RESUMEN

Gaseous factors affect post-harvest physiological processes in horticultural crops, including ornamental flowers. However, the molecular responses of cut flowers to the low-oxygen conditions associated with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) have not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that storage of cut carnation flowers in a sealed polypropylene bag decreased the oxygen concentration in the bag to 3-5% and slowed flower opening. The vase life of carnation flowers after storage for seven days under MAP conditions was comparable to that without storage and was improved by the application of a commercial-quality preservative. The adenylate energy charge (AEC) was maintained at high levels in petals from florets stored under MAP conditions. This was accompanied by the upregulation of four hypoxia-related genes, among which the HYPOXIA-RESPONSIVE ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR and PHYTOGLOBIN genes (DcERF19 and DcPGB1) were newly identified. These results suggest that hypoxia-responsive genes contribute to the maintenance of the energy status in carnation flowers stored under MAP conditions, making this gas-controlling technique potentially effective for maintaining cut flower quality without cooling.

RESUMEN

Sucrose plays crucial roles in growth and responses of plants to the environment, including those in ornamental species. During post-harvest handling of cut flowers, sucrose degradation is an essential process of inter- and intra-cellular carbon partitioning affecting flower opening and senescence and, subsequently, flower quality. However, complete information about the molecular basis of sucrose degradation in ornamental flowers, which can be catalyzed by two kinds of sucrolytic enzymes, invertase (INV), and sucrose synthase (SUS), is not available from past reports. The present study shows that sucrose treatment of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) florets increased starch content in petals, accompanied by decreased vacuolar INV (VIN) activity and increased SUS activity. However, hypoxic treatment of carnation florets decreased sucrose content and cell-wall INV (CWIN) activity in petals. In silico analysis using the carnation genome database identified six CWIN, three VIN, eight cytoplasmic INV (CIN), and five SUS genes. Real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed that these genes are differentially expressed in carnation petals in response to sucrose and hypoxic treatments, partially corresponding to the changes in enzyme activities. In contrast to DcSUS1 (Dca4507.1), a SUS gene already reported in carnation, which showed preferential expression under aerated conditions, the expression of DcSUS2 (Dca22218.1), an undescribed carnation SUS gene, was enhanced under hypoxia similarly to an alcohol dehydrogenase gene DcADH1 (Dca18671.1). These results suggest that sugar metabolism in carnation petals is regulated in response to environmental cues, accompanied by modulated activities and gene expression of a set of sucrolytic enzymes.

Asunto(s)

Dianthus , Syzygium , Dianthus/genética , Flores/genética , Sacarosa

RESUMEN

Planned caesarean delivery (CD) did not significantly decrease or increase the risk of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal morbidity in twin pregnancy between 32 0/7 and 38 6/7 weeks of gestation, with the first twin in the vertex presentation. As prevalence rises for the second twin, emergency CD is necessary for delivery of the second twin after vaginal delivery of the first twin. Waiting after 38 weeks' gestation essentially requires close fetal and maternal surveillance to identify if those pregnancies may benefit to extend a gestational period. It is important to construct a system in which an emergency CD can be performed anytime. The caesarean section does not change in even multifetal pregnancy. Each step after laparotomy has few tips: (1) because the uterus strongly leans to the right, image the uterine rotation. To avoid thick vessels on the uterine lateral wall, perform long U -shaped incision using a scissor. 2) Ensure not to rupture the membrane of the second twin before delivery of the first twin. (3) Check the presentation of the second twin before rupture of that fetus's membrane. The second twin tends to change the presentation. If the upper uterine segment will clamp down and entrap the second twin, a vertical uterine incision is performed without hesitation. Women with multifetal pregnancy are at increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Mainly PPH is caused by uterine atony. Oxytocin should be prepared before starting the CD. All bleeding may not be recognized in the operation field. Do not lose the timing of blood transfusion.