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In recent years, medicine has undergone profound changes, strongly entering a new phase defined as the "era of precision medicine". In this context, patient clinical management involves various scientific approaches that allow for a comprehensive pathology evaluation: from preventive processes (where applicable) to genetic and diagnostic studies. In this scenario, biobanks play an important role and, over the years, have gained increasing prestige, moving from small deposits to large collections of samples of various natures. Disease-oriented biobanks are rapidly developing as they provide useful information for the management of complex diseases, such as melanoma. Indeed, melanoma, given its highly heterogeneous characteristics, is one of the oncologic diseases with the greatest clinical and therapeutic management complexity. So, the possibility of extrapolating tissue, genetic and imaging data from dedicated biobanks could result in more selective study approaches. In this review, we specifically analyze the several biobank types to evaluate their role in technology development, patient monitoring and research of new biomarkers, especially in the melanoma context.

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Recurrent computed tomography (CT) examination has become a common diagnostic procedure for several diseases and injuries. Though each singular CT scan exposes individuals at low doses of low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, the cumulative dose received from recurrent CT scans poses an increasing concern for potential health risks. Here, we evaluated the biological effects of recurrent CT scans on the DNA damage response (DDR) in human fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells maintained in culture for five months and subjected to four CT scans, one every four weeks. DDR kinetics and eventual accumulation of persistent-radiation-induced foci (P-RIF) were assessed by combined immunofluorescence for γH2AX and 53BP1, i.e., γH2AX/53BP1 foci. We found that CT scan repetitions significantly increased both the number and size of γH2AX/53BP1 foci. In particular, after the third CT scan, we observed the appearance of giant foci that might result from the overlapping of individual small foci and that do not associate with irreversible growth arrest, as shown by DNA replication in the foci-carrying cells. Whether these giant foci represent coalescence of unrepaired DNA damage as reported following single exposition to high doses of high LET radiation is still unclear. However, morphologically, these giant foci resemble the recently described compartmentalization of damaged DNA that should facilitate the repair of DNA double-strand breaks but also increase the risk of chromosomal translocations. Overall, these results indicate that for a correct evaluation of the damage following recurrent CT examinations, it is necessary to consider the size and composition of the foci in addition to their number.

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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Data on the clinical performance of monolithic Zirconia screw-retained crowns on external hexagon implants fabricated from digital scans through a cast-free, fully digital workflow is lacking and needs to be included. PURPOSE: This retrospective multicentric study aimed to evaluate the real-life clinical results of monolithic Zirconia screw-retained crowns without the interposition of a Ti-base on external hexagon implants fabricated from intraoral scans and a cast-free approach in private practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single external hex implant fixtures were restored with monolithic zirconia crowns without the interposition of a Tibase. The crowns were directly screwed on external hexagonal implant connections with a castfree, fully digital workflow. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Kaplan- Meier test. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the California Dental Association modified criteria were adopted for clinical evaluation after recalling all patients. RESULTS: A total of 304 single tooth restorations in the maxillary and mandibular posterior regions fabricated between July 2014 and July 2022 in 252 patients (120 males and 132 females, mean age 53.6 years, SD 23.3). Seven crowns were excluded because of patient dropout. The most common minor technical complications were screw loosening (3 crowns) and loss of the screw-access hole filling (3 crowns). Four failures included two implant failures with mobility and two fractured crowns. No screw or implant fractures were recorded. The overall cumulative survival rate was 98.6% and the average success rate (crowns experiencing no failures or complications) was 96.0%. The mean overall survival time was 101.3 months (standard error, 0.847; 95% confidence interval for the mean, 99.67-102.99). The overall survival probability was 87.9% up to 97 months. CONCLUSIONS: With careful case selection and comprehensive periodontal maintenance program, single crowns directly screwed onto an external hexagon platform have shown to have excellent survival and success (complication-free) rates, comparable to available data regarding single crowns with a metal implant- prosthetic interface.

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A straightforward and effective restorative option is proposed for implant-supported fixed prostheses with external connections by using monolithic zirconia without the interposition of a Ti-base component. The technique is based on a modification of the Brånemark connection used to link metal-ceramic or metal-composite resin restorations directly to the implant.

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Finding the right balance between the preservation of tooth structure and providing adequate space for the restorative material is a major challenge in prosthetic dentistry. A technique is presented using the patient monitoring tool available in standard software programs of an intraoral scanner to constantly monitor preparation dimensions in relation to the optimal definitive restoration.

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OBJECTIVES: To describe a new protocol for digital scanning of multiple abutment teeth using the trim and lock software tools. METHODS: A reverse workflow technique was used. Scanning was performed with the interim restoration in position. The abutment teeth were then trimmed from the scan. The retraction cord or interim restoration from either the first mesial or distal abutment tooth was removed and only that tooth was scanned, allowing the dentist to easily manage gingival displacement and keep the tooth dry from crevicular fluid and saliva. Consequently, the preparation margin remained visible and uncontaminated during the scan. The adjacent abutment teeth detected in the scan were deleted from it, and the scan was then locked using a tool of the scanning software. Next, the retraction cord or interim restoration of the next abutment tooth was removed, and only that tooth was scanned. The procedure was repeated until all prepared teeth were individually scanned. RESULTS: The technique presented here facilitated the scanning of multiple abutment teeth in a simple and predictable way by utilizing the trim and lock surface tools of the scanning software and helped in avoiding closure of the gingival crevice. CONCLUSIONS: Splitting the scan for a complex case with multiple abutment teeth allows reliable 3D acquisition of the finish line of each abutment tooth. Therefore, this technique simplifies the full-arch intraoral scanning process and can improve treatment efficiency. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The trim and lock tool allows scanning of each prepared abutment tooth separately, transforming a full-arch impression into multiple single scans. This technique helps to easily manage gingival displacement and maintain an uncontaminated and dry preparation margin during the scan.

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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Clinical studies on the fabrication of monolithic zirconia restorations with a feather-edge tooth preparation from digital scans and a cast-free fully digital workflow are lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this retrospective multicentric study in private practices was to evaluate the outcomes of monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated with feather-edge margins and a cast-free approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 621 teeth were prepared with feather-edge margins and restored with monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated with a fully digital cast-free workflow. Data were analyzed by using the Kaplan-Meier test and descriptive statistics. The clinical evaluation adopted the California Dental Association-modified criteria after recalling all patients between April and July 2021. RESULTS: The clinical survival of 619 of 621 crowns, including recemented crowns placed in 427 patients (217 men, 220 women) over 5 years (2014 to 2019 with crowns in service between 12 and 85 months), was analyzed. The 2 excluded crowns were delivered to patients who dropped out of the study. Of the 619 crowns, 5 failed during the follow-up period: 4 teeth were extracted because of fracture and 1 restoration fractured. No other technical or biological failures were observed. The mean overall survival time was 84.4 months (standard error, 0.255; 95% confidence interval for the mean, 83.92 to 84.92). The overall survival probability was 99.1% up to 85 months. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical outcomes of the monolithic zirconia crowns with feather-edge margins evaluated were comparable with outcomes reported using other margin designs and materials.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical performance of lithium disilicate (LiDiSi) crowns with a feather-edge finish line margin over a 9-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 110 lithium disilicate crowns, 40 anterior (36.3%) and 70 posterior (63.7%), were cemented with resin cement after fluoridric acid and silane surface treatment and observed by a different clinician. The data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The clinical evaluation used the California Dental Association (CDA) modified criteria after recalling all patients between January and April 2013. RESULTS: Two crowns had failed and were replaced due to core fractures. One chipping occurred on a first molar and the ceramic surface was polished. The overall survival probability was 96.1% up to 9 years, with a failure rate of 1.8%. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective analysis, lithium disilicate with a vertical finish line used in single-crown restorations had a low clinical failure rate up to 9 years.

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OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study evaluated the clinical performance and long-term survival of glass-ceramic lithium disilicate all-ceramic restorations in anterior and posterior areas over a 10-year period. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Following a consistent protocol over 10 years, 261 lithium disilicate crowns (IPS Empress 2, Ivoclar Vivadent), including 101 anterior (38.7%) and 160 posterior (61.3%), were cemented using an adhesive technique and observed by the clinician who prepared and luted them. The data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test. The clinical evaluation adopted the California Dental Association (CDA) modified criteria after recalling all patients between January and May 2008. RESULTS: Six crowns failed and were replaced, 4 due to chipping and 2 due to core fracture. The overall survival rate was 95.5%. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective evaluation, lithium disilicate ceramic restorations had a low clinical failure rate after up to 120 months.

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