RESUMEN
Four distinct integration/translocation routes into/across thylakoid membranes have recently been deduced for nuclear-encoded polypeptides of the photosynthetic membrane. Corresponding information for the plastid-encoded protein complement is lacking. We have investigated this aspect with in-organello assays employing chimeric constructs generated with codoncorrect cassettes for genes of plastid-encoded thylakoid proteins, and appropriate transit peptides from six nuclear genes, representing three targeting classes, as a strategy. The three major plastid-encoded components of the cytochrome b (6)f complex, namely pre-apocytochrome f, (including apocytochrome f, and pre-apocytochrome f lacking the C-terminal transmembrane segment), cytochrome b(6), and subunit IV, which differ in the number of their transmembrane segments, were studied. Import into chloroplasts could be observed in all instances but with relatively low efficiency. Thylakoid integration can occurr post-translationally, but only components with secretory/secretory pathway (SEC)-route-specific epitopes were correctly assembled with the cytochrome complex, or competed with this process. Inhibitor studies were consistent with these findings. Imported cytochrome b(6) and subunit IV operated with uncleaved targeting signals for thylakoid integration. The corresponding determinant for cytochrome f is its signal peptide; its C-terminal hydrophobic segment did not, or did not appreciably, contribute to this process. The N-termini of cytochrome b(6) and subunit IV appear to reside on the same (lumenal) side of the membrane, consistent with the currently favored four-helix model for the cytochrome, but in disagreement with the topography proposed for both components. The impact of the findings for protein routing, including for applied approaches such as compartment-alien transformation, is discussed.
RESUMEN
This article deals with differences in work satisfaction, general state of well being, somatic complaints and work load of psychiatric student nurses and graduated nurses. Data were collected from a sample of 53 psychiatric student nurses and 145 graduated nurses. The graduated nurses reported an unexpectedly high job satisfaction of 70% compared to other working groups in hospitals. The student nurses were more content with their work and reported less somatic complaints. Furthermore the student nurses found in 20 cases certain duties less strenuous. In addition, the student nurses reported a more negative general state of well being.
Asunto(s)
Agotamiento Profesional/psicología , Enfermería Psiquiátrica/educación , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Estudiantes de Enfermería/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Satisfacción en el Trabajo , Masculino , Servicio de Psiquiatría en Hospital , Carga de Trabajo/psicologíaRESUMEN
In accordance with neuropsychological findings, that chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cognitive impairment, a multi-phased cognitive training program (MKT) developed by Sagstetter was conducted with a group of chronic alcoholic patients. In this article this program is introduced and evaluated with regard to chronic alcoholic patients and their improvement in certain cognitive functions. The study group consisted of 11 chronic alcoholics, who regularly took part in the program. The control group consisted of 11 patients who took part on a behavior therapy program offered by the clinic and had similar social and pathological histories to those of the study group. The two groups were compared with each other with the help of a follow-up study design after approximately seven weeks. The results reveal that this present cognitive training program promotes, above all, cognitive functions such as visual short-time memory, concentration, form perception as well as combination and organisation ability.