RESUMEN
The impact of pharmaceuticals on non-target organisms in the environment is of increasing concern and study. Pharmaceuticals and other pollutants are often present as mixtures in an environmental compartment. Studies on the toxicological implications of these drugs on fish, particularly as mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations, are very limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the chronic effects of the anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine (CBZ) and progesterone (P4) at environmentally relevant concentrations, individually and in binary mixtures, applying a suite of biomarkers at the molecular level in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The effects on biotransformation enzymes 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidases (GPxSe and GPxTOT), and glutathione reductase (GR), and markers of damage, such as DNA strand breaks (DNAsb), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and vitellogenin-like proteins (VTG), were evaluated. Analyses of the biochemical markers indicated that a synergistic dose-ratio-dependent effect of CBZ and P4 in zebrafish occurs after chronic exposure regarding VTG, biotransformation enzymes (EROD, GST), and oxidative stress marker (DNAsb). The results suggest a synergistic effect regarding VTG, thus indicating a high risk to the reproductive success of fish if these pharmaceuticals co-occur.
RESUMEN
Worldwide, the anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is the most frequently identified pharmaceutical residue detected in rivers. Reported chronic effects of CBZ in non-target freshwater organisms, particularly fish, include oxidative stress and damage to liver tissues. Studies on CBZ effects in fish are mostly limited to zebrafish and rainbow trout studies. Furthermore, there are only a few chronic CBZ studies using near environmental concentrations. In this study, we provide data on subacute effects of CBZ exposure (28 days) to common carp (Cyprinus carpio), employing a set of biochemical markers of damage and exposure. CBZ was found to induce a significant change in the hepatic antioxidant status of fish subjected to 5 µg/L. Moreover, with increasing concentrations, enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomarkers of oxidative defence (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), DNA strand breaks)), toxicant biotransformation (ethoxyresorufin-o-demethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), and organ and tissue damage (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cetylcholinesterase (AChE)) were altered. The AChE, LDH, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) results indicate the occurrence of apoptotic process activation and tissue damage after 28 days of exposure to CBZ. These findings suggest significant adverse effects of CBZ exposure to common carp at concentrations often found in surface waters.
RESUMEN
There are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) in the environment, especially estrogenic substances. The detection of these substances is difficult due to their chemical diversity; therefore, increasingly more effect-detecting methods are used, such as estrogenic effect-sensitive biomonitor/bioindicator organisms. These biomonitoring organisms include several fish models. This protocol covers the use of zebrafish Tg(vtg1: mCherry) transgenic line as a biomonitoring organism, including the propagation of fish and the treatment of embryos, with an emphasis on the detection, documentation, and evaluation of fluorescent signals induced by EDC. The goal of the work is the demonstration of the use of the Tg(vtg1: mCherry) transgenic line embryos to detect estrogenic effects. This work documents the use of transgenic zebrafish embryos Tg(vtg1: mCherry) for the detection of estrogenic effects by testing two estrogenic substances, α- and ß-zearalenol. The described protocol is only a basis for designing assays; the test method can be varied according to the test endpoints and the samples. Moreover, it can be combined with other assay methods, thereby facilitating the future use of the transgenic line.