RESUMEN

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. and transmitted from domestic and wild animals to humans. Brucellosis causes important economic losses in livestock, has a significant impact on public health, and may affect the health of wildlife. Hunting and consumption of meat from culled wildlife constitute a risk for Brucella spp. infection in humans and hunting dogs. In El Palmar National Park (EPNP), Argentina, the invasive alien mammals wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis) are controlled, slaughtered in situ, and consumed by hunters, with meat trimmings and offal often fed to dogs. In this study, we evaluated but did not detect anti-Brucella antibodies in wild boar (n=95) and axis deer (n=238) from EPNP or in game consumers, dogs (n=39) and humans (n=61). These results suggest a lack of exposure to Brucella spp. at this site during the study period. Despite negative findings in the sampled location, One Health surveillance across multiple species contributes to our understanding of pathogen dynamics and enables targeted interventions to minimize health risks.

Asunto(s)

Brucella , Brucelosis , Ciervos , Sus scrofa , Animales , Argentina/epidemiología , Ciervos/microbiología , Brucelosis/veterinaria , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Perros , Humanos , Brucella/inmunología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Especies Introducidas , Parques Recreativos , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Animales Salvajes , Porcinos , Femenino

RESUMEN

Anthropogenic pollution poses a threat to marine conservation by causing chronic toxic effects. Seabirds have contact throughout their lives with pollutants like plastic, metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). We assessed 155 Manx shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus) stranded along the Brazilian coast, analyzing associations between organic pollutants, plastic ingestion, biomarkers (transcript levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, cytochrome P450-1A-5 [CYP1A5], UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase [UGT1], estrogen receptor alpha-1 [ESR1], and heat shock protein-70 genes) and enzymes activity (ethoxy-resorufin O-deethylase and glutathione S-transferase [GST]). Plastic debris was found in 29 % of the birds. The transcription of UGT1 and CYP1A5 was significantly associated with hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PCBs levels. ESR1 was associated with HCB and Mirex, and GST was associated with Drins and Mirex. While organic pollutants affected shearwaters more than plastic ingestion, reducing plastic availability remains relevant as xenobiotics are also potentially adsorbed onto plastics.

Asunto(s)

Biomarcadores , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Bifenilos Policlorados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Aves , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Brasil , Plásticos , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Glucuronosiltransferasa/metabolismo , Glucuronosiltransferasa/genética , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/metabolismo

RESUMEN

We report full-genome characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus from an outbreak among sea lions (August 2023) in Argentina and possible spillover to fur seals and terns. Mammalian adaptation mutations in virus isolated from marine mammals and a human in Chile were detected in mammalian and avian hosts.

Asunto(s)

Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Aviar , Animales , Humanos , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Argentina/epidemiología , Aves , Brotes de Enfermedades , Filogenia , Mamíferos

RESUMEN

Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella spp. larvae. Consumption of wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat represents an important source of human trichinellosis worldwide. In El Palmar National Park (EPNP), Argentina, invasive alien wild boars are controlled and meat from culled animals is released for public consumption following on-site artificial digestion (AD) testing. Meat trimmings and offal from the control program are often used as food for dogs (Canis familiaris). We evaluated infection and exposure to Trichinella spp. in wild boars from EPNP, as well as exposure to Trichinella spp. and associated risk factors in dogs and human consumers of wild boar meat. Trichinella spp. larvae were detected in muscle samples from 5/49 wild boars by AD (10.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8%-23%), with a mean burden of 0.24 larvae per gram (lpg; range, 0.06-0.95 lpg). Anti-Trichinella antibodies were not detected in wild boar serum samples (n=42). In dogs, 12/34 were seropositive to Trichinella spp. (35.29%; 95%, CI, 20.3%-53.5%). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies were not detected in human serum samples (n=63). Our results reveal the presence, albeit at low prevalence, of Trichinella spp. in wild boars and exposure in dogs fed game offal. These findings suggest that the low prevalence and parasitic load in wild boars, together with the best practices applied by EPNP culling program personnel, contribute to keeping the risk of infection in people low. The dog results highlight that the parasite is circulating in the area, and therefore the risk of infection is not negligible. We recommend the implementation of an animal surveillance strategy in order to monitor the evolution of this zoonosis in the study area.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Perros , Nitrofenoles , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Trichinella , Triquinelosis , Porcinos , Humanos , Animales , Perros , Triquinelosis/epidemiología , Triquinelosis/veterinaria , Triquinelosis/parasitología , Argentina/epidemiología , Parques Recreativos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Carne/parasitología , Inmunoglobulina G , Sus scrofa , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Compuestos Epoxi

RESUMEN

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 viruses (lineage 2.3.4.4b) are rapidly invading the Americas, threatening wildlife, poultry, and potentially evolving into the next global pandemic. In November 2022 HPAI arrived in Peru, triggering massive pelican and sea lion die-offs. We report genomic characterization of HPAI/H5N1 in five species of marine mammals and seabirds (dolphins, sea lions, sanderlings, pelicans and cormorants). Peruvian viruses belong to lineage 2.3.4.4b, but they are 4:4 reassortants where 4 genomic segments (PA, HA, NA and MP) position within the Eurasian lineage that initially entered North America from Eurasia, while the other 4 genomic segments (PB2, PB1, NP and NS) position within the American lineage (clade C) that circulated in North America. These viruses are rapidly accruing mutations, including mutations of concern, that warrant further examination and highlight an urgent need for active local surveillance to manage outbreaks and limit spillover into other species, including humans.

Asunto(s)

Caniformia , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Aviar , Gripe Humana , Animales , Humanos , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Perú/epidemiología , Aves , Cetáceos

RESUMEN

Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a disease characterized by epithelial tumors that can impede life-sustaining activities of sea turtles, especially green turtles (Chelonia mydas). FP is caused by a herpesvirus, but environmental factors are also thought to play a role in triggering FP tumor growth. In this study, we evaluate the epidemiology of FP tumors in green turtles along the coast of Espírito Santo, Brazil, a region where juvenile green turtles are known to aggregate with high FP prevalence. A dataset comprising 2024 beach-cast green turtles recorded through daily beach surveys on 400 km of coastline from 2018 to 2021 (inclusive) was evaluated. FP tumors were recorded in 40.9% of the individuals in this dataset, and presence of FP tumors was predicted by individual variables (presence of marine leeches, stranding code, curved carapace length, body mass-size residual) and characteristics of the stranding site (distance to nearest metallurgical plant, mean sea surface salinity (SSS), annual range of sea surface temperature (SST)). Additionally, a second dataset comprising detailed information about the size and anatomical distribution of tumors in 271 green turtles with FP from the same region was evaluated. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed these turtles could be classified in three groups according to the anatomical distribution of their tumors, and in turn the group to which each turtle was assigned could be predicted by the study period (2010-2014 vs. 2018-2022) and by characteristics of the stranding/capture site (green turtle stranding density, mean sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration, mean SSS, mean SST, annual range of SST). These results corroborate that individual and environmental factors play a significant role driving FP epidemiology. Furthermore, the results suggest that rather than behaving as a single entity, FP may be seen as a mosaic of distinct anatomical patterns that are not necessarily driven by the same environmental factors.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma , Tortugas , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Exoesqueleto , Tamaño Corporal

RESUMEN

Plastic ingestion is a problem for seabirds worldwide. In addition to direct health effects such as obstruction or perforation of the gastrointestinal tract, plastic ingestion can also lead to indirect health effects through the release of chemicals that may be absorbed and cause systemic and chronic toxicity. Among chemicals that can be released by plastics are phthalate esters, a group of chemicals widely used as plasticizers or additives to change the physical characteristics of plastics. In this study, three phthalate esters, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibuthyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), were quantified in the uropygial gland of 48 seabirds from 16 species collected ashore in a tropical region, the coast of Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Including trace levels, DMP was detected in 16 birds (33%) from 10 species, with an average concentration of 0.014 ± 0.005 ng/µl (mean ± SD for individuals with concentrations above the practical level of detection of 0.01 ng/µl). DBP was detected in 15 birds (31%) from 11 species, with an average concentration of 0.049 ± 0.032 ng/µl. DEHP was detected in 21 birds (44%) from 11 species, with an average concentration of 0.115 ± 0.105 ng/µl. DMP concentration in the uropygial gland was positively associated with the presence, number, and mass of plastic items in the upper digestive tract. However, no such relationship was noted for DBP nor DEHP, suggesting the concentration of phthalate compounds in the uropygial gland might not always serve as a reliable proxy for plastic ingestion. In spite of relatively high frequencies of detection, the low concentrations of phthalates detected in this study suggest levels of exposure below known toxicity thresholds. Further studies on the potential adverse effects of phthalate exposure in seabirds are necessary, especially on the reproductive development of embryos and chicks.

Asunto(s)

Dietilhexil Ftalato , Plásticos , Animales , Plastificantes , Ésteres , Brasil , Pollos , Ingestión de Alimentos

RESUMEN

Sarcoptic mange epidemics can devastate wildlife populations. In 2014, mange was first detected in vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) and guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in San Guillermo National Park (SGNP), Argentina. This study describes the temporal dynamics of the outbreak, its effects on the park's wild camelid populations between 2017-2019, and investigates the potential source of the epidemic. From May 2017 to June 2018, transect surveys indicated a sharp decrease in the density of living vicuñas and guanacos by 68% and 77%, respectively. By April 2019 no vicuñas or guanacos were recorded on transect surveys, suggesting their near-extinction in the park. Clinical signs consistent with mange (e.g., intense scratching, hyperkeratosis, alopecia) were observed in 24% of living vicuñas (n = 478) and 33% of living guanacos (n = 12) during surveys, as well as in 94% of vicuña carcasses (n = 124) and 85% of guanaco carcasses (n = 20) examined. Sarcoptes scabiei was identified as the causal agent by skin scrapings, and the cutaneous lesions were characterized by histopathology (n = 15). Genetic characterization revealed that mites recovered from seven vicuñas (n = 13) and three guanacos (n = 11) shared the same genotype, which is consistent with a single source and recent origin of the epidemic. Tracing the potential source, we identified a governmental livestock incentive program which introduced llamas (Lama glama) in areas adjacent to SGNP in 2009, some of which had alopecic scaling consistent with sarcoptic mange. Though at the time of our study no llamas with mange were available for confirmatory sampling, we hypothesize that the introduction of mange-infected llamas may have triggered the outbreak in wild camelids. This unprecedented event in SGNP had devastating effects on dominating herbivores with potentially profound cascading effects at the community and ecosystem levels.

Asunto(s)

Parques Recreativos

RESUMEN

In waters off Península Valdés (PV), Argentina, southern right whales (SRW, Eubalaena australis) are occasionally exposed to domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Domoic acid toxicity in marine mammals can cause gastrointestinal and neurological clinical signs, alterations in hematologic and endocrine variables, and can be fatal in extreme cases. In this study, we validated an enzyme immunoassay to quantify fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCm) in 16 SRW fecal samples from live and dead stranded whales in PV from 2013 to 2018 and assessed fGCm levels associated with DA exposure. Overall, fGCm levels were significantly lower in SRWs with detectable fecal DA (n = 3) as compared to SRWs with undetectable fecal DA levels (n = 13). The highest fecal DA was observed in a live lactating female, which had low fGCm compared to the other lactating females studied. The highest fGCm was observed in a lactating female with undetectable DA; interestingly, at the time of sample collection, this female was sighted with two calves, an extremely unusual occurrence in this species. Though the sample size of these exceptionally rare breeding-season fecal samples was unavoidably small, our study provides evidence of potential adrenal alterations in whales exposed to an environmental neurotoxin such as DA.

Asunto(s)

Lactancia , Ballenas , Animales , Femenino , Ácido Kaínico/análogos & derivados , Estaciones del Año

RESUMEN

Although the ingestion of plastics and other anthropogenic debris by seabirds is a global problem, few studies have employed standardized protocols to quantify and classify the debris ingested by seabirds in the Southwest Atlantic. We evaluated the ingestion of marine debris (items >0.1 mm) by 126 coastal and pelagic birds (19 species) along the coast of Espírito Santo, Eastern Brazil. Debris were found in 30% of birds examined (11 species). Particles <1 mm accounted for 35% of all debris items. Most ingested debris were plastics (97%). Ingestion of >0.1 g of plastic debris was recorded in five species: Atlantic yellow-nosed albatrosses (Thalassarche chlororhynchos), Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris borealis), Manx shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus), brown boobies (Sula leucogaster), and Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Our findings suggest that the ingestion of marine debris, especially plastics, is a common problem for coastal and pelagic birds in tropical Southwest Atlantic waters.

Asunto(s)

Plásticos , Spheniscidae , Animales , Brasil , Ingestión de Alimentos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contenido Digestivo/química , Residuos/análisis

RESUMEN

The huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is an endangered cervid endemic to southern Argentina and Chile. Here we report foot lesions in 24 huemul from Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, Chile, between 2005 and 2010. Affected deer displayed variably severe clinical signs, including lameness and soft tissue swelling of the limbs proximal to the hoof or in the interdigital space, ulceration of the swollen tissues, and some developed severe proliferative tissue changes that caused various types of abnormal wear, entrapment, and/or displacement of the hooves and/or dewclaws. Animals showed signs of intense pain and reduced mobility followed by loss of body condition and recumbency, which often preceded death. The disease affected both genders and all age categories. Morbidity and mortality reached 80% and 40%, respectively. Diagnostics were restricted to a limited number of cases from which samples were available. Histology revealed severe papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia and superficial dermatitis. Electron microscopy identified viral particles consistent with viruses in the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily. The presence of parapoxvirus DNA was confirmed by a pan-poxvirus PCR assay, showing high identity (98%) with bovine papular stomatitis virus and pseudocowpoxvirus. This is the first report of foot disease in huemul deer in Chile, putatively attributed to poxvirus. Given the high morbidity and mortality observed, this virus might pose a considerable conservation threat to huemul deer in Chilean Patagonia. Moreover, this report highlights a need for improved monitoring of huemul populations and synergistic, rapid response efforts to adequately address disease events that threaten the species.

Asunto(s)

Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , ADN Viral/sangre , Ciervos/virología , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Enfermedades del Pie , Parapoxvirus/metabolismo , Infecciones por Poxviridae , Animales , Chile , Enfermedades del Pie/sangre , Enfermedades del Pie/veterinaria , Enfermedades del Pie/virología , Parques Recreativos , Infecciones por Poxviridae/sangre , Infecciones por Poxviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Poxviridae/virología

RESUMEN

Between 2003 and 2012, 605 southern right whales (SRW; Eubalaena australis) were found dead along the shores of Península Valdés (PV), Argentina. These deaths included alarmingly high annual losses between 2007 and 2012, a peak number of deaths (116) in 2012, and a significant number of deaths across years in calves-of-the-year (544 of 605 [89.9%]; average = 60.4 yr(-1)). Post-mortem examination and pathogen testing were performed on 212 whales; 208 (98.1%) were calves-of-the-year and 48.0% of these were newborns or neonates. A known or probable cause of death was established in only a small number (6.6%) of cases. These included ship strike in a juvenile and blunt trauma or lacerations (n = 5), pneumonia (n = 4), myocarditis (n = 2), meningitis (n = 1), or myocarditis and meningitis (n = 1) in calves. Ante-mortem gull parasitism was the most common gross finding. It was associated with systemic disease in a single 1-2 mo old calf. Immunohistochemical labeling for canine distemper virus, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella spp., and PCR for cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV), influenza A, and apicomplexan protozoa were negative on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung and brain samples from a subset of whales; PCR for Brucella spp. was positive in a newborn/neonate with pneumonia. Skin samples from whales with gull parasitism were PCR negative for CeMV, poxvirus, and papillomavirus. This is the first long-term study to investigate and summarize notable post-mortem findings in the PV SRW population. Consistent, significant findings within or between years to explain the majority of deaths and those in high-mortality years remain to be identified.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Transmisibles/veterinaria , Ballenas , Heridas y Lesiones/veterinaria , Envejecimiento , Animales , Argentina , Enfermedades Transmisibles/patología , Feto , Piel/patología , Toxinas Biológicas , Heridas y Lesiones/patología

RESUMEN

The carcass of a stranded southern right whale Eubalaena australis, discovered on the coast of Golfo Nuevo in Península Valdés, Argentina, exhibited extensive orthotopic and heterotopic ossification, osteochondroma-like lesions, and early degenerative joint disease. Extensive soft tissue ossification led to ankylosis of the axial skeleton in a pattern that, in many respects, appeared more similar to a disabling human genetic disorder, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), than to more common skeletal system diseases in cetaceans and other species. This is the first reported case of a FOP-like condition in a marine mammal and raises important questions about conserved mechanisms of orthotopic and heterotopic ossification in this clade.

Asunto(s)

Osificación Heterotópica/veterinaria , Ballenas , Animales , Masculino , Osificación Heterotópica/patología

RESUMEN

Wild carnivores share a high percentage of parasites and viruses with closely related domestic carnivores. Because of increased overlap and potential contact with domestic species, we conducted a retrospective serosurvey for 11 common carnivore pathogens in 40 Geoffroy's cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) sampled between 2000 and 2008 within or near two protected areas in central Argentina (Lihué Calel National Park, La Pampa, and Campos del Tuyú National Park, Buenos Aires), as well as five domestic cats and 11 domestic dogs from catde ranches adjacent to Lihué Calel Park. Geoffroy's cats had detectable antibody to canine distemper virus (CDV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline coronavirus, feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira interrogans (serovars Ictero/Icter and Ballum), and Dirofilaria immitis. None of the wild cats had antibodies to feline herpesvirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus, or rabies virus. Domestic dogs had antibodies to CDV, canine adenovirus, canine herpesvirus, and canine parvovirus. Antibodies to FPV, FCV, FIV, and T. gondii were found in domestic cats. We provide the first data on exposure of free-ranging Geoffroy's cats to pathogens at two sites within the core area of the species distribution range, including the first report of antibodies to CDV in this species. We encourage continued monitoring for diseases in wild and domestic carnivores as well as preventive health care for domestic animals, particularly in park buffer zones where overlap is greatest.

Asunto(s)

Animales Domésticos/virología , Animales Salvajes/virología , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Felidae , Animales , Argentina/epidemiología , Gatos , Reservorios de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades Parasitarias en Animales/epidemiología , Vigilancia de Guardia/veterinaria , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Especificidad de la Especie , Virosis/epidemiología , Virosis/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Dorsal-spined protostrongylid nematode larvae (Metastrongyloidea: Protostrongylidae) were recovered from the feces of the endangered pampas deer (Ozotocerus bezoarticus celer) in Campos del Tuyú Wildlife Reserve, Bahia Samborombón, Argentina. Partial DNA sequences from the large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA) gene and from the second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS2) were amplified, cloned, sequenced, and compared to those of other nematodes. Nucleotide alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences indicate that this protostrongylid nematode is most closely related to Parelaphostrongylus spp. as inferred from the LSU rRNA sequence analysis. Analysis of the ITS2 spacer indicated that the pampas deer protostrongylid is nested in a clade containing Parelaphostrongylus and Elaphostrongylus spp. These sequences differed considerably from those of other protostrongylid nematodes, and were most similar to those of Parelaphostrongylus spp. and Elaphostrongylus spp. in spite of clear variability from both genera. These results suggest that the protostrongylid from pampas deer is an undescribed nematode that likely belongs in the subfamily Elaphostrongylinae.

Asunto(s)

Ciervos/parasitología , Metastrongyloidea/genética , Infecciones por Strongylida/veterinaria , Animales , Animales Salvajes/parasitología , Argentina/epidemiología , ADN de Helmintos/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Masculino , Metastrongyloidea/clasificación , Metastrongyloidea/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Alineación de Secuencia/veterinaria , Infecciones por Strongylida/epidemiología , Infecciones por Strongylida/parasitología

RESUMEN

Avian pox is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that is mechanically transmitted via arthropod vectors or mucosal membrane contact with infectious particles or birds. Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from two colonies (Punta Tombo and Cabo Dos Bahías) in Argentina showed sporadic, nonepidemic signs of avian pox during five and two of 29 breeding seasons (1982-2010), respectively. In Magellanic Penguins, avian pox expresses externally as wart-like lesions around the beak, flippers, cloaca, feet, and eyes. Fleas (Parapsyllus longicornis) are the most likely arthropod vectors at these colonies. Three chicks with cutaneous pox-like lesions were positive for Avipoxvirus and revealed phylogenetic proximity with an Avipoxvirus found in Black-browed Albatross (Thalassarche melanophrys) from the Falkland Islands in 1987. This proximity suggests a long-term circulation of seabird Avipoxviruses in the southwest Atlantic. Avian pox outbreaks in these colonies primarily affected chicks, often resulted in death, and were not associated with handling, rainfall, or temperature.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Poxviridae/veterinaria , Siphonaptera/virología , Spheniscidae/virología , Animales , Argentina/epidemiología , Avipoxvirus/aislamiento & purificación , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Insectos Vectores/virología , Infecciones por Poxviridae/epidemiología

RESUMEN

The presence of essential (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni and Al) and non-essential trace metals (Cd and Pb) was tested in liver (N=26) and kidney (N=42) from dead Southern Right Whale (SRW--Eubalaena australis) calves found beached in Península Valdés, Argentina. Essential metals were detected in all samples, particularly in hepatic tissue; though Ni and Al were accumulated mainly in the kidney. Cd and Pb were not detected in any samples. Sex and length of calves did not influence metal levels found, nor did the geographic location of carcasses. Our findings for essential metals were similar to those reported for mysticetes in other parts of the world. Except for a previous report on one SRW calf, this is the first data on trace metals for this species in Patagonia. This information is vital for SRW management considering increasing human pressures impacting their feeding and breeding grounds.

Asunto(s)

Monitoreo del Ambiente , Metales/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Ballenas/metabolismo , Aluminio/metabolismo , Animales , Argentina , Cadmio/metabolismo , Cobre/metabolismo , Femenino , Hierro/metabolismo , Riñón/metabolismo , Plomo/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Manganeso/metabolismo , Níquel/metabolismo , Zinc/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Limited information exists on avian influenza (AI) virus infection in South American wild birds. As part of a national surveillance program in Argentina, indigenous waterbirds were screened for antibodies to AI virus. From November 2006 to July 2007, serum samples from 540 waterbirds of 12 species were tested for type-specific antibodies to AI virus with the use of a commercially available blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) and the agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. Thirty-three percent (176/540) of serum samples were positive with the bELISA and 12% (64/540) were positive with the AGID test. The bELISA detected antibodies to AI virus in eight of the 12 species, and the AGID detected positives in only five species. These results provide insight into AI virus circulation in Argentinean waterbirds and preliminary data to guide further surveillance efforts.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Animales , Animales Salvajes/virología , Argentina/epidemiología , Aves , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Especificidad de la Especie

RESUMEN

Prevalence of anthrax spores in feces of raptors was determined from samples collected in November-December 2000 and April-May 2001 in an agricultural region of Santa Fé province, Argentina. Feces were tested from 48 birds of six raptor species. One of 14 chimango caracaras (Milvago chimango) and one of eight road-side hawks (Buteo magnirostris) tested positive. The prevalence of Bacillus anthracis spores in feces for the six species was 4% (n=48). The prevalence was 7% (n=14) for chimango caracaras, 13% for road-side hawks (n=8), and 0% for the remaining species (Burrowing owl [Speotyto cunicularia] [n=17], Swainson's hawk [Buteo swainsoni] [n=3], Aplomado falcon [Falco femoralis] [n=2], and American kestrel [Falco sparverius] [n=4]). Grouped by their feeding habits, prevalence for scavenger species was not significantly different than for predators (7% vs. 3%, P>0.999). This study provides evidence that in central Argentina scavenger and non-scavenger raptors may have a role in the epidemiology of anthrax. Long-term studies to determine the extent of this potential involvement in the epidemiology of anthrax in central Argentina are required.

Asunto(s)

Carbunco/veterinaria , Bacillus anthracis/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Rapaces/microbiología , Animales , Animales Salvajes/microbiología , Carbunco/epidemiología , Carbunco/transmisión , Argentina/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves/transmisión , Reservorios de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Heces/microbiología , Estaciones del Año , Vigilancia de Guardia/veterinaria , Especificidad de la Especie , Esporas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

Con el objetivo de evaluar la salud de vizcachas salvajes (Lagostomus maximus), se capturaron en el Chaco Árido argentino 10 ejemplares y se efectuaron 11 inmovilizaciones con anestesias fijas o inhalatoria. Para las anestesias, se administraron una combinación de tiletamina- zolazepam (n = 7) o una combinación de medetomidina y ketamina (n = 2) o gas isofluorano con un vaporizador portátil creando un circuito semicerrado (n = 2). Los estudios de salud comprendieron hematología, bioquímica sanguínea, análisis parasitológicos y de exposición a agentes infecciosos mediante cultivo y serología. El uso de tiletamina-zolazepam resultó en una pobre calidad anestésica y recuperaciones prolongadas. Por El contrario, el uso de medetomidina-ketamina o de isofluorano, proporcionaron inmovilizaciones más seguras. Se concluye que el protocolo testado de tiletamina-zolazepam no sería recomendable para esta especie, sobre todo en vida libre. La búsqueda de anticuerpos para los agentes infecciosos evaluados resultó negativa, por otra parte, se aisló Listeria innocua serovar 6a em hisopados rectales, se constató infestación con pulgas (Pulex irritans), ooquistes de Eimeria lagostomi, huevos de la Familia Trichostrongylidae y huevos similares a Heteroxynema viscaciae(AU)

---

Com objetivo de avaliar a condição sanitária de viscachas selvagens (Lagostomus maximus), foram capturados, no Chaco Árido argentino, 10 animais e realizadas 11 imobilizações, com anestesia injetável ou inalatória. Empregaram-se três diferentes protocolos: tiletamina-zolazepam (n = 7), metetomidina-cetamina (n = 2) ou isoflurano com vaporizador portátil em sistema semi-fechado (n = 2). A avaliação sanitária consistiu de hematologia, bioquímica sérica, exames parasitológicos e avaliação da exposição a agentes infecciosos por cultura e sorologia. O uso de tiletamina-zolazepam proporcionou má qualidade anestésica e recuperações prolongadas, enquanto a combinação medetomidina-cetamina, possibilitou imobilizações mais seguras. Assim, o protocolo testado de tiletamina-zolazepam não é indicado para esta espécie, especialmente em animais de vida livre. A pesquisa de anticorpos para os agentes infecciosos avaliados foi negativa, mas isolou-se Listeria innocua serovar 6a de suabes retais, e foram encontradas pulgas (Pulex irritans), oocistos de Eimeria lagostomi, ovos de Trichostrongylidae e ovos similares a Heteroxynema viscaciae.(AU)

---

In order to evaluate the sanitary condition of wild vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus), 10 animals were captured in the Arid Chaco of Argentina and 11 immobilizations were performed through injectable or volatile anesthesia. Three different protocols were used: tiletamine-zolazepam (n = 7), medetomidine-ketamine (n = 2), or isofluorane with a portable vaporizer in a semi-closed circuit (n = 2). The sanitary assessment consisted of hematology, blood chemistry, parasitological analysis, and the assessment of the exposure to infectious agents by culture and serology. The use of tiletamine-zolazepam caused poor anesthetic quality and prolonged recoveries, while the medetomidine-ketamin combination, however, caused safer immobilizations. Thus, the use of the tested protocol of tiletamine-zolazepam is not advisable for this species, mainly for free-ranging animals. The search of antibodies for the evaluated infectious agents was negative, but there was isolated Listeria innocua serovar 6a from rectal swabs , fleas were found (Pulex irritans), oocytes of Eimeria lagostomi, Trichostrongylidae eggs as well as similar Heteroxynema viscaciae eggs.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Medicina Veterinaria , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Parásitos/aislamiento & purificación , Roedores/parasitología