 months of age, respectively, and breastfeeding time explained 41% of the model variance at 12 months; (2) for language development, family income explained 42% of the model variance at 12 months; and for motor development (3), time at the NICU explained 80% of the model variance at 12 months. Conclusions: The development over the first year of life is not explained by the severity of birth conditions and associated morbidities only, but also by parenting practices.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar longitudinalmente os fatores de risco no desenvolvimento cognitivo, motor e de linguagem de prematuros. Métodos: Participaram 33 crianças prematuras avaliadas aos quatro, oito e 12 meses de idade corrigida, com as escalas Bayley III. Os pais completaram questionários referentes às oportunidades do lar, práticas e conhecimento parentais. Resultados: Associações significantes foram encontradas: (1) aos quatro meses, entre os escores cognitivos e renda familiar, variedade de estímulos, disponibilidade de brinquedos, práticas e conhecimento parental; e linguagem e motor com conhecimento parental; (2) aos oito meses, entre os escores cognitivos e tempo de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, brinquedos e conhecimento parental; linguagem e brinquedos; e motor e brinquedos e conhecimento parental; (3) aos 12 meses, entre os escores cognitivos com o tempo de UTI, renda, meses de amamentação, brinquedos e conhecimento parental; linguagem e renda e brinquedos; e motor e idade gestacional, tempo de UTI, renda, estimulação, brinquedos e conhecimento parental. Análises de regressão indicaram que: para o desenvolvimento (1) cognitivo, a variedade de estímulos explicou 72% da variância do modelo aos quatro meses; o tempo de UTI explicou 67 e 43% aos oito e 12 meses respectivamente, e o tempo de amamentação explicou 41% da variância do modelo aos 12 meses; (2) para o desenvolvimento da linguagem, a renda familiar explicou 42% da variância do modelo aos 12 meses; e para o desenvolvimento (3) motor, o tempo de UTI explicou 80% da variância do modelo aos 12 meses. Conclusões: O desenvolvimento no primeiro ano de vida não é explicado apenas pela gravidade ao nascer e pelas morbidades clínicas associadas, mas também pelas práticas parentais.

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RESUMO O estudo objetivou investigar as associações entre práticas e conhecimentos dos cuidadores e o desempenho motor de crianças de zero a 2 anos de idade. Participaram 53 crianças avaliadas com a Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2. Seus familiares responderam a dois questionários de cuidados parentais, a Daily Activities of Infant Scale e Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory, e um questionário de nível socioeconômico. Identificaram-se correlações significativas entre desempenho motor e comprimento (p=0,001) e peso atual da criança (p=0,005). Em relação às práticas parentais, correlações significativas foram observadas entre o desempenho motor e posturas durante a alimentação (p≤0,001), banho (p≤0,001), trocas de roupa (p=0,024), sono (p=0,035) e no colo (p=0,001), bem como em brincadeiras tranquilas (p=0,003), ativas (p=0,024) e oportunidades de passeio (p=0,004) da criança. A análise de regressão evidenciou que o modelo com posturas na alimentação, trocas de roupas e brincadeiras explicou 79% da variância no desempenho motor (p<0,001). As oportunidades de trocas posturais durante a alimentação, a higiene do bebê e brincadeiras ativas, influenciaram aquisições de habilidades motoras mais sofisticadas nos primeiros anos de vida.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the associations between caregivers practices and knowledge and the motor performance of children from zero to two years of age. 53 children were assessed with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2. Their family members answered the Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory, the Daily Activities of Infant Scale, and the questionnaire of the Brazilian Association of Research. Significant correlations were identified between motor performance and length (p=0.001) and current weight of the child (p=0.005). Regarding parenting practices, significant correlations were observed between the motor performance and with the child's postures during feeding (p≤0.002), bathing (p≤0.001), changes of clothes (p=0.024), sleep (p=0.035), being held (p=0.001), as well as with quiet (p=0.003) and active (p=0.024) play, and outside activities (p=0.004). The regression analysis showed significant model with changes in postures during feeding and child cleaning and change as well as the active play explained 79% of variance of motor performance (p<0.001). Opportunities to change postures during feeding, hygiene routine, active play, impact the acquisition of more sophisticated motor skills in the first two years of life.

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Purpose: Early identification of impairments is crucial to providing better care for preterm children, especially those from low-income families. The early motor assessment is the first step in monitoring their neurodevelopment. This study investigates if motor development in the first year of life predicts impairments in cognition and language at 3-year-old in a Brazilian preterm cohort. Materials and methods: Data were collected in a follow-up clinic for high-risk infants. The Bayley Scales were used to assess children at 4, 8, 12, and 36 months of age, considering composite scores. Cognitive and language impairments were considered if scores were ≤85. Children (N = 70) were assessed at 4 and 36 months, 79 were assessed at 8 and 36 months, and 80 were assessed at 12 and 36 months. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the predictability of cognitive and language impairments, and receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to analyze the sensibility and specificity of motor assessment and cognitive and language impairments. Results: Poor motor scores at 8 and 12 months increased the chances of cognitive and language impairment at 3-year-old. The chance of cognitive impairment at 3-year-old increases by 6-7% for each point that the motor composite score decreases, and the chance of language impairment at 3-year-old increases by 4-5% for each point that the motor composite score decreases. No-significant results were found at 4-months. Adequate sensibility and specificity were found for language impairments considering 12 months scores and for cognitive impairments as soon as 8 months scores. Conclusion: Monitoring preterm motor development in the first year of life helps to identify preterm children at risk for impairment in other developmental domains. Since preterm children from low-income families tend to demonstrate poorer neurodevelopment outcomes, these children need early assessment and referral to intervention to prevent school failures and support from public policies.

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OBJECTIVE: To perform a longitudinal investigation of risk factors in premature infants' cognitive, motor, and language development. METHODS: Thirty-three preterm infants were assessed at 4, 8, and 12 months of corrected age, using the Bayley-III Scales. Parents completed questionnaires regarding development opportunities at home, parenting practices and knowledge. RESULTS: Significant associations were found (1) at 4-months between cognitive scores and family income, variety of stimuli, availability of toys, parenting practices and knowledge; language and parenting practices; and motor skills and parenting practices; (2) at 8-months between cognitive score and length of stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), gestational age, birth weight, toys, and parenting knowledge; language and toys; and motor skills and toys and parenting knowledge; (3) at 12-months between cognitive scores and length of stay in the NICU, family income, breastfeeding, toys, and parenting knowledge; language and income and toys; and motor scores and length of stay in the NICU, gestational age, income, stimuli, toys, and parenting knowledge. Regression analyses indicated that: for (1) cognitive development, stimulus variety explained 72% of the model variance at 4 months of age; time at the NICU explained 67 and 43% at 8 and 12 months of age, respectively, and breastfeeding time explained 41% of the model variance at 12 months; (2) for language development, family income explained 42% of the model variance at 12 months; and for motor development (3), time at the NICU explained 80% of the model variance at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The development over the first year of life is not explained by the severity of birth conditions and associated morbidities only, but also by parenting practices.

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The assessment of motor proficiency is essential across childhood to identify children's strengths and difficulties and to provide adequate instruction and opportunities; assessment is a powerful tool to promote children's development. This study aimed to investigate the hierarchal order of the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition (TGMD-3) items regarding difficulty levels and the differential item functioning across gender and age group (3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 10 years old). Participants are 989 children (3 to 10.9 years; girls n = 491) who were assessed using TGMD-3. For locomotor skills, appropriate results reliability (alpha = 1.0), infit (M = 0.99; SD = 0.17), outfit (M = 1.18; SD = 0.64), and point-biserial correlations (rpb values from 0.14 to 0.58) were found; the trend was similar for ball skills: reliability (alpha = 1.0), infit (M = 0.99; SD = 0.13), outfit (M = 1.08; SD = 0.52); point-biserial correlations (rpb values from 0.06 to 0.59) were obtained. Two motor criteria: gallop, item-1, and one-hand forehand strike, item-4, were the most difficult items; in contrast, run, item-2, and two-hand catch, item-2, were the easiest items. Differential item functioning for age was observed in nine locomotor and ten ball skills items. These items were easier for older children compared to younger ones. The TGMD-3 has items with different difficulty levels capable of differential functioning across age groups.

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The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition (PDMS-2) is a valid and reliable instrument used in several countries, including Brazil, to assess gross and fine motor skills and identify motor deficits and eligibility for intervention for children with and without disabilities. However, the analysis of PDMS-2 items regarding the unidimensionality of the model, order of item difficulty, and whether the items portray the children's developmental trajectories still lacks investigation. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) analyze the unidimensionality of PDMS-2, (2) verify the model's capacity to explain the variance in the motor function responses, and (3) identify the level of difficulty of the items for Brazilian children. Children (n = 637; 51% girls) newborn to 71 months (M age = 21.7, SD = 18.6) were assessed using the PDMS-2. The Rasch analysis was conducted; the indexes of infit and outfit, and the point-biserial correlations coefficient were analyzed. The model unidimensionality was investigated using percentages of variance in the Rasch model (40% of variance). Results indicated that (1) for reflexes subscale, 62.5% of the items had correlations with the factor above 0.60, and two items had unadjusted infit and outfit; (2) for stationary subscale, 83.3% of the correlations of the items with the factor were above 0.50, and one item had unadjusted infit and outfit; (3) for locomotion subscale, 80.0% of the correlation of the items with the factor were above 0.50; all items had adequate infit and outfit; (4) for object manipulation subscale, 79.9% of the correlation of the items with the factor were above 0.50, and one item had unadjusted infit and outfit; (5) for grasping subscale, 92.3% of the correlation of the items with the factor were above 0.50, and one item had unadjusted infit and outfit; and (6) for the visual-motor integration subscale, 73.6% of the correlation of the items with the factor were above 0.50, and six items had unadjusted infit and outfit. The items with unadjusted fit were removed for further analysis. No changes in reliability and separation of items and people scores were observed without the unadjusted items; therefore, all items were maintained. A unidimensional model was found, and the reliability and discriminant capability of the items were adequate, and all items should be used to assess children. The PDMS-2 is appropriate for assessing Brazilian children.

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This study investigated the contextual factors, motor performance, and body mass index across indigenous land children, indigenous urban children, and non-indigenous urban children. A number of 153 children, both sexes (71 girls, 46.4%), from 8 to 10 years were assessed. The Test of Motor Gross Development-3 was utilized. Indigenous land children showed higher motor performance ( η2ρ = 0.37 and η2ρ = 0.19 locomotor and object control, respectively) than indigenous urban children (p < 0.03) and non-indigenous urban children (p < 0.01); Indigenous urban children showed higher motor performance than non-indigenous urban children (p < 0.01). Body mass index was similar across groups ( η2ρ = 0,02; p = 0.15). Motor performance of indigenous land children was explained by the contextual factors that lead to a more active lifestyle, unsupervised free time, and play outside. In urban areas, behavior was similar, and although indigenous urban children kept some play tradition, it was not strong enough to be a protective factor for the motor performance.

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AIM: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of delays and borderline impaired performance for Brazilian girls and boys and the differences in the motor trajectories (locomotor and ball skills) of girls and boys (3- to 10-years-old) across WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic) countries and Brazil-a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). METHODS: We assessed 1000 children (524 girls; 476 boys), 3- to 10.9-year-old (M = 6.9, SD = 2.1; Girls M = 6.9, SD = 2.0; Boys M = 6.9, SD = 2.1), using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3. Using systematic search, original studies investigating FMS in children using the TGMD-3 were eligible; 5 studies were eligible to have the results compared to the Brazilian sample. One sample t-test to run the secondary data from Irish, American, Finnish, and German children (i.e., mean, standard deviation). RESULTS: The prevalence of delays and borderline impaired performance was high among Brazilian girls (28.3% and 27.5%) and boys (10.6% and 22.7%). The cross-countries comparisons showed significant (p values from .048 and < .001) overall lower locomotor and ball skills scores for Brazilian children; the only exceptions were skipping, catching, and kicking. We observed stability in performance, across countries, after 8-years-old, and no ceiling effects were found in the samples. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian sample emphasized the need for national strategies to foster children's motor proficiency. Differences in motor opportunities may explain the differences in motor trajectories between children in WEIRD and LMIC countries.

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Obesity is increasing globally, affecting children's health and development. This study examines the influence of a motor skill intervention on the daily routine, self-perceptions, body mass index, motor development, and engagement in physical education lessons of children with obesity and overweight with motor delays. Children were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The daily routine at home, self-perceptions, motor development, BMI, and engagement were assessed. Significant group by time interactions were found for play (p < 0.0001) and television (p < 0.0001) time, perceived social (p = 0.003) and motor (p < 0.0001) competence, global self-worth (p < 0.0001), BMI (p = 0.001), motor development (p < 0.0001), and engagement (p = 0.029). From pre-to-post intervention, children with obesity and overweight in the intervention group increased (1) playtime at home; (2) self-perceptions of social and motor competence and global worth; (4) engagement in the lessons, and improved scores, in motor skills; and (6) reduced BMI and screen time. The intervention promoted the health and improved the self-concept of children with obesity/ overweight.

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Aim: To examine whether executive functions, and gross motor skills were predictors for school performance in children with DCD, with risk for DCD (r-DCD), and with typical development (TD).Methods: Participants were 63 children with DCD (Mage = 8.70, SDage = .64), 31 children with r-DCD (Mage = 8.90, SDage = 0.74), and 63 typical development children (Mage = 8.74, SDage = .63). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2, Test of Gross Motor Development-3, Oral Word Span in Sentences, Odd-One-Out, Go/No-Go, Hayling Test, Trail Making Test, Five Digits Test, and the Test of School Performance-II were utilized.Results: In DCD, processing speed (ß = -.42, p = .005), and auditory-motor inhibition (ß = -.36, p = .009), and auditory-verbal inhibition (ß = -.38, p = .023) predicted math performance; and auditory-motor (ß = -.40, p = .38) and visuospatial working memory (ß = -.33 p = .011) predicted writing performance. In r-DCD, auditory-motor (ß = - .67; p = .002) and visual-motor (ß = -.40; p = .040) inhibition predicted math performance; visual-motor inhibition predicted writing performance (ß = -.47; p = .015).Conclusion: Lower inhibitory control and visuospatial working memory scores affect children with DCD and r-DCD' school performance.

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Abstract Aim: To investigate the validity evidence of the adapted Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale in physical activity and sports settings - BFNE-PAS. Methods: Participants included 721 children and adolescents (376 girls and 345 boys), 10 to -14-year-olds (total sample Mage = 12.1, SD = 1.3) from Brazil. Results: Exploratory factorial analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale. Confirmatory factorial analysis showed adequate indexes (RMSEA = 0.05, [90% C.I. = 0.04 to 0.06], CFI = 0.98 TLI = 0.98). Network analyses indicate the highest influence of the item: "afraid to expose failures when practicing physical exercises" and/or participating in games and play in physical education classes" upon all others. The polychoric alpha showed adequate internal consistency (total scale: α = 0.86; items: α values > 0.84). The intraclass coefficient correlation showed strong reliability test-retest (ICC > 0.90). Conclusion: BFNE-PAS showed adequate validity evidence in Brazilian children.

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BACKGROUND: The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales - Second Edition (PDMS-2) has been used by health and educational professionals to assess the gross and fine motor skills of children with typical development, motor and/or cognitive delays, and disabilities. AIM: Investigate the validity and reliability of PDMS-2 for use in Brazil. METHODS: For content validity, 13 professionals participated in the study. For construct validity, a sample of 637 children from birth until 71 months (0-23 months: n = 399; 24-71 months: n = 238) was assessed with the PDMS-2. RESULTS: The PDMS-2 administered to the Brazilian population has psychometric characteristics equivalent to the original version. CONCLUSION: PDMS-2 is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating Brazilian children's motor development and providing appropriate support for clinical and educational intervention plans and follow-ups.

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A set of inhibitory control tasks for the smartphone (Go/No-Go App) was developed for typical children and children with development coordination disorder (DCD). The content, construct, and criterion validity was examined. The inhibitory control Go/No-Go App test is comprised of four tasks: auditory and visual stimuli with motor and verbal responses. Six experts in neuropsychology and 252 Brazilian children (139 boys; 113 girls) participated in the study, including a subgroup of children with DCD (n = 53). A high level of agreement for clarity and pertinence was observed among the experts (Gwet's Agreement Coefficients > .09), highlighting its content validity. Suitable Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega results were observed. The confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) accepted the results for the Auditory-Motor (γ = .83), Visual-Motor (γ = .73), Auditory-Verbal (γ = .67) and Visual-Verbal (γ = .73) tasks. The model presented adequate adjustment indexes (Chi-square = .48, p = .787), 2/DF = .24; RMSEA = .00; GFI = .99; CFI = 1.00; AIC = 326.90. The Go/No-Go app is a test with adequate validity for the assessment of inhibition in children with DCD and may be very helpful due to the variation of the stimuli and the responses.

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ABSTRACT For children with motor delays, the intervention effectiveness regarding children's routine, overall self-perceptions, and engagement in the lessons, have been understudied. Furthermore, specific sex differences still lack evidence. This study examines the effectiveness of mastery Climate (MC) motor intervention on girls' and boys' daily routine, motor performance, BMI, self-perceptions, and engagement, and the sex differences across these variables. Children with motor delays were randomly assigned to MC Group or Comparison Group. We assessed children's routine at home; perceived competence, social acceptance, and global self-worth; BMI; motor skills; and qualitative engagement in the lesson. Results show girls and boys increased the playtime, motor scores, perceptions of cognitive and motor competence, social acceptance, global self-worth, and engagement with success in the lessons; and, decreased TV time and free play, changing tasks, distraction, and conflicts in the lesson. In conclusion the MC intervention was effective in fostering girl's and boys' achievement.

RESUMO Para crianças com atrasos motores, a eficácia da intervenção motora em relação à rotina, autoconceito e engajamento tem sido pouco estudada. Diferenças específicas de sexo ainda carecem de evidências. Este estudo examina a eficácia da intervenção motora com o Clima para a Maestria (MC) na rotina diária de meninas e meninos, e no desempenho motor, IMC, autoconceito e engajamento; e, as diferenças entre sexo nessas variáveis. Crianças com atrasos motores foram alocadas aleatoriamente no Grupo MC ou Grupo de Comparação. Avaliamos a rotina em casa, competência percebida, aceitação social e autoestima global, IMC, habilidades motoras, e engajamento na aula. Os resultados mostraram que meninas e meninos aumentaram o tempo de brincar e os escores motores, as percepções de competência cognitiva e motora, a aceitação social, o autovalor global e o engajamento com sucesso; e diminuíram o tempo assistindo TV, e as brincadeiras livres, o mudar a tarefa, e as distrações e os conflitos na aula. Conclui-ise que a intervenção MC foi eficaz em promover o desempenho de meninas e meninos.

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Resumo Introdução Diferentes fatores afetam o desenvolvimento motor no primeiro ano de vida, tendo sido pouco estudada a interferência da variação sazonal. Objetivo Investigar a influência da sazonalidade e de fatores de risco e proteção para o desenvolvimento motor de lactentes nascidos a termo, aos 7 e 10 meses de idade. Método Foram incluídos no estudo lactentes a termo (N=174) que vivenciaram os marcos de desenvolvimento referentes ao 2º e 3º trimestres no período de verão ou de inverno. Prontuários, entrevistas, e a Alberta Infant Motor Scale foram utilizados. Resultados A aquisição do sentar-se e engatinhar foi mais tardia nos grupos pós-inverno (p < 0,001). Quanto aos grupos de risco e sem risco para o desenvolvimento motor, observou-se, aos 7 meses, menor prevalência de planejamento da gravidez (p=0,015), menor tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo (p=0,004) e de amamentação (p=0,012) no grupo com risco. Aos 10 meses, os lactentes do grupo de risco se caracterizaram pela menor idade gestacional (p=0,040), por serem filhos de mães mais velhas (p=0,020), maior número de irmãos (p=0,002), níveis mais elevados de pobreza (p=0,002) e maiores restrições de movimento (p=0,000). A regressão logística evidenciou que, aos 7 meses, o aleitamento materno foi a variável associada ao desenvolvimento motor, enquanto aos 10 meses, o número de filhos, a pobreza e a restrição de movimento do lactente explicaram a variação no desenvolvimento motor. Conclusão O clima frio não se mostrou um determinante isolado para o risco de atraso motor, variáveis ambientais foram mais influentes no modelo.

ABSTRACT Introduction Different factors affect motor development in the first year of life; the interference of seasonal variation lacks further investigation. Objective To investigate the influence of seasonality and the protective and risk factors on the motor development of full-term infants, at 7 months and 10 months of age. Method This study included full-term infants (N=174) who experienced developmental milestones to the 2nd and 3td quarters in summer or winter. Medical records, interviews, and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale were used. Results The acquisition of setting and crawling was later in the post-winter groups (p<0,001). Regarding groups at risk and without risk of motor delays, a low prevalence of pregnancy planning (p=0.015), a short duration of breastfeeding (p=0.004), and breastfeeding time (p=0.012) was found in the risk group at 7 months. At 10 months, children in the risk group had shorter gestational age (p=0.040), were children of older mothers (p=0.020), had more siblings (p=0.002), higher levels of poverty (p=0.002), and more restrictions of movement (p=0.000). Logistic regression showed that, at 7 months of age, breastfeeding was the variable associated with motor development, while at 10 months, the number of children, poverty, and infant movement restriction were significantly explained the variation in motor development. Conclusion The cold climate was not an isolated determinant for the risk of delayed motor development; environmental variables were more relevant in the model.

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BACKGROUND: There is a need for appropriate tests to identify developmental delays early in life. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) unidimensional model and its ability to explain variance in items response, hierarchic order of the items, levels of difficulty, and the extent to which the items were appropriate to distinguish different levels of function for infants in Brazil. METHODS: Six hundred fifty-five infants were assessed. Families provided sociodemographic information. RESULTS: Appropriate items reliability (0.99), infit (mean = 0.99; SD = 0.46), outfit (mean = 1.34; SD = 1.58), and point-biserial correlations (-0.36 to 0.92) were obtained. The model explains 74.3% of the variance, and 76.2% of the items had adequate factor relationship. CONCLUSION: The TIMP measures a single construct, has items with different levels of difficulty, and is sensitive to detect differences in the performance of distinct groups for infants in Brazil.

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BACKGROUND: This study extended previous research by investigating the combined effects of neonatal birth risks, neonatal adverse outcomes, and socioeconomic status on preterm neurodevelopment. METHOD: A total of 184 preterm infants were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III in a follow-up clinic in southern Brazil. Structural equation modeling was conducted with 3 latent variables (neonatal birth risks, neonatal adverse outcomes, and socioeconomic status) and 3 outcomes (cognitive, language, and motor development). RESULTS: The analyses showed that neonatal adverse outcomes were associated with infants' cognitive (b = -0.45, P < .001), language (b = -0.23, P = .001), and motor (b = -0.51, P < .001) development. Socioeconomic status also explained the variances (cognitive: b = 0.20, P = .006; language: b = 0.28, P = .001; and motor: b = 0.21, P = .004), whereas neonatal birth risks remained significant only in the motor development (b = 0.15, P = .040). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the most evident contributors to poor neurodevelopment were adverse outcomes and socioeconomic risk factors.

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